On ukubaluleka intuthuko yesayensi, kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nomphakathi emazweni asathuthuka, umnotho kahle - konke futhi indima okudala yesayensi nobunjiniyela njll

VA UKUDLONDLOBALA Pyatkin futhi bayasilela

isiqalekiso iphelile. Sesifikile isikhathi

isikhathi sokuzindla bokusungula.

S. A., umbhali.

KUSUKELA UMBHALI

Ukuqedelwa kwekhulu XX kwaba ukubhujiswa USSR - isimo lembulunga yonke phakathi abaholi inqubekela-phambili yesayensi lwezobuchwepheshe. Kubhujiswe ukuthuthukiswa ezinamandla zezimboni isizinda, nalo futhi zokudala - Iminako yezinto zokudala yesayensi nokuhlakanipha kwabantu zabantu kanye nezinsizakalo zomphakathi umphakathi. Iminyaka engamashumi amabili zidlulile nhlekelele yesizwe - usizi izizwe Russia nase ezweni elaliyiSoviet Union.

A gugu lesizwe ngu lomtshikatshika izizukulwane eziningi kanye engqondweni waphenduka - ashaqe impahla umbuthano ewumngcingo zabantu, futhi izinto zokusetshenziswa kazwelonke. Yaba ngesisekelo wonke umnotho ukuthekelisa lamandla-based, lapho kwakungekho lutho ukuthi siphakamise nokuthuthukiswa kazwelonke - kuphela nokusebenzisa kwandzisa lwati kuphela. Isizwe ilahlekelwe imisebenzi ngendlela yakudala kwezesayensi, umklamo kanye nobunjiniyela intuthuko umkhakha.

Ngenqubo okuthiwa yi-kokushintsha, wabusa iminyaka engamashumi amabili bekungenzeki futhi ayikwazanga kwenzeke lutho abalulekile ekuthuthukiseni umnotho kahle. Ngo it dominate kuphela izithakazelo abanikazi ezinkulu eyayenziwe wadala, isifiso sengcebo angenamkhawulo. Lokhu kuchaza wokugoqa - babhekane nezinga elikhulu ezijulile futhi ukunwetshwa sphere zomphakathi-nomphakathi.

Kungani lokho? Umbuzo ulindela abacwaningi umgomo. Ingabe ubudlelwane eziphikisa emphakathini, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke - ngenxa yokuntuleka ukuqonda imithombo nekusebenta ukuthuthukiswa, lolu daba liye laba nezokusigcoba kakhulu, kunzima - kazwelonke.

Zanamuhla Russia - ezweni abanikazi esikhulu corporations ukuthi kunqunywe ukusizakala Inqubomgomo kwezomnotho nezezimboni. Kuyinto inqubomgomo ngenxa kanembeza ekuthuthukiseni intuthuko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe kazwelonke kuphikisa yayo njengoba ezingadingekile. Iminyaka engamashumi amabili bona ngesikhathi ebizela othile kuphela lokhu ukuma kakhulu ukwandisa umthamo umnotho ngempahla kanye ngifane isisebenzi yesikhashana enikezwa amanga izindawo zezimboni.

Russia - ezweni kungekho imigomo nemibono. ESoviet Union kwaba inhloso - sokusebenzela umbono - yesayensi, yobuchwepheshe futhi intuthuko kwezenhlalo isimo - ekutfutfukiseni kwavelonkhe. (Indima Negative kudlalwa umqondo eqolo wobukhomanisi). Reformed Russia. Ingabe ukhona igama eminye imigomo asethwe? Nokho, omunye, kuphela lapho kuthiwa "ukuceba futhi ukuceba. ' Ngenxa yale njongo, ke kwakwande konke futhi wonke umuntu, kusukela phezulu kuya phansi - Nhlangano, ibhizinisi, ama-pop isiko, njll, noma yibaphi abantu umsebenzi futhi wonke ukuzwana nabantu ..

Indatshana ngokuthi "Ukudlondlobala Nokushabalala." Ngemva 2nd neMpi Yezwe, iSoviet Union phakathi intuthuko omhlaba anothile kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe - waba namandla amakhulu. Lokhu kwakubangelwa suka kusuka emuva nezokulima NTP Russia futhi bengafundile emibusweni eqinile ezimbonini, Lapho kunqotshwa uHitler wobushiqela, base eziphambili European zezimboni ... Ukuwa kwe Russia wayemiselwe ukuba ashisekela izinguquko osopolitiki ukugcwaliseka imiqondo yabo ziye zaholela ukubhujiswa yesayensi, yobuchwepheshe kanye nabasebenzi kanye sphere ezimbonini.

