Phansi umdwebo - kuyinto ... amacebo zehluke ibalazwe?

ulimi Geography yesibili - isithombe cartographic. Amamephu yasetshenziswa ngisho by abagibeli bemikhumbi yasendulo. Lapho ihlela ukuba kube bomkhankaso abacwaningi eqoqwe zonke izinto ezazikhona cartographic endaweni oyifunayo. Ekuphetheni imiphumela bayiswa ephepheni. Ngakho sidalwe endaweni icebo. Lokhu kwaba isisekelo wokudala amamephu entsha. Uyini icebo endaweni futhi yini umehluko ngisho nezinhlobo eziyisisekelo kusuka amabalazwe ezindawo?

Uyini icebo endaweni?

Ikhadi lokuqala kakhulu emlandweni wesintu plan. Manje asetshenziswa cishe yonke imikhakha ngesayensi nobuchwepheshe ngaphandle kwabo awukwazi ukwenza ekwakhiweni, ezolimo, survey ubunjiniyela, njll ...

phansi umdwebo - umfanekiso emikhulu ye-surface area yomhlaba, ezisetshenziswa uma udala izimpawu. Njengomthetho, Ukwaziswa okwatholakala izithombe cartographic izindawo ezincane nendawo ethize amakhilomitha-skwele amaningi. Kulokhu, ugobile komhlaba akuphazamisi isithombe.

Loluhlelo ihlukile ibalazwe?

Ngokuvamile empilweni sihlangane futhi indawo uhlelo imephu. Geography njengoba isayensi isekelwe isithombe kumephu. Kodwa lokhu akuyona into efanayo.

Lapho ngokudala imephu kwendawo yena esebenzisa isikali esincane (ie, ihlanganisa indawo enkulu) is kunakwe ubunjalo komhlaba, okusho esetshenziswa zezibalo umthetho imaging - kwelivi. Into ebaluleke kakhulu isici amabalazwe - degree anezikhala: kubalulekile ukuba sithole amaphuzu yekhampasi. I izici ezifanayo kanye meridians zivame imelelwa lwesikhathi kunokuba ngqo. Ukudabula isihloko izinto abalulekile kuphela enkulu. Ukuze ukulungiselela yabo isebenzisa ezihlukahlukene izinto, kuhlanganise amamephu sonkana nezithombe zesiphuphutheki.

phansi umdwebo - isithombe esinemininingwane incenye lencane Earth. It yakhiwa ngaphandle kokucabangela lelivakalako, kusukela esenziwa ubukhulu ingxenye ebusweni ubhekwa flat. Izinhlangothi zomhlaba kunqunywa iziyalezo nohlaka uhlelo. Bonisa akufanele nakancu kube kuzo zonke izingxenye sendawo. Bhala kubo ngesisekelo izinto ezinkulu zasemoyeni noma phansi.

plan kanjani?

Ukuze uqale, khetha iphuzu kwisayithi, okuyinto kuyabonakala sonke lesi sihloko endaweni amamephu. Ngemva kwalokho, kufanele ukhethe isikali we plan esizayo. Isinyathelo esilandelayo - ukunquma isiqondiso enyakatho. Lokhu kungenziwa ngosizo ibhodi futhi planchette ngesandla ikhampasi. Ephepheni, udinga ukukhomba ukuthi kunini lapho kungashiwo izobanjelwa indawo sokudubula, bese udweba wonke izimpawu zendawo ezinkulu (amakhona izakhiwo, izihlahla ezinkulu, izigxobo).

Khona-ke, usebenzisa ekhethekile ephezulu ukucacisa amathuluzi kukhona azimuths elinganisiwe ukuze iphuzu ngalinye, okuyinto kumele iboniswe kule plan. Njalo azimuths kuthiwa imali kusukela endpoint primary, futhi umugqa asizayo idwetshwa kuwo, ngokoMthetho engela Kuyaqapheleka. Ibanga kusukela eziyinhloko amaphuzu ofiselekayo endaweni futhi kukalwa wayiswa ephepheni.

Khona-ke, e-izimpawu ezivamile tintfo ngesakhiwo ukuboniswa, wenza nesignesha ezidingekayo.

Scale indawo uhlelo

Yonke indawo uhlelo ishadi isithombe uhlala ingashintshiwe isikali yayo. Esikalini kuyinto ezintathu izinhlobo:

• Lenombolo.
• Yethiwa.
• Ukuthuthukiswa.

It is njengamaphesenti ingxenyenamba zezinombolo kabani numerator 1 futhi zifana - M. Lena inombolo M kubonisa degree of ukuhlehlisa ngokuya ngesayizi. izinhlelo kwendawo ube isilinganiso esingu-1: 500, 1: 1000, 1: 2000, 1: 5000. Ukuze umhlaba imisebenzi ukuphathwa nazo asetshenziswa isikali izinhlelo ezincane - 1:10 000, 1:25 000, 1:50 000 esikalini ezincane nguye inenombolo M ngaphezulu, futhi okuphambene nalokho.

Nge ngesilinganiso okuthiwa kulula - lapha ubude imigqa lubonakaliswa ngamazwi. Ngokwesibonelo, 1 cm - 50 amamitha. Lokhu kusho ukuthi 1 cm ibanga indiza oluhambisana m 50 emhlabathini.

Ubukhulu uhlobo lwento - igrafu ufanekiselwe emgceni locondzile, okuyinto ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye alinganayo. Ingxenye ngayinye lisayinwe ukubaluleka zezinombolo sokuboshwa isikhathi esilingana kwendawo.

Izimpawu endaweni uhlelo

Ukuze sibonise ecebeni topographic yiziphi izinto noma izinqubo zibonisa izindinganiso zabo ezibalulekile qualitative noma ambalwa, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izimpawu ezivamile noma izimpawu. Batinikela isithombe esiphelele ilungiselelo kwezendawo izinto, kanye nezici zabo futhi ukubukeka.

Kukhona izinhlobo ezine izimpawu:

• Scale - komugqa futhi endaweni (isib endaweni uthi, imigwaqo, amabhuloho).
• Scaleless (a kahle, isiphethu, insika, umbhoshongo futhi t. D.).
• Esishoyo (isignesha izici lezinto, ezifana ububanzi komgwaqo, amagama izifundo).

Esikhathini legend plan zonke kubonakala. Ngokusekelwe legends ezakha umqondo eyinhloko isayithi.

Ngakho, icebo endaweni - umfanekiso cartographic ka ingxenye encane komhlaba ngezinga elikhulu. It is lisetshenziswe cishe yonke imikhakha yomsebenzi womuntu. Ngaphandle kwayo, bekungeke kube khona ukwakha amabalazwe ngesimo sendawo.