Isimiso sezombangazwe Russia 19-21 eminyaka. Abavelele osopolitiki Russian

Izwe lethu phakathi namakhulu eminyaka amathathu wakwazi ukuthola ukuthi cishe zonke izindlela ekhona igebe phakathi ubugqila kanye nentando yeningi. Noma kunjalo, njengoba injalo emsulwa awukaze futhi akukho umbuso akazange athathe indawo, kuye kwaba Symbiosis ethile njalo. Futhi manje isimiso sezombusazwe Russian ihlanganisa yezinhlobo uhlelo lwentando yeningi, futhi izikhungo kobushiqela nezindlela zokuphatha.

On izindlela hybrid

Leli gama yesayensi libhekisela imibuso lapho ehlanganisiwe izimpawu authoritarianism kanye nentando yeningi, kanye iningi lwalezi nhlelo - Lesisemkhatsini. Izincazelo Uyi eziningi ezinkulu, kodwa ngosizo zihlolisisa isimo zazo zingatholakala ngamaqembu amabili. Iqembu lokuqala izazi ubona hybrid Imodi njengoba intando yeningi illiberal, okusho intando yeningi, lokususa yesibili, kunalokho, ubheka isimo sezombusazwe ezweni Russia noma wokuncintisana authoritarianism zokhetho, lokho kuyinto authoritarianism plus.

Ngokwaso kwencazelo "hybrid Imodi" kuyinto zithandwa ngoba uhlobo non-wahlulela futhi singathathi hlangothi. Ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi isimiso sezombusazwe eRussia zonke izakhi esingokwemvelo wentando yeningi eyenza ngokokuhlobisa: parliamentarianism, maningi, ukhetho nakho konke okuphezu yeningi, nje afihle authoritarianism eyiqiniso. Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ukulingiswa okunjalo ihamba kolunye uhlangothi.

eRussia

isimiso sezombangazwe e-Russia uzama ukwethula uqobo ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi zokucindezela ngaphezulu, futhi yeningi ezingaphezu kuka empeleni. Ubukhulu authoritarianism - intando yeningi lide ngokwanele ukuba isihloko le ngxabano besayensi sebethole ukuvumelana. Ososayensi abaningi ahlose ukuba nekhwalifikheshini sikhathi umbuso hybrid kuleli zwe lapho ngokomthetho amaqembu okungenani ezimbili zezombusazwe ukuthi iqhaza okhethweni ePhalamende. Kufanele futhi kube semthethweni futhi njalo multi-party imikhankaso yokhetho. Khona-ke ifomu authoritarianism okungenani alibe lisaba okumsulwa. Kodwa okubalulekile yokuthi lo mncintiswano phakathi kwezinhlangano ngokwabo? Inani ukwephulwa inkululeko ibala ukhetho?

Russia - republic federal kamongameli-ePhalamende. Kunoma yikuphi, ngakho-ke nguwe. Mbumbulu - ukuthi akusi ukukopela, ngokuvumelana nesayensi yezenhlalo. Lena okuningi mkhuba eziyinkimbinkimbi. Imibuso Hybrid bavame ukuba inkohlakalo ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu (kufaka enkantolo, hhayi kuphela e-ukhetho), nepodotchotnoe ePhalamende Uhulumeni, ngokungaqondile, kodwa control esiqinile iziphathimandla phezu abezindaba, kwenkululeko civil elinganiselwe (ukudalwa izinhlangano zomphakathi kanye nasemihlanganweni yomphakathi). Njengoba sazi sonke, idatha enezimpawu uhlelo zezombangazwe eRussia namuhla indlela. Nokho kuyathakazelisa ukulandelela yonke indlela ezenzeka ukuthuthukiswa ezweni labo sezombangazwe.

eminyakeni eyikhulu ngaphambili

Kuyadingeka ukuba sikhumbule ukuthi iRussia ngo isihlanganisi lamazwe yesibili aseqalile ukuthuthukiswa isicebi, ne ekuqaleni uzabe kamuva kakhulu emazweni Western, okuyinto ezibhekwa ezinkulu. Noma kunjalo, ngemva kweminyaka engaphezudlwana kwengu amane, liye lenza ngendlela efanayo lapho la mazwe kwathatha amakhulu eminyaka amaningi. Lokhu kwenzeke ngenxa lasetulu kakhulu ebantfu ukukhula kwale mboni, futhi kwaba negalelo ekuchithweni lezomnotho kahulumeni, ukuphoqelela imboni eziningi kanye nokwakhiwa nojantshi. Ngakho, isimo sezombusazwe ezweni Russia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ngesikhathi esifanayo ne emazweni eziphambili engena esiteji lingabacindezeli. kwathiwa Kodwa uma ucabangela akulula, capitalism kule ukwakheka zeziyaluyalu angeze akwazi ukuzifihla Amazinyo akhe. Inguquko sasingagwemeki. Kungani futhi kanjani ukushintsha isimiso sezombusazwe eRussia, okuyinto izici babengamadodana Umfutho izinguquko ezinkulu?

