AmakhompyuthaIzinhlelo

PLO - Iyini? Izimiso eziyisisekelo izinhlelo into ngamakhasimende

Kungani into-ngamakhasimende izinhlelo luncanyelwa kumaphrojekthi kakhulu? PLO inikeza indlela ephumelelayo ukubhekana nomsebenzi ophathelene nezakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi yabo. Esikhundleni ucabangela uhlelo njengoba kulandzelana kweticondziso elisebenzisekayo, limelela ke njengeqembu lezinto nge izakhiwo ezithile futhi ukukhiqiza nabo izenzo ezithile. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuba izicelo sobala, kunokwethenjelwa futhi legkosoprovozhdaemyh.

Izimiso eziyisisekelo izinhlelo into-ngamakhasimende (OOP) kwakheka ngoba imikhawulo kutholakele izindlela zangaphambi ezikhona. Phakathi kwabo - ukufinyelela okungenamkhawulo idatha kanye nenani elikhulu lezixhumanisi, okuyinto zibeka imingcele ushintsho. ayasiqaphela nezimbangela Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi OOP izinhlelo futhi yiziphi zako.

izilimi zenqubo

C, Pascal, FORTRAN, nezilimi ezifanayo zenqubo. Okusho ukuthi, ngamunye opharetha litshela ikhompyutha ukwenza okuthile: ukuze uthole idatha, hlanganisa izinombolo, ihlukaniswe eziyisithupha, umphumela ukuboniswa. ulimi Isithasiselo zenqubo kuyinto uhlu imfundo. Uma incane, akekho omunye ekuhleleni isimiso (kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi Paradigm) kungadingeki. UMklami kudala uhlu imiyalelo, nekhompyutha engikhiphela kubo.

Ukwehlukanisa imisebenzi

Lapho izicelo babe uhlu nzima ngaphezulu ematfuba. Bambalwa Ungaqonda ezingaphezu kuka imiyalelo ambalwa baze ziqoqwa. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, umsebenzi kwaba indlela yokwenza isicelo oluqondakalayo xaxa Abadali zayo. Kwezinye izilimi, umqondo ofanayo kungenziwa ngokuthi subroutines noma izinqubo.

Uhlelo lokusebenza uhlukaniswe imisebenzi, ngamunye ephethe injongo ecacile futhi interface.

Umqondo ukwehlukana izinqubo elinwebekayo libe kweqembu enkulu into okuthiwa module, kodwa isimiso fanekiso: Ukubuthelela izingxenye zazo izinhlu dokhumenti.

Ukwehlukanisa imisebenzi kanye amamojuli - kwelinye lala matshe ekhoneni izinhlelo olwakhiwe, okuyinto amashumi eminyaka kuze kube yilapho PLO kwaba zayo Paradigm.

izinkinga izinhlelo ehlelekile

Njengoba izicelo babe ezinkudlwana, izinhlelo ehlelekile isiqala nobunzima. Projects abe eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. sigudluke ihluzo. Luhilela inqwaba program. Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi ikhulile. Izindleko kokumila, isheduli laphinda sigudluke, kwavela wokugoqa.

Ukuhlaziya izimbangela ukwehluleka wembula kwamaphutha Paradigm zenqubo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhleleke kahle lwenteke indlela izinhlelo, izicelo ezinkulu ngokweqile eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ziyini izimbangela yalezi yezinkinga ezihambisana izilimi yenqubo? Okokuqala, imisebenzi ukufinyelela okungenamkhawulo idatha global. Okwesibili, izinqubo engahlobene kanye namanani ezimbi belingisa emhlabeni wangempela.

Uma sicabanga ngalezi zindaba ngokomongo yokusungula ezimali isofthiwe, esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu idatha somhlaba wonke saba iqoqo SKU. imisebenzi ehlukene lingasho ukuba ufake inani elisha, uboniswa, izinguquko nokunye. D.

ukufinyelela okungenamkhawulo

Uhlelo ebhaliwe, isibonelo, C, kunezinhlobo ezimbili idatha. Endaweni kufihlwe ngaphakathi umsebenzi nezinye izinqubo azisetshenziswa.

