Iqhaza lama-bacterium awusizo ngokwemvelo. Lokusakaza amagciwane uhlobo

Amagciwane angabasizi asizombelezileko, eqinisweni, bahlala ngaphakathi emzimbeni womuntu, futhi ngobuningi. Ngenxa yobukhulu encane ingabonakali ngeso lenyama, kodwa bakwazi ukuletha bobabili umonakalo ezingokoqobo futhi inzuzo. Ngokuvamile, indima amagciwane imvelo nawo njengomnyango mkhulu kakhulu.

Ukwahlukanisa izinto eziphilayo

Kwaphela isikhathi eside ke zazingekho yiluphi uhlelo anokuhambisana, ezingafani eziphilayo. Nokho, lo odumile Karl Linney wabeka isisekelo ngezigaba yesimanje binomial, ihlukaniswe 3 main, e wakhe umbono, amaqembu: izilwane, izitshalo kanye namaminerali. Wabuye owaqamba igama elithi "umbuso".

Esikhathini esizayo, njengoba ubuchwepheshe kwentuthuko futhi sizuza ulwazi olusha ngezigaba ngcono lalihlukene prokaryotes futhi eukaryotes, umehluko oyinhloko lapho komunye nomunye kuyinto engekho futhi khona amaseli nucleus. Namuhla ukwaba 8 imibuso kufanele umehluko omkhulu: amagciwane, archaea, protists, i-chromium, izitshalo, isikhunta, izilwane namagciwane. Ngokuphathelene yokugcina, sonke siyazi ukuthi zikhona futhi njalo ebhekene nabo, nakuba thina awuboni. Ingase ize ibonakale ongaziwa ukuthi lalihlukene embusweni ahlukene bemvelo.

amagciwane

Lezi abameleli okulula izilwane zasendle isikhathi eside "ukufihla" kuphuma ehlweni lomuntu. Noma kunjalo, imiphumela emihle yomsebenzi wabo kwabonakala esikhathini sasendulo: yabuya amasi, abolile leaf udoti, ukuvutshelwa ushukela nokuningi. Ngakho ukubaluleka amagciwane nemvelo, ngisho eside ngaphambi kokuvula zabo ngokushesha, kunzima overestimate.

Leli qembu eziphilayo ingenye endala kakhulu emhlabeni - zikhona iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane zezigidi 3.5 ubudala, futhi mayelana ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu lesi sikhathi, base izidalwa eziphilayo kuphela Emhlabeni. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kwemvelo ngandlela-thile azithinteki futhi, isakhiwo amabhaktheriya uhlala sasivumela bakudala, ngoba abanayo ngisho nemizi ikhenela. Futhi labo amalungu nombuso, ukuze athile ayakwazi ukuqhubeka ephila ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kakhulu, futhi zonke akunakubangelwa elula. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kunjalo futhi iqembu elikhulu eziphawula izinto eziphilayo ukusuka zonke ekhona emhlabeni.

Ukutholakala cwaningo

Kwaphela isikhathi eside ososayensi abaphefumulelwe babengayazi bokuba khona eziphilayo zazingabonakali. Yiqiniso, owathola le kwegciwane ngekhulu XVII ndoda yasungulwa microscope - ongowokuzalwa Holland, Antony van Leeuwenhoek. amathuluzi akhe banikwa nokwanda kokungabi izikhathi 160, ngakho-ke ukuthi usosayensi waphawula ngisho neconsi lamanzi, odakeni, qwembe nezinye izindawo eziningi, izidalwa eziyinqaba - wababiza animalkulyami. Phakathi nesifundo, wafika eziphilayo njengoba ehlukene kanye efanayo, futhi sketched ngokucophelela kubo. Ngakho-microbiology izisekelo avulwa. Zona efanayo igama "bacterium" kwahlongozwa Christian Ehrenberg e 1828.