isimo Oku-impi

1. monopoly wasuka masinyane, ngokusekelwe emakamu eliphezulu zemali yokuqhuba ibhizinisi kanye ukukhiqizwa, athumba zonke isikhundla kwezomnotho evelele. ubushiqela capital isekelwe kuphela ukukhula ayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yi-human resources izindleko. Abalimi musa ukutshala eyodwa, futhi kancane kancane ilahlekelwa ikhono ukondla izwe.

2. Imboni izithombe obukhulu kuthiwa spliced namabhange, inhlokodolobha zezimali liye landa, futhi kukhona oligarchy zezimali.

3. Ngenxa ukuthekelisa wezwe kwezimpahla kanye ukugeleza izinto zokusetshenziswa, uthenge esikhulu futhi ukuhoxiswa dolobha. Amafomu zahlukahlukene, beyilokhu abayikho manje: loans isimo, utshalomali ngqo ku iminotho nezinye izifundazwe.

4. Kwakukhona ngamazwe esinakho kanye nezinyunyana kwayibhebhethekisa umzabalazo izinto zokusetshenziswa izimakethe, yokuthengisa and service capital ukutshalwa kwezimali.

5. Ukuncintisana ngethonya phakathi kwamazwe acebile zomhlaba uye yafinyelela umvuthwandaba, yilokhu kuqala kwaholela ekutheni izikhulu zibonise inani lezimpi wendawo, khona-ke likwazi ukuboshwa nokuqaqwa kanye kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Futhi abantu kakade ukhathele zonke izici uhlelo kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe eRussia.

Ukuphela 19 futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20: emnothweni

Industrial kowezi-nineties Yiqiniso, yaphela iminyaka emithathu esibucayi kakhulu kwezomnotho, olwaqala ngo-1900, ngemva kwalokho kwavela kulapho ukucindezeleka ngisho eside - kuze 1908. Khona-ke kwaba khona ekugcineni isikhathi ukuchuma - kweminyaka eminingana elikhiqizayo kusukela ngo-1908 kuya 1913 avunyelwe emnothweni ukuthatha esinye eqa uma ukukhiqizwa yezimboni rose nohafu.

Abavelele izibalo zezombusazwe e-Russia, uzilungiselele inguquko ka 1905 kanye imibhikisho eminingi mass, Wacishe isiteji evundile nemisebenzi yabo. Monopolization wathola enye ibhonasi emnothweni Russian: eziningi amabhizinisi amancane kwalahleka ngesikhathi kunezinkinga, amabhizinisi nakakhulu naphakathi waya yimali phakathi nokuwa kwezomnotho, waya ababuthakathaka uqine ukukhiqizwa yezimboni bakwazi ukugxila ezandleni zabo. Enterprises mass endalini, sekuyisikhathi monopolies - nombimbi futhi emtsetfweni, okuyinto yahlanganiswa engcono imikhiqizo yabo.

inqubomgomo

uhlelo waseRussia zezombusazwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwaba i ohlanga ngokuphelele, bonke amandla kwaba uMbusi nge saziso Sobukhosi Imperial. ukhozi ne zobungoma bobukhosi ngeqholo aqhwakele phezu izingalo kabili ephethwe, futhi umkhosi okufanayo ngendlela ongayo namuhla - le emhlophe-oluhlaza-obomvu. Lapho ushintsho isimiso sezombangazwe eRussia futhi kuyoba khona wobushiqela lwesigaba sabasebenzi, ifulege limane nje abomvu. Njengoba igazi ukuthi abantu bechitha amakhulu amaningi eminyaka. Futhi izingalo - isando isikela ngezindlebe. Kodwa-ke kuyoba kuphela ngo-1917. Futhi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwelama-20 ekuseni kuleli zwe namanje anqoba uhlelo wadala eholwa ngu-Alexander the First.