Lapho imisebenzi emibili noma ngaphezulu ukufinyelela idatha efanayo, lona wamuva kumele kwenziwe embulungeni yonke. Enjalo, isibonelo, bangeniswa ulwazi lwe-akhawunti mayelana izifundo. Idatha global kungenzeka noma iyiphi inqubo etholakalayo.

Ngo uhlelo enkulu, zikhona izici eziningi futhi izakhi eziningi emhlabeni wonke. Inkinga of the Paradigm zenqubo ukuthi kuholela inombolo enkulu izixhumanisi ezingaba phakathi kwazo.

inani elikhulu ukuxhumana okunjalo kubangela ubunzima eziningana. Okokuqala, inkimbinkimbi le kuvisisa sakhiwo zohlelo. Okwesibili, kunzima ukushintsha. Guqula kunto yedatha global kungadinga ukuhlela yonke imisebenzi ukuthi umuntu akwazi ukufinyelela kulona.

Ngokwesibonelo, e uhlelo accounting umuntu enquma ukuthi zibalwe ikhodi into kufanele libe hhayi kwamadijithi 5, futhi kusukela 12. Lokhu kuzodinga ushintsho uhlobo idatha kusukela esifushane eside. Manje elihlobene nekhodi umsebenzi kumele ilungiswe ukusebenza ngefomethi entsha.

Lapho izakhi baguqulelwa ku isicelo emikhulu, kunzima ukusho ukuthi izinqubo ukufinyelela kuwo. Kodwa ngisho noma lesi sibalo, ukushintsha kubo kungaholela operation engalungile nezinye idatha global. Konke ehlangene nakho konke okunye, ngakho ushintsho endaweni eyodwa nomkhwezeli kwenye.

Ukumodela emhlabeni wangempela

Inkinga yesibili futhi okubaluleke nakakhulu of the Paradigm zenqubo wukuthi indawo ethize idatha yayo nemisebenzi kabi kulingisa izinto emhlabeni wangempela. Lapha sisebenzelana izinto ezifana abantu noma izimoto. Banjengemafu akukho idatha noma umsebenzi. Inxanxathela izinto wangempela zinezimfanelo nokuziphatha.

izimfanelo

Izibonelo izimfanelo (ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi izindawo) ngokuba abantu wamehlo futhi igama okuthunyelwe, imoto - amandla kanye nenani iminyango. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, imfanelo emhlabeni wangempela okulingana idatha ohlelweni. Sinenkosi amagugu ethile, njenge-blue (umbala amehlo) noma ezine (inani iminyango).

ukuziphatha

Ukuziphatha - wukuthi izinto wangempela akhiqizwa ekuphenduleni ezinye uhlobo umthelela. Uma ucela boss ngoba ukunyuselwa amaholo, impendulo ithi "yebo" noma "cha." Uma ucindezela on the ukubopha, imoto uzoyeka. Futhi kokuma ukuziphatha kusho izibonelo. Ukuziphatha afana inqubo: ibizwa ngokuthi ukwenza okuthile, futhi yilokho kanye akwenzayo. Ngakho, idatha nemisebenzi bebodwa musa kukhombisa wangempela yini engathathwa ngokuthi kahle.

Ekhuluma

Into e OOP uchazwa iqoqo idatha nemisebenzi. nezinqubo abizwa ngokuthi ilungu imisebenzi C ++ kuphela, ukuvumela ukuthola ukubaluleka kwayo. Lezi afihliwe futhi bavikelekile izinguquko. Imiqondo nemisebenzi kuthiwa encapsulated zibe munye. Encapsulation futhi upryatyvanie - magama eziyisisekelo encazelweni izilimi into-ngamakhasimende.

Uma ufuna ukushintsha idatha, uzazi kahle ukuthi imisebenzi uxhumana nabo. Ayikho enye izinqubo ayikwazi ukufinyelela kubo. Lokhu lula lokubhala, ukulungisa iphutha, nokugcina uhlelo.

Isicelo ngokuvamile siqukethe izinto eziningana lapho nihlanganyele, okubangela ilungu imisebenzi.