On ukuhlobana okukhona phakathi kwalaba eziphilayo bephethwe izifo ezihlukahlukene okokuqala ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII, wathi udokotela lempi DS Samoylovich. Ngosizo ngesibonakhulu, wazama ukuthola ejenti causative zezinhlupho, ngawo kwadingeka abhekane ngesikhathi bhadane eMoscow. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi eye wahluleka, wabonisa ukuthi ukutheleleka kuphela ukuxhumana ngqo isiguli noma impahla yakhe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi umbono yokugoma iye olunikezwa silwanyana buthaka noma abulawe. Kamuva kubonakele ukuthi eNgilandi, lapho udokotela Eduard Dzhenner waphawula iziguli amasosha omzimba ukuba ingxibongo ngemva umlando inkomazi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, sekungamashumi amaningi microbiology abathintekayo ikakhulukazi gcogca ubuye uhlelembise lwati, ukukhomba indima amagciwane ngokwemvelo futhi izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokuphila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunomahluko amagciwane ngenxa umehluko omkhulu e isakhiwo. Kodwa amagciwane omuhle ngokwesimo ukuphila uhlolwa hhayi ngokushesha.

Izici

Mayelana isidingo ukuzivumelanisa siphila ezimweni eziningi ezihlukahlukene, ama-bacterium akumelwe nje bagcine ngokufuna unekhono zanda, kodwa futhi kuhluke kwezinye ezihlukahlukene, okuzoxoxwa kamuva.

Zonke izinto eziphilayo okuqondene umbuso, yebo, yiba izici ezivamile. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona prokaryotes, okusho akudingeki nucleus abangabodwa kanye nabanye organelles yeselula. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngokuvumelana nobukhulu zingabantu ngokuvamile kunangendlela eukaryotes, futhi ifinyelela cishe 0,005 amamilimitha angu. Omkhulu kunayo yonke eyaziwayo ukuthi isayensi bacterium esingaphansi 0.75 mm ububanzi, ngenkathi ngisho kungenzeka ukubona ngeso lenyama.

Okokuqala, abamele lokhu umbuso ube udonga cell enikeza ukuma yezinyoni, kanye capsule ekhethekile lwamafinyila evikela umzimba kusuka iphele ukuphuma futhi ikhuthaza ukuhamba kwayo beya. Ngezinye izikhathi ugqinsi lesi sendlalelo ingase ibe mikhulu kunaleyo lonke amagciwane. Cytoplasm, uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amangqamuzana micro, ayazika futhi lihleleke. Wonke umsoco zitholakala ngqo kulo, ngoba azikho vacuoles. Enye umzimba, kusiza amaseli ukuhambisa, kungenziwa eyethulwe phezu imicu. Kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi ingabi khona.

zinhlobo

Ama-bacterium ophilayo imvelo zihlukaniswa ngokuyinhloko phezu kwesimo cell, futhi ngakho zihlukaniswe amaqembu ngokusho babukeka kanjani. Izinhlobo ezinkulu abizwa ngokuthi kanje:

• cocci;
• bacilli;
• vibrio;
• spirochetes;
• spirilla;
• streptococci;
• staphylococci.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona umehluko ngohlobo izimo ezifanele ukuphila. Nasi isibonelo. Labo eziphilayo ezingaba khona ukungabi umoya-mpilo abizwa ngokuthi anaerobic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, microbiologists ukuhlukanisa Gram-negative futhi amagciwane Gram-HIV. Lapha sikhuluma kuphela mayelana yokusabela kuya udayi ekhethekile, okuyinto incike isakhiwo ulwelwesi cell. amagciwane negative Gram abe igobolondo mkhulu zokuzivikela.

ukusabalala

Bahlala yonke indawo, ngakho bephoqeleka ukuba athathe ifomu oluyingozi ezinjalo. Izintaba-mlilo futhi ice ezingwadule, ulwandle ekujuleni nezindawo entabeni, umoya-mpilo-abampofu - kuphi ungathola amagciwane. Lokhu kungenzeka kuphela ngenxa survivability yabo emangalisa kanye esiphelweni okusheshayo: division elula cishe njalo ngemva kwemizuzu engu-20 kungenzeka.

