U-Aliya Izetbegovic, uMongameli waseBosnia neHerzegovina: biography

U-Aliya Izetbegovic ubhekisela kulabo abalobi bomlando ababekhona ekuqaleni kokusungulwa kukahulumeni. Nakuba wangena emlandweni wezwe ngenxa yalokhu, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo indima yakhe ezenzakalweni zesifunda ingenangqondo. Isimo saseBosnia neHerzegovina yi-Izetbegovicu, hhayi okungenani ngenxa yokuthi ikhona, kepha sifuna ukwazi ezinye izici zokuphila komuntu. Ngakho-ke, ake sihlolisise i-biography ka-Aliya Izetbegovic.

Umsuka we-genus Izetbegovichi

Umkhulu ka-Alia Izetbegovic wayengumzukulu wamaSulumane wase-Slavic, u-Izet-run Yahich, owayehlala eBelgrade futhi wakhonza uMbuso wase-Ottoman. Kwavela kuye igama lokuthi umongameli wesikhathi esizayo waseBosnia noHerzegovina. Kodwa emva kokuba uMbuso Wase-Ottoman uphoqelelwe ukuba uqaphele ukuzimela kweSerbia futhi ngo-1868 uhoxise amabutho ayo kuwo, u-Izet-run kwadingeka athuthe eBosnia kanye nomkakhe, uTurkey Sydyk Hanim. Lapha edolobheni laseBashanski-Shamats babenabantwana abahlanu, kuhlanganise noMustafa, uyise ka-Aliya Izetbegovich.

Ngo-1878, iBosnia neHerzegovina badlula njenge-condominium ekungeneni kweMbuso wase-Austro-Hungarian, kepha u-Izet-ucele kanye nomndeni wanquma ukungasuki kulezi zindawo. Ngo-1908, u-Austria-Hungary waqeda lesi sifundazwe. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, u-Izet-Beg wathandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabakhileyo bendawo, abafana naye, ababeyiSlavic amaSulumane. Lokhu kuboniswa yiqiniso lokuthi u-Izet-beg wayekhethwe njengomphathi we-Basanski-Shamats.

Izikhathi ezinzima ezanele zaqala. I-Serbian patriot Gavrilo Princip ngo-1914 wenza isenzo sobuphekula, wabulala iNkosana yesiKhulu uFranz Ferdinand edolobheni elikhulu laseBosnia, eSarajevo, ngaleso sikhathi elaliyi-Crown-Hungarian Crown. Leli qiniso lacasula iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Izet-raging yaba nomthelela ekusizeni amaSerbia angamashumi amane, ashushiswa amabutho ase-Austria mayelana nalesi simo.

Indodana ka-Izet-bhala kanye noyise wengomuso wesikhathi esizayo waseBosnia neHerzegovina, uMustafa, wafundiswa njengomuntu we-akhawunti. EMpini Yezwe Lokuqala njengesakhamuzi sase-Austria-Hungary walwa empini yalesi simo. Emazweni ase-Italy, uMustafa walimala kabi, okwenza isimo sezwe siseduze nokukhubazeka, okwakuyiminyaka engaba ngu-10.

Noma kunjalo, uMustafa washada nentombazane okuthiwa nguHiba, owayenamadodana amabili namadodakazi amabili naye ngaphambi kokuzalwa kuka-Aliya.

Ukuzalwa nokuphila kwasekuqaleni kuka-Aliya Izetbegovic

U-Aliya Izetbegovic wazalelwa ngo-Agasti 1925 edolobheni laseBosnia laseSasanski-Shamats. Ngemva kokuzalwa kwakhe, izindaba zomndeni omkhulu zazingekho kahle. Ubaba wakhe u-Mustafa ngaleso sikhathi wayesebenza ngezohwebo, kodwa ngemva kweminyaka emibili u-Alia azalwe, kwakudingeka amemezele ukuthi ulahlekile. Ngonyaka olandelayo umndeni wathuthela edolobheni elikhulu kunazo zonke esifundeni - eSarajevo.