Ingxoxo yethu ngokubaluleka inqubekela-phambili yesayensi lwezobuchwepheshe emazweni asathuthuka, umnotho kahle - konke futhi indima okudala umsebenzi yezesayensi nasezinzuzweni ubunjiniyela, ngokuyinhloko eklanywe ngokuhlakanipha ngayo. The Inkampani kuye kwehluleka ngisho ukuqonda lo msebenzi. ubunjiniyela Labhujiswa, ezemfundo, izimboni kanye somphakathi. Kube noshintsho izizukulwane. Empilweni komphakathi wajoyina intsha kude imisebenzi yesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe.

Lokhu indzaba kwezobunjiniyela ukuzivikela nomsebenzi yezesayensi nasezinzuzweni ubunjiniyela, okuyinto lihlotshaniswa ikhefu-up Amasimu yendabuko umsebenzi kazwelonke. It kubhekwa mayelana amabili ahlukene kulabo lapho iphinde isetshenziswe amaqiniso athile. Leli akulona ukuphindaphindwa ukubukwa ezibhaliwe futhi ezahlukene ukubheka inkinga.

Indzaba ezibhekene nentsha zokudala. Ngifuna bakholelwa ukuthi kuyinto elingenalo ubandlululo, uthola ukuqonda yayo yonke kanye orientation elungile.

Ukudlondlobala Nokushabalala TRENDS

Okunqumayo IN UKUSUNGULWA

Ikhulu oludlule - iyisikhathi sezinxushunxushu omkhulu, ushintsho nokubhujiswa, impumelelo nezimbi kakhulu; abaholi Kaleidoscope nabaphathi - a izimangalo eqinile, abavelele enganamandla kakhulu, ongabalulekile, kodwa kuvelela nge ka wedwa. imibono isikhathi, futhi bathinteka base - ukukhiqizwa kwezenhlalo, imphakamisele phezulu ngaphezu izimfuno zabantu futhi izithakazelo, ibulala iyiphi imibono yokungabi nandaba nokuziphatha. Isikhathi Amazing ezisunguliwe, ibulala iqiniso futhi zigoga izingqondo zabantu. Lona izifundo ebuhlungu umlando ukuphinda amaphutha ukuthi baye bafunda lutho.

Imicimbi 90 futhi eminyakeni elandelayo edinga ukuqonda nokwazisa zonke. Kwenzekeni? Bekubalulekile yini ukuthi ithengwe? Uyini-capitalism Russian? Kungani kwenzeka ngale ndlela futhi abengeke? Hhayi njengoba izinqubomgomo ethenjisiwe, njengoba abaningi babelindele. Ngokusekelwe kulokho umnotho shintsho? Yiziphi amabutho ukushayela? "Njalo isizukulwane idinga ukuhlolwa okwenzeka. Siyakugwema ukuzihlola ngokwethembeka. " (Granin)

Namuhla kunzima kakhulu ukukhuluma nabantu izithakazelo ezahlukene, orientation futhi izizukulwane ukuthola okungenani ukuqonda oluyisisekelo ekuqondeni umlando, nomphakathi kanye izithakazelo zezwe. Noma yimuphi umbono, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa nenkathi yamaSoviet, bese ziqhathaniswa okunye - a okuphambene kakhulu. Umqondo izithakazelo zezwe - uye zimane zinyamalale ngokuphelele, nekubandlulula. Abanye, ezimbalwa, ngentshiseko ukukhuluma ngalesi sigameko, elinye - emibonweni ehlukile. Azikho amaphuzu inkomba, namagunya, akukho olwamukelwa okuthile.

Ukuze uthole ukuqonda konke okudingekayo ukuze ukwazi ezingeni intuthuko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe esikhathini kokubuyekezwa, ezingeni kunqunywa kwezomnotho nasemphakathini. Ngokwazi abaholi izixazululo ukuhlangabezana izithakazelo zezwe futhi ukuthi ukuma okunjalo. lolu lwazi kuphela inikeza izimpendulo zayo yonke imibuzo.

Ukuze uqonde lokhu kudinga ulwazi umlando STP kazwelonke. Kwakhona nje ukuthi namuhla abantu bengayinaki, edlula phezu njengoba bangakufanelekeli ukunakwa nokutadisha. Sidinga elithile Imininingwane - izinqubo, izenzo izinqumo. Ungomunye, eyodwa kuphela, omunye asipheli kanti akukwazi. Ingabe wemfanelo namkha iinrhuluphelo kazwelonke. Lokhu umbandela - umkhondo kokuhlolwa okwenzekile, izinqumo zenqubomgomo esidlule - konke. ngeke nje kube okungalungile.