By the way, ezimweni okuyizinto ngokuphelele engafanele ukuqhubeka kwempilo, ama-bacterium, ophilayo nendalo yakha okuthiwa nezimpikiswano, okungukuthi ukuya kwifomu efanelekile somoya noma ezokuthutha amanzi. Lapho imvelo futhi abe ngempela evumayo, angenziwa futhi athathe isimo vegetative futhi zisenza sibe ikoloni elisha. Lokhu kugcina ukusabalala kwamagciwane luqhubeke ngokwemvelo.

Ukubaluleka kanye indima

Ukubaluleka yini eyenza la magciwane ezincane, kunzima overestimate. Iqhaza lama-bacterium awusizo ngokwemvelo nawo njengomnyango mkhulu kakhulu. Okokuqala, kungenxa kubo esikukweleta ukuba khona izinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngefomu zabo zamanje. Phela, oluhlaza ulwelwe, kangaki ngokuthi cyanobacteria, empeleni wadala umkhathi futhi ugcine izinga umoya-mpilo ezingeni edingekayo. Kuze kube manje, alawa magciwane abahlala izilwandle mkhulu emhlabeni ukukhiqiza ngaphezu kwesigamu O _2.

Mhlawumbe yesibili ukubaluleka ebaluleke kakhulu amagciwane nemvelo - lena yabo kabusha of udaba eziphilayo. Ngaphandle-ke futhi kunzima ukucabanga ezakha kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla. Kukhona lonke ikilasi eziphilayo saprophytes (okubandakanya kokubili amagciwane). Basuke ngokuqondile ku nokusakazwa izinto endalweni, ezibolayo izinsalela kwezicubu organic kuya nezithako ezidingekayo isitshalo umsoco. Ngakho yiziphi lezi "chips 'ayingxenye kwanoma iyiphi ecosystem.

Enye indima ebalulekile kwegciwane imvelo okuguqula isimo esisodwa kolunye, yize akusiyo efiselekayo njalo. Imvubelo inhlama bese uvumele ukuthola utshwala acidosis acid amagciwane - yogurt, cottage shizi, iyogathi kanye neminye imikhiqizo efanayo. Kodwa akugcini lapho. Cabanga-bacterium akha lesi microflora emathunjini ezincelisayo. Bavumela isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene ukuncela kahle ngakho izakhi engena emzimbeni ngokudla.

Ukuvikelwa

Nokho, indima amagciwane uhlobo abanye ezicini ezinhle akugcini. Ngakho, kukhona kwamagciwane abangela izifo ezingathi sína kwababhemayo, ngakho ngokuvamile kukhona isidingo e ukususa "izivakashi" engadingeki. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kukhona inhlanzeko hhayi kuphela aphansi, okusho nokugeza izandla ngensipho umzimba, kodwa futhi magciwane futhi inzalo lezinto ezihlukahlukene kanye evele. Izinyathelo ukuvikela amagciwane kungabandakanya ukuvezwa kwesikhathi eside abilayo futhi umusi ashisayo, ukwelashwa utshwala izixazululo noma chlorine ezibangela, kanye oku-ultraviolet. Uma kwenziwe ngendlela efanele, amangqamuzana amaningi abangela izifo ayafa.

Njengoba ukudla, nazo ngaphansi izindlela ezihlukahlukene ukucutshungulwa: .. pasteurization, ukulondolozwa, abilayo, yokuwugazinga, stewing, ukubhaka, njll ikuvumela ukunweba ukuphila eshalofini futhi wenze ephephile ukudliwa abantu. Kodwa Ukuvikelwa wonke-round namagciwane ungaba sinazo: ngenxa yokuntuleka isidingo sikulungele izivikeli mzimba ingawenza buthaka. Ngakho oshisekayo futhi ngeke kukusize ngalutho-ke ekulweni namagciwane.