Isimo sezombusazwe kuleli zwe

Ngaleso sikhathi, insimu yaseBosnia neHerzegovina yosuku lwamanje yayiyingxenye yoMbuso wamaSerbia, amaCroats namaSloven, owasungulwa ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe I ngo-1918, ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa koMbuso waseSerbia neNgxenye yeBalkan yoMbuso owawuhlakazekile wase-Austro-Hungarian, owahlanganisa iBosnia. Le nyunyana yenzeke ngaphansi kwenkosi yaseSerbia u-Alexander Karageorgievich, okwamanje, okwehluleka kakhulu emalungelweni akhe.

Kusukela ngo-1921, inkosi yaqala amandla amakhulu kuze kube sekupheleni kweminyaka emine ukuzalwa kuka-Aliya Izetbegovic (1929). Ngenxa yalokhu kukhishwa, u-Alexander Karaguerghievich wathola amalungelo obushiqela, futhi umbuso wamukela igama elisha - uMbuso waseYugoslavia. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wavimbela imisebenzi yazo zonke izinhlangano zezombangazwe nezinhlangano.

Eyesaba ukuthambekela kwe-centrifugal, inkosi yaciphisa ngokwengeziwe amalungelo nenkululeko yezikhonzi zakhe. Umbuso wahlukaniswa waba yizifunda - ama-banovini, angahambisani nendawo ezifundeni ezakhelwe ngokomlando, wawahlukanisa waba izingxenye. Umgomo ka-Alexander Karagorievich kwakuwukuba kuhlanganiswe yonke inhlangano yezwe lamazwe amaningi nenkolo enkulu ibe yi-ethnos eyodwa - i-Yugoslavs. Ekuphishekeleni lokhu, inkosi ayizange idideke ngisho nezindlela ezicindezelayo, okuyizinto ezivame ukukwenqaba phakathi kwabantu abaningi. Ekugcineni, lokhu kwaholela ekubulaweni kwenkosi ngamazwe aseCroatia ngo-1934. Uhulumeni omusha uthathe inkambo yokuqhathanisa ne-bloc fascist (eJalimane ne-Italy).

Intsha

Kwakuse simo esinzima kangangokuba umongameli wesikhathi esizayo weRiphabhliki yaseBosnia neHerzegovina waqala imisebenzi yakhe yezombangazwe. Ngaleso sikhathi, imisebenzi yephathi yayivele ixazululwe. Useneminyaka engu-15 ubudala, u-Aliya Izetbegovich wajoyina inhlangano yezenkolo nezombusazwe "AmaSulumane AmaSulumane". Ngonyaka olandelayo amasosha aseJalimane kaHitler ahlasela iYugoslavia. Izwe langempela lihlala, futhi kulokhu inhlangano yokukhululwa inkululeko, eholwa yi-Communist Tito nombusi wamakhosi uMikhailovich, bavutha. IBosnia yayiyingxenye yombuso waseCroatia owawusanda kumiswa, owawuyi-satellite ye-Germany.

Naphezu kwalokhu, ngo-1943 u-Aliya Izetbegovich waphumelela esikoleni esiphakeme. Emva kwalokho wangena esikoleni sobuchwepheshe sezolimo. Ngalesi sikhathi, imisebenzi yakhe ihlukaniswe ngamaSulumane we-SS "Khazhar". Kodwa ngokushesha amabutho kaHitler axoshwa ensimini yaseYugoslavia, futhi kuleli zwe lisekelwa yiSoviet Union laqala ukubusa amaKhomanisi, eholwa nguJoseph Broz Tito.

Isikhathi sokuhlala

Ngemva kokuphothula iziqu, u-Izetbegovic wabhalwa ebuthweni. Lapho, umshushisi osemusha ongumSulumane waqala inkulumo enkulu yenkolo. Ngenxa yalokhu, kanye nokubamba iqhaza enhlanganweni ethi "amaSulumane amancane" avinjelwe umbuso wamaKhomanisi ngo-1946, wagwetshwa iminyaka emithathu ejele.

Ngo-1949, u-Izetbegović wakhululwa. Ngo-1956, waphumelela emthethweni eSyunivesithi yaseSarayev. Ngonyaka ofanayo, indodana yakhe uBaqir Izetbegovic wazalwa.

Ngemva kokuqeda iziqu u-Izetbegovic wasebenza njengomeluleki wezomthetho ezinkampanini eziningana zokuthutha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akazange akhohlwe ngemisebenzi yezombangazwe, esebenze ngokugcwele ekusebenzeni kwezinhlangano zamaSulumane zendalo engokomthetho.

Amabhuku

Ngo-1970 wakhipha "Isimemezelo samaSulumane". Kungenxa yale ncwadi ukuthi umhlaba wonke wafunda ukuthi ngubani u-Aliya Izetbegovich. Isimemezelo samaSulumane sabiza ukusekwa komphakathi wamaSulumane emaBalkans, owawunesibindi kakhulu embusweni wobukhomanisi. Ngisho nabacwaningi abaningi banamuhla bacabangela lo msebenzi njengokungena ngaphansi kwe-Muslim fundamentalism.

Ngo-1983 u-Izetbegovic ugwetshwe iminyaka engu-14 ejele ngenxa yokuzama ukuvuselela inhlangano ethi "amaSulumane amancane". Ngisho nalapho esejele, wakwazi ukubhala futhi adlulise incwadi yakhe yesibonakaliso yesibili - "U-Islam phakathi kweMpumalanga neWest".

Izigodlo zasejele azikwazanga ukubamba indiza yomuntu onjalo njengo-Aliya Izetbegovic. Izincwadi zaleli sombusazwe zaziwayo phakathi kwabantu baseMuslim baseYugoslavia.

Isikhathi sokushintsha

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980, izinguquko ezinkulu zenzeka empilweni yezombusazwe yaseYugoslavia, nakwamanye amazwe ekamu lezenhlalakahle. Umphakathi usuvele ukhululekile. Ngo-1989, u-Izetbegović wakhululwa ngaphambi kwesimiso.

Nakuba umbuso wamaKhomanisi usaqhubeka ezweni, uhlelo lwamaqembu amaningi lwaluvele luvunyelwe ngaleso sikhathi . Lokhu kwavumela u-Izetbegovic ngonyaka olandelayo ngemuva kokukhululwa kwenkululeko yokuhlela iqembu elisha lezombangazwe, elaziwa ngokuthi yi "Party of Democratic Action". Evela kule nhlangano, waba yisekela, wabe esenguSihlalo wehhovisi likaMongameli waseBosnia neHerzegovina, ngaleso sikhathi okwakungengxenye yeYugoslavia. Eqinisweni, u-Izetbegovic waba yinhloko yale republic ye-Yugoslavia.

Impi

Ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, iBosnia neHerzegovina (i-BiH), njengezinye izifundazwe zeYugoslavia ehlukanayo, yaba yindawo yempi enegazi. Ngo-1991, leli phephabhuli, eliphethwe ngu-Izetbegovic, owathatha isikhundla sokuba umongameli, wamemezela ukuzimela. Lokhu bekuphambene nezithakazelo zeCroatia neSerbia, ezahlela ukuhlukanisa i-BiH phakathi kwabo.

Impi isizuze isilinganiso esesabekayo. Enkambeni yakhe u-Izetbegovic waboshwa, kodwa empeleni waboshwa ngamasosha aseYugoslavia, kodwa wabe esededelwa ukushintshwa kwabo mahhala eSarajevo.

Ngo-1995, amaSulumane aseBosnia, ehlangene namabutho aseCroatia, ahlukumeza kakhulu amaSerbia.

Ngonyaka ofanayo, ngokubambisana okusebenzayo kwe-US, abaholi baseBosnia, iSerbia neCroatia basayina iSivumelwano Sosuku, okwaqeda ngempumelelo impi yaseBosnia.

I-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina entsha

Kwakungesivumelwano se-Dayton esabeka isisekelo senhlangano kahulumeni yesimanje seBosnia neHerzegovina. Lo mbuso waba umbhikisho wangempela ohlanganisa i-Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, i- Republika Srpska kanye nesifunda saseBrcko.

Kusukela ngo-1996, iBosnia neHerzegovina sekuyi-republic yephalamende, kanti isikhundla somengameli sichithwe. Esimweni esilungisiwe, u-Aliya Izetbegović wathola isikhundla seLungu lePhalamende, kuze kube ngu-2000.

Ukufa