UMkhandlu Wombuso ukuthi zakonosoveschatelnogo kuxazulule lutho, ubengase ukuveza imibono. Ayikho iphrojekthi ngaphandle isiginesha le nkosi ayizange yaba ngumthetho. Inkantolo ngokufanele iSigele. nezindaba zomphakathi iziqondiso IKhabhinethi Wongqongqoshe, kodwa futhi bengenayo inkosi lapha ngeke luxazulule lutho - ukuthi isimo sezombusazwe ezweni Russia ekhulwini le-19 nelama-20 ekuseni. Kodwa-Ministry of Finance kanye Wezangaphakathi kakade ayenolwazi lolimi yakhula kakhulu. Bezimali ungakwazi zilawule imigomo enkosini, futhi imfihlo-usesho provocateurs yayo amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi, ukucwaninga izici izincwadi, emalungelo ekucwaninga uphenyo zezombusazwe, uma hhayi wabizela, futhi okungase kuthinte isinqumo bobukhosi kakhulu.

ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe

nabulungisa Civil, isimo ithuna emnothweni kanye ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu (yebo, bengavilaphi nje Stalin yasungulwa kubo!) Ingabe kwaholela ekutheni izikhulu zibonise ezikhulayo futhi ukugeleza ngcono ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe - futhi akusiyo 21, kodwa 19 imizuzu! Abalimi Elikhulu balifulathela lelo zwe, uya ngowokuqala emazweni angomakhelwane - emsebenzini, bese bephuthuma emhlabeni wonke, lokho lapho nemizana Russian Kwamiswa e-United States, eCanada, e-Argentina, eBrazil, futhi ngisho e-Australia. Hhayi inguquko ka 1917 , futhi impi okwalandela emenza lokhu kugeleza, zingabantu nje isikhathi esithile akamvumelanga ukuba ishabalale.

Ziyini izimbangela of enjalo yiziphethu izifundo yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye? uhlelo waseRussia zezombusazwe kwekhulu lama-20, hhayi wonke umuntu angakwazi aqonde futhi amukele, ngakho isizathu sisobala. Kodwa abantu babalekile ohlanga ngokuphelele, kanjani? Ngaphezu ukuhlushwa ngezizathu yobuhlanga, abantu kwadingeka hhayi isimo ukwanele ngemfundvo lencono kanye nokuqeqeshwa okukhethekile ngokuya professional, izakhamuzi babefuna isicelo uyakufanelekela yamakhono akhe nokuthi amandla angaguqulwa abe nokuphila ezizungezile, kodwa kwakungenakwenzeka ngenxa yezizathu eziningi kangaka. Futhi ingxenye enkulu kwamanye amazwe - izinkulungwane eziningi zabantu - Babelwela ngokumelene autocracy, wabaholi esizayo owayehola risers phezu amaqembu iphiko, nasemaphephandabeni kushicilelwa, wabhala izincwadi.

yenkhululeko

Liyaziphikisa umphakathi bebelokhu abukhali kanjalo ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, okuvame wathatha ifomu ezinkulungwane imibhikisho, le wamavukelambuso isimo yokuphisa ngokukhulu ukushesha. Phakathi abafundi njalo zineminyaka isiphepho. Embuthweni wezabasebenzi iye yaba nendima ebaluleke kakhulu kulesi simo, futhi ngakho-ke isivele sinqume ukuthi ngo-1905 kufuna kuhlangene lezomnotho. uhlelo ezingokwenhlalo nezombusazwe Russia uvalo kubonakale. Ngo-1901, abasebenzi bangena esitelekeni ngo-May Day laseKharkov kanyekanye ne isiteleka Obukhov isitshalo Petersburg, lapho ziye itholene phezulu namabutho amaphoyisa okuphindaphindiwe.

Ngu-1902, isiteleka embozwe lonke eningizimu yezwe esuka Rostov. Ngo-1904 kutelekwa e Baku nakwamanye amadolobha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, shirilos futhi ukunyakaza phakathi kwababusi abantukazana. Babhikisha laseKharkov futhi Poltava ngo-1902, kangangokuthi kwafaniswa ngokuphelele izimpi ongumlimi ka Pugachev futhi Razin. Aphikisayo ovulekile futhi waphakamisa izwi lakhe emkhankasweni Zemstvo ngo-1904. Ezimweni ezinjalo, inhlangano yombhikisho kwakufanele athathe indawo ngempela. Nokho, uhulumeni wase, namanje ukuthembile, kodwa namanje asizange izinyathelo zokuba ukwakhiwa kabusha izinguquko ezinkulu, futhi kancane kakhulu wafa kudala waphila isikhathi eside ukudlula uhlelo zaso zezombangazwe eRussia. Kafushane, ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kwakuseduze. Futhi kwathatha indawo Okthoba 25 (Novemba 7), 1917, sihluke kakhulu esedlule: unxiwankulu - 1905 kuya ku-February 1917, lapho iziphathimandla uvele Yesikhashana kaHulumeni.