Namuhla, i-esetshenziswa kunazo kabanzi ulimi OOP (izinhlelo into-ngamakhasimende) - C ++ (plus plus). Ngo-Java sintula ezinye izici ezifana izikhombo, izifanekiso futhi ifa amaningi, okwenza kube ezinamandla kancane futhi enza izinto ezihlukahlukene kakhulu C ++. C # akukafiki ukuthandwa C ++.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi labo okuthiwa ilungu imisebenzi izindlela C ++ ngokuthi kwezinye nezinye izilimi into-ngamakhasimende ezifana Smalltalk. Izinto idatha ngokuthi izimfanelo. Ishayela indlela into uthumela kuye imiyalezo.

Isifaniso

Ungase uyibone ngeso lengqondo izinto yeminyango inkampani. Ezinhlanganweni kakhulu, abasebenzi azisebenzi olulodwa nabasebenzi, iholo elandelayo abantu imali eningi, bese ngesonto wahlanganyela ukuhweba iimfesi. UMnyango ngamunye has abasebenzi ayo, ne imisebenzi ayabelwe ngokucacile. Kukhona siqu idatha: izinkomba inkokhelo, yokuthengisa, accounting abasebenzi, njll Abantu eminyangweni ukusebenza ngolwazi lwabo ... Ukuhlukaniswa inkampani, ngakho-ke, kusiza ukulawula imisebenzi yayo kanye igcina idatha ubuqotho. Accounting obangela kwabasebenzi. Uma ufuna ukwazi isamba inkokhelo zikhokhelwe legatsha eningizimu ngoJulayi, akudingeki lokumba ingobo yomlando. Kwanele ukuthumela inothi kumuntu ophathiswe umthwalo, linda kuze kube yilapho lowo muntu likwazi ukufinyelela idatha bese uthumela impendulo ulwazi oluceliwe. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho kanye ukungabikho ukuphazamiseka zangaphandle. Ngendlela efanayo intfo PLO inikeza inhlangano isicelo.

Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi umumo lezinto asisebenzi imininingwane ohlelweni umsebenzi. imiyalelo Iningi C ++ opharetha sifana izilimi zenqubo ezifana C. Eqinisweni, imisebenzi ilungu e C ++ zifana kakhulu imisebenzi C. kuphela kuMkhandlu kuzovumela ukuba sithole ukuthi imfundo zenqubo noma into-ngamakhasimende.

Into e OOP: Definition

Uma sicabanga inkinga lwezinhlelo ngolimi into-ngamakhasimende esikhundleni imibuzo mayelana division yayo ku imisebenzi ehlukene kuyinkinga ezisezikhungweni ngokuhlukana. OOP ukucabanga kuba lula ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza. Lokhu kungenxa ukufana software netintfo mbamba letimayelana nalesihloko.

Hlobo luni izinto izinto e OOP? Nazi ezinye izigaba ejwayelekile.

into Lokuhlala OOP - kuyinto:

  • ezokuthutha ukugeleza onobuhle;
  • izingxenye kagesi izinhlelo design wesifunda;
  • imodeli umnotho wezwe;
  • izindiza ohlelweni emoyeni izimoto.

Imisuka imvelo ikhompyutha yomsebenzisi:

  • imenyu;
  • amafasitela;
  • ihluzo (umugqa, isikwele, umbuthano);
  • ikhibhodi, igundane, iphrinta, oshayelayo disk.

abantu:

  • abasebenzi;
  • abafundi;
  • amakhasimende;
  • nabathengisi.

Imininingwane:

  • incwadi Ukugcina
  • kuyindaba yangasese;
  • isichazamazwi;
  • ithebula zindawo futhi longitudes zasemizaneni.

Ukuxhumana emhlabeni wangempela noma yini engathathwa kanye PLO kwaba umphumela inhlanganisela imisebenzi kanye nedatha baye yashintsha izinhlelo. Okunjalo okufanayo okuseduze ngezilimi zenqubo khona.

ekilasini

Izinto e PLO - ilungu ekilasini. Kusho ukuthini? izilimi Ukuhlela baye esakhelwe izinhlobo idatha. Uhlobo int, t. E. An inamba predetermined e C ++. Ungamemezela iyiphi inombolo lokwehlukile int.

Ngokufanayo, sebuningini izinto kuchazwe isigaba esisodwa. Kuchaza imisebenzi futhi idatha kufakwe izikhungo zayo, hhayi ukudala kubo, kanye int akudali eziguquguqukayo.