Eminyakeni yamuva, abaningi ezibucayi, ziqondiswe esidlule, wamemezela abasebenzi kwamasiko. Leli akulona ingozi "party." Bakhandwa ubuswa izithakazelo ingxenye ethile imiphakathi, zibancishe kokuba lusekelwe. Abaculi, abalobi, futhi engaqondi ukuthi izisekelo zomphakathi zithathwa ukuze nahlulele ga tetenhlalo letibalulekile nezinqubo zomlando, ebandakanya ifomu ukwazi komphakathi. Lokhu kwenziwa todvwa kusukela enkathini, ukuthuthukiswa emhlabeni jikelele. Okuningi ephelele yengxoxo, indiva, ihaba. aplomb Ecasulwe kanye categorical wenza izitatimende eziyiphutha. Konke lokhu ephambanisa umphakathi ikhubazeke ukuqonda amaphutha zomlando izithakazelo zezwe.

Moscow imibuthano bokusungula, kusukela elafika inqubo okuthiwa kokushintsha, wehlukile kakhulu emibonweni yabo nokuqonda. Ukhumbuza abakhi waseBabele. It is ke yaphela kanjani eyaziwa ... Okumangalisayo sokujabulisa ezisunguliwe siqu futhi ukuhlazeka kazwelonke: "Democracy, inkululeko nobulungisa", "Asikho isizwe emhlabeni ndini ngaphezulu", "Russia - neseleko impahla eluhlaza, kumelwe ekugcineni ukushiya indlela waMandla Omkhulu", " ukuthengiswa Russian Empire "(lokho esimangalisayo!), njll, njll ...

Heroine Omunye laseChekhov sika, ngokuvamile ukulalela agumenti lezihlakaniphi ngenkinga zisetshenziswa isiRashiya, wathi: "Ngicabanga ukuthi kukhona isixazululo, okuyinto futhi kuzosusa yonke imibuzo yakho ..." Lo mbono jikelele, ubuzwe eyodwa nje, sekuyisikhathi eside owashonelwa nezihlakaniphi futhi lapho iyakhona ukuxazulula zonke izinkinga. Lo mbono - ukuthuthukiswa intuthuko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe kazwelonke. Ngokumangalisayo, wonke umlando wethu kuboshelwe lo mbono! Thina wanyathelwa lokho qina futhi beqiniseka abangu bazithela udaka esidlule mayelana lutho ngaphandle kokucabanga.

Kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe intuthuko, ezenhlalo ukukhiqizwa - ngesisekelo amandla abo ezomnotho baphinde inhlalakahle isimo, umphakathi, imithombo sentfutfuko nokuchuma. Ngeshwa, lokhu kuye kwaba iqiniso kuyabonakala (njengoba kuvela kwaba) bezinguquko Ye. Ikakhulukazi nezazi eMoscow, okuyinto ozibiza othisha ingokomoya nokuziphatha. ezivamile kakhulu futhi ijulile steel luyize.

NTP Domestic - a vzdot eziphambili emhlabeni ezindaweni eziningi futhi nezimpi eziningi. Eminyakeni 50 eSoviet Union ithole ukubonelelwa Amandla Omkhulu. Lokhu ngokuyinhloko ngenxa efaneleyo high - imfundo lososayensi nonjiniyela. Sabeka eziningi imigomo futhi abeke phambili ubuntu uyakwazi nokuzixazulula, okuyinto wadala iqembu lochwepheshe kakhulu yokuhlabelela ephelele. New izinkinga engavamile kakhulu zaxazululeka sibonga isinyathelo anomthelela abantu, ukuhlakanipha kwabo, ithalente, ukuhlakanipha kuziwa ngokweqile. Ngo izinkathi ezahlukene kubonakele ukuthi ezifezwayo.

Uyini umsuka kwezimboni impumelelo? Kungani kwakunamaKristu sikwazi ukunqoba eMpini Yezwe II? Ngaleyo ndlela ukufeza ukufikela eziphambili emhlabeni? Kungani siye wasinda empini abandayo? ... Kungani khona umnotho kahle? Kungani zonke izinqubo igcwele nekwandzisa olubi ngabanye? Le mibuzo kanye neminye eminingi kwelinye impendulo: zisekelwe intuthuko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe, noma - abanayo kwaleso sisekelo. Lokhu kuyisici esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni umnotho ngempumelelo lesi sizwe.