I eko kwekhulu lamashumi amabili

Uhlelo isimo Empire Russian ngalesi sikhathi yasishintsha. Kuyo yonke insimu, ngaphandle aseBaltic, Finland, Belarus naseNtshonalanga ye-Ukraine, eBessarabia, kwaba ubushiqela we amaBolshevik esikhundleni isimiso sezombangazwe nomunye party. Okunye amaqembu Soviet, okuyinto isekhona ku eko ekuseni, bahlulwa: i-SRS futhi Mensheviks iye yahlakazeka ngo-1920, Bund - ngo-1921 nango-1922 abaholi SRS usolwa ngokunukubeza esiphikisayo revolution nobuphekula, wazama futhi becindezela. Nge Mensheviks benza kancane nomusa ngaphezulu, ngoba umphakathi international waphikisana ngokumelene ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu. Iningi umane baxoshwa ezweni. Ngakho lapho ebhekene nokuphikiswa iye isiqedile. Ngo-1922, ongunobhala jikelele we-Committee Central we RCP (B) wamiswa Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin, lokhu asheshisa yinye iqembu, kanye namandla isizukulwane ubuchwepheshe - nge izakhiwo mpo eqinile nakho ngeke kusize ngaphakathi emahhovisi endawo.

Terror kwehle kakhulu futhi ngokushesha wanyamalala ngokuphelele, nakuba njengoba umthetho okunjalo umthetho ngomqondo wesimanje awuzange eyakhelwe. Nokho, ngo-1922, evunywe Omphakathi Amakhodi Criminal, ezaqedwa izinkantolo eyasungulwa wemisebenzi yezomthetho kanye abashushisi, ukucwaninga izici is kuvikelwe nguMthethosisekelo Cheka siguqulelwa GPU. Ukuphela kulwiwa kwakuyinkathi kokuzalwa republic aseSoviet: i RSFSR, isi-Byelorussian, isi-Ukrainian, Armenia, Azerbaijani, isiGeorgia. Were Khorezm kakhudlwana futhi eBukhara naseMpumalanga Ekude. Futhi kuyo yonke indawo waholekela Communist Party kanye Russian isimo uhlelo (RSFSR) kwaba akuhlukile oda, yithi, Armenia. republic ngamunye has sisekelo wayo siqu, uhulumeni ayo nokuphatha. Ngo-1922, uhulumeni wamaSoviet awuzange waqala coalesce e inyunyana sikahulumeni. Iphuzu Kwakungelula, futhi hhayi lula, sasiwumsebenzi hhayi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kwakheka eSoviet Union kwakuwuhlobo oluthile federal, lapho kumiswa kazwelonke babekwazi kwamasiko kuphela, kodwa kwenziwa ngendlela enamandla kakhulu: in the 20s wadala lenqwaba emaphephandabeni endawo, yeshashalazi, izikole kazwelonke, izincwadi nhlobo, ngaphandle kokukhetha, izilimi zase-USSR bakamalalahlengezela eshicilelwe, futhi abantu abanengi okwadingeka alukho ulimi okubhaliwe, ngiyitholile, yini eyayenze izingqondo bhá, usosayensi othile emhlabeni. ESoviet Union liye labonisa ukuthi amandla amakhulu, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izwe siye saba kabili lingamanxiwa. Nokho, it is hhayi libhujiswa impi iminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa, ejele, kodwa ... satiety nokwaneliseka. Futhi amambuka ngaphakathi lesigaba esibusayo.

ekhulwini lama-21

Uyini umbuso kwamanje? Lokhu akulona 90s, lapho iziphathimandla ngokuzumayo acabange izithakazelo onxiwankulu kanye oligarchy yavela. Wide umFilisti mass Kwakukhona nabezindaba podogrevaemy ngesithakazelo yabo futhi sethemba esikhathini esizayo esiseduze "okubi". Kwakungekhona uhlelo, kodwa kunalokho ukungabi khona. kuphangwa Okugcwele nokungalungi. Yini manje? Manje, uhlelo isimo Russian Federation, ngokusho kwabanye ochwepheshe, kakhulu okusikhumbuza Bonapartist. Ikhanga ukuguqulwa yesimanje zohlelo Russian ikuvumela ukuba ubone izinketho efanayo kuwo. Lolu hlelo wethulwa njengoba ukuba kushintshwe Yiqiniso yangaphambilini ye kugucuka olukhulu yezenhlalakahle ehambisana ne-ukulahlwa kabi wachayeka imodeli yaseSoviet yokuthuthela umphakathi, futhi ngalo mqondo, yebo, has a ukuma olandelanayo. Legitimating ifomula uhlelo olusha Russian zezombusazwe namhlanje Ubuye imvelo ezimbili, usekelwe kokubili ukukhethwa ngokwentando yeningi kanye semthethweni kweSoviet bendabuko.

capitalism State - kuphi?