Class e PLO - incazelo kwenani lezinto ezifanayo. Prince, Sting futhi Madonna Kepha abanye, abahlabeleli. Akekho ngalelogama, kodwa abantu kungenziwa ngokuthi kunjalo, uma abe nezici ezifanele. OOP into - lesi senzakalo.

ifa

Ekuphileni, amakilasi zihlukaniswe subclasses. Ngokwesibonelo, izilwane zihlukaniswe eziphila emanzini nasezweni, izilwane ezincelisayo, izinyoni, izinambuzane nokunye. D.

Isimiso saloluhlobo division wukuthi subclass ngasinye inezici ezivamile nesigaba kusukela lapho. Zonke izimoto amasondo zomshini. Lona izici belinganisa kwezimoto. Ngaphezu izici jikelele subclass ngasinye has izici zayo siqu. Kukhona izihlalo eziningi ibhasi namaloli babe isikhala ukuba athwale imithwalo esindayo.

Ngokufanayo, isigaba base kungaba subclass umzali nemikhiqizo eminingana lapho kungachazwa ukuze bayohlanganyela izici zayo siqu ngaphezu. Ifa efana imisebenzi, lula uhlelo zenqubo. Uma izingxenye eziningana ikhodi benza okufanayo pretty okuningi, ungakwazi ukukhipha izakhi ezivamile futhi uwafake inqubo eyodwa. Three isicelo endaweni ungabiza umsebenzi ukwenza izenzo ezivamile, kodwa bakwazi ukukhiqiza kanye nemisebenzi yayo. Ngokufanayo, isigaba base liqukethe ulwazi ezivamile iqembu nemikhiqizo. A umsebenzi ofanayo kunciphisa ifa lohlelo into-ngamakhasimende kanye ukucacisa ngobudlelwane izakhi zalo.

kabusha

Uma isigaba usuwakhiwe olususwe, ke kungenziwa adluliselwe kwezinye program yokusebenzisa ezicelweni zakho siqu. Kufana umtapo zomsebenzi kungafakwa zokusebenza ezahlukene.

Ngo OOP, nefa ezinwetshiwe umqondo ukusetshenziswa amaningi. Kusukela ekilasini ekhona, ngaphandle kokushintsha ke, singaba yakha entsha ne ukwengeza eminye imisebenzi. Kalula kabusha ukusetshenziswa isofthiwe ekhona - inzuzo ebalulekile PLO. Kukholakala ukuthi kunikeza inzuzo elandayo utshalomali kokuqala.

Ukudala izinhlobo ezintsha idatha

Izinkundla ezifanelekayo ukuze baqhube ukudalwa izinhlobo ezintsha idatha. Ake sithi uhlelo isebenzisa amanani amabili-ntathu (isib izixhumanisi noma nobude), futhi babe nesifiso ukuveza isenzo izibalo kubo:

position1 = isikhundla + imvelaphi,

lapho position1, isikhundla kanye nemvelaphi - pair of abazimele amanani ezinombolo. Ukudala ikilasi ukuthi kuhlanganisa lezi zimiso ezimbili, nezimemezelo elibanzi izinto zalo kudala uhlobo idatha entsha.

Polymorphism, ngokweqile

Opharetha = (kuyalingana), kanye + (plus) lisetshenziswe izibalo positional ngenhla ningenzi kanye esakhelwe izinhlobo, ezifana int. Beka izinto, kanye nabanye. Akuzona yini kusengaphambili futhi esabekwa isofthiwe. Kanjani lezi opharetha akwazi ukuthi siphathwa kanjani kubo? Impendulo itholakala lokuthi imikhuba emisha lingasethwa ngabo. Lezi imisebenzi kuyoba ilungu imisebenzi Class Isikhundla.

Ukusebenzisa opharetha noma izinqubo kuye ngokuthi asebenza libizwa polymorphism. Lapho kukhona u-opharetha, ezifana + noma =, uthola ithuba ukusebenza entsha uhlobo idatha, lithi ke igcwele kakhulu. Sindisa PLO - uhlobo polymorphism. Kuyinto sici esibalulekile.

Incwadi emayelana nokukhulisa PLO "uHlelo Into esuselwe for Dummies" kuzovumela wonke umuntu ukuba simazi kangcono nalesi sihloko kabanzi.

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