Asikho isidingo ubheke abaholi izibonelo. Okuhlangabezanwe nakho kwethu siqu, obonwa nokwenza kwamazwe omhlaba. Eminyakeni 50 yalesi sigameko kwaba umfutho ekuthuthukiseni US isayensi nobuchwepheshe imfundo, kanye kumiswa izisebenzi abaqeqeshiwe e-Japan. ochwepheshe Chinese kahle isitayela kanye nesisekelo esingokwesayensi yentuthuko Soviet (bona zadluliselwa futhi design imibhalo, ikakhulukazi ukwakhiwa izindiza, rocket). ezincwadini zesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe zibhaliwe Chinese.

Iminyaka engamashumi amabili eRussia konke lokhu bomlando, wabhubhisa ngamabomu njengoba engenamsebenzi kubo, abashisekeli bezinguquko bafakwa la mavangeli. Kuyinto ukwenqaba kwemikhiqizo emazweni anjalo yini owaphihliza kwakheka zokugcina sengqondo kazwelonke.

Kuyini okunqumayo kule umkhuba? Lo mklamo kanye nomklamo ukuthuthukiswa kanye yezimboni. Ngezindlela eziningi lokhu iqala ukudalwa yobuciko. Qala ucwaningo nentuthuko, ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza, ukwakha kanye nokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obusha. Ngokuvamile ithinta kanye nezinkampani ehlobene, ekukhiqizeni ngamanani amancane kanye amagatsha ahlukahlukene ... Konke lokhu wadala inkambu ebanzi kazwelonke yokuqashwa kwabantu, kwabaningi kwaba ingxenye ukuphila kwabo nezinto abazenzayo okhokhelwayo.

NTP YASEKHAYA KANYE UBUNJINIYELA

Ikhulu lamashumi amabili, phambili kude shagnuvshy kuyaqhubeka zobuchwepheshe, kwenzekani emva kwalokho. Isintu esengozini kwathatha okuthile qualitatively entsha, ezinkulu. Kodwa mayelana engamashumi amathathu zesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe intuthuko nedoumiyu futhi kungagcini abaholi bezombusazwe nezikhulu zikahulumeni uya ngaphandle nangaphandle Russia ... Sine ngamandla amakhulu, babe izinhlelo zobuchwepheshe ezibizayo. Ngezindlela eziningi ebeziphambili, safinyelela futhi zigcinwe silinganiso emkhakheni lempi, kule ngxabano emazweni zezimboni onamandla futhi eqinile, okokuqala - e-United States. Thina wangenela futhi ngawakhulisa izinga labo zobuchwepheshe (siqala nge lag). Kuzo zonke izinkomba ukudala wawuhlutha izimiso zesayensi yentuthuko kuzo zonke izindawo zezimboni. Futhi kuyamangaza.

Izigaba ezigqame kakhulu emlandweni enkulu kazwelonke intuthuko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe - usuwakhiwe ithuthukiswe esikhathini eyandulela impi, futhi umkhakha futhi kuyanda kobuchwepheshe lomhlaba ukuthi baletha Ukunqoba e ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe; e ngemva kwempi -. indalo kanye nokuthuthukisa amandla enuzi, missile futhi isikhala izinhlelo, imigqa emisha ka Aerospace, shipbuilding, amagatsha amaningana engineering mechanical, electronic, yokusansimbi, amakhemikhali nokusebenzelana kwawo, njll Konke lokhu kwenziwa indlu bahlukaniswe ngokuphelele (hhayi iphutha lethu) ethathwa njengongqondongqondo kwezomnotho emhlabeni .

Ukukhuluma ngamaphutha kanye kwamaphutha esidlule, ukushaja uhlelo wukuthi besingenalo futhi akazange asebenze (ngokuziqhathanisa West), umuntu akufanele ukhohlwe ukuthi kwaba umbango (neze kangaka okuthiwa yi-ratio amabutho) nge umnotho wembulunga yonke, okuyinto uMnyango ube usufaka umnotho womhlaba - izinto zokusetshenziswa, zezimboni, yesayensi nokuhlakanipha kwabantu. Kuyinto imithombo impucuko yesimanje. Ziyakwazi kayishumi njengoba kuphakeme kakhulu kunokwethu. Ngenxa yalesi simo sengqondo ngaphezulu irreconcilably esizonda eSoviet Union ngabodwa ezinzima kwezomnotho avela eNtshonalanga. Yebo, kwaba amaphutha ethu - wobushiqela, zokuphatha-umyalo, ukubusa careerism zokuphatha dilettantism, kushayana esisuka "ostepenennyh" futhi caressed amandla abahlakaniphileyo, owabe njengoba ngesankahlu nje bekhala ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla konke uyachitheka nisuse ... NEKWETFULA iqiniso inhloso, lezi izinsolo ayibalulekile, kodwa le mpumelelo yangempela simele esiyingqayizivele, ngisho engacabangeki. Akungabazeki ukuthi umlando kazwelonke nge isithakazelo esandayo uyokhanga abacwaningi njengoba inhloso impucuko elahlekile, emangalisayo njengoba impumelelo lobuchwepheshe kanye nomphakathi, futhi aliziphikisi yayo.

I isabelo onjiniyela Russian kuzo zonke izizukulwane wawa njengomuntu, ukhanda egqamile futhi ngokuyinhloko okukhulu ngisho nosizi. Kumemori yomlando walondoloza impumelelo ngokunqoba lomhlaba - ngokudala ubuchwepheshe kangcono futhi amasampula olungenakuqhathaniswa: Ukunqoba izikhali eMpini Yezwe II, futhi izindiza kamuva futhi missile nesikhala ubuchwepheshe, nokuningi. Defense sphere amelela esiqhingini ubunjiniyela lokusungula, lapho kwakukhona khona okungenani ezinye evulekile. Lapho ufunda amakhono amangalisayo kwendiza, PO Dry, AI Mikoyan, izindiza ezinophephela emhlane, ML Mile N. Kamov, kukhona umuzwa wokuziqhenya ngokumthanda. Kuphela umuntu owayeyisazi yobuciko, yeka omkhulu umzamo kwenziwa. Defense umkhakha bekulokhu ngaphansi kwesihenqo ekusithekeni esilayidi. SP Korolev esesikhundleni ekhethekile emphakathini. rocket yakhe, isikhala beniyingxenye inqubomgomo - imibono ukuvelela. Kwakunzima ukufihla. Ngokuphambene nalokho, kulezi zincwadi, ezifezwayo banikezwe njengendlela inzuzo uhlelo. Kuyindida basuke etholwe ngaphakathi spite of izinhlelo eziphikisanayo, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yemizamo titanic of ososayensi, onjiniyela, kanye SP Korolev.

Eceleni, izimboni mechanical ubunjiniyela - orgy zezimboni Freaks, metal- futhi alithembekile. Kungani ubuchwepheshe kwethu akulona ziphelele, na? Akungoba esinalo onjiniyela oyisiphukuphuku. Too isinyathelo okuningi inikeziwe izikhulu zeminyango kanye kwezombusazwe abazinze - bengavilaphi kanye nabakhuluma, "theorists" yenqubekela phambili. Bona emenza amateurism kudlangile nokungazi, icala, ukuqonda ezonakele indima onjiniyela njengoba abadali ubuchwepheshe kanye inqubekela-phambili yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, we shintsha le ndima nezibopho (oda - do), kodwa eqinisweni bebandlululwa unjiniyela.

Namuhla, inqubo absurdities luyajula kuphela. Zingenamandla futhi wabhidliza umkhakha, ukukhiqizwa, kwezesayensi lobuchwepheshe, impilo yomphakathi. intuthuko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe, ezintsha - nsuku impumelelo kukho konke. Kubonakala sengathi i-iqiniso elisobala, kodwa akekho waqonda. Futhi kuyamangaza. Imicimbi eminyakeni yamuva ibonisa ukuthi ngokuqondene ukuqonda ubuchwepheshe futhi onjiniyela yayo ukudala lokho okwenzeka e-sixties kanye nineties, futhi kwenzekani, akukho mehluko ... Isigamu emphakathini wethu ubelokhu ku izimboni. Izigidi ososayensi abaqeqeshiwe futhi onjiniyela ezindaweni eziningi zobuchwepheshe usubakhiphile izwe ukufeza lembulunga yonke. Babekulungele ukubhekana ukunikeza ulwazi nokuhlangenwe nakho kwawo kule kabusha. Okwamanje balahlekelwa konke. Akekho Kulindeleke umphumela onjalo. Ukukhiqizwa ubangwa nezibi, ezidinga ukwelashwa, futhi yayo nje ababulewe.

Ngesizathu esithile lokhu ngakho uhlala imfihlo enkulu, ngaphesheya ukuqonda journalism, fixated kakhulu ku ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu, izimpikiswano ezingapheli nganoma intando yeningi non-akukho, inkululeko, ubulungisa, phezu idealizations, bathinteka ngokoqobo ... bezepolotiki, ikude