It wagomela ukuthi kukhona uhlelo lukahulumeni capitalism ngaphansi kokubusa kweSoviet. Nokho, noma yimuphi capitalism uncika ngokuyinhloko inzuzo. Manje - ke kuyafana uhlelo nge corporations nendlela umphakathi. Kodwa eSoviet Union, ngisho nalapho Kosygin wayezama ukuthola iziyisikhombisa kwezomnotho, ezifana wayengekho. ESoviet Union kwaba uhlelo zesikhashana, izici zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni kanye - ngezinga elincane - capitalism. Uhlelo lwe-socialism ukuvela hhayi kuphela ukwabiwa kwezimali emphakathini iziqinisekiso isimo umthengi asebekhulile, abagulayo nabakhubazekile. Khumbula ukuthi ngisho impesheni ngoba bonke wabonakala kuphela esigabeni yokugcina ukuqhubeka kwaleli zwe likhona.

Kodwa nansi inhlangano ekuphathweni impilo yomphakathi kanye nomnotho wayengekho isicebi, yakhelwe ngokuphelele izimiso technocratic, kunokuba isicebi. Kodwa lokwakuvamile injalo elicwengekileyo akuyona eSoviet Union znal.Razve ukuthi yayitholakala ubunikazi zomphakathi izindlela zokukhiqiza. Nokho, ubunikazi isimo ayilona umphakathi, ngoba akukho kungenzeka ukulahla impahla, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho ukwazi indlela yokukwenza. Ukuvuleleka ngesikhathi imvelo njalo nobutha akunakwenzeka, kangangokuthi ngisho ulwazi kwaba esinakho isimo. Ayikho emphakathini lapho ungqimba lwabaphathi uphathe ulwazi njengoba yangasese. ukulingana Social - isimiso zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni, kuba ngendlela, okuvumela ukungalingani impahla. Umbango phakathi amakilasi lapho, omunye ungqimba yezenhlalakahle akuyona engasenamahloni, ngakho ukuvikela nezinzuzo zezenhlalo ubani kwakungakenzeki. Nokho, kwakukhona abaningi nesandla esinamandla, futhi cishe it - nenqwaba izikhulu, okwadingeka hhayi kuphela umehluko omkhulu iholo, kodwa futhi unalo izinzuzo lonke uhlelo.

nokubambisana

Uhlelo lwe-socialism injalo okumsulwa njengoba Marx bekubona, ezweni elinikeziwe ayikwazi eyakhelwe. Adume Trotskyite eko kwekhulu lamashumi amabili Saahobaev wagomela ngokuthi insindiso emhlabeni - kuphela inguquko emhlabeni. Kodwa akunakwenzeka, ngoba kuwukuphikisana ngokuyisisekelo kuchubekele kulamazwe-lokuqala uqimba ku kwetimboni amazwe yezwe yesithathu. Kodwa ukhumbule dedengu wanyathelwa izimfundiso Lenin, zanikela ukushintsha umbono ekwakheni lokwakuvamile umphakathi ophucukile co-opharetha.

impahla State akufanele kube ngesikhathi esifanayo idluliselwe ama cooperatives, nje wonke amabhizinisi imikhawulo izimiso zokuzibusa. AbaJuda bawaqonda amagama kahle - ku kibbutzim has zonke izici inkampani, echaza Lenin. Ngendlela efanayo ibhizinisi umsebenzi ezinyunyaneni Melika, futhi sasamukela yayikhona ngesikhathi kabusha uhlelo kazwelonke ibhizinisi. Nokho, ngaphansi ne-capitalism, ukuchuma lezi izimboni kuyinkinga. Okuhle kakhulu, benza ibhizinisi collective zama-Capitalist. uthwebule kuphela wonke amandla ezombusazwe, ngokuxosha abanye sabasebenzi ongakhonza njengesisekelo ukwakhiwa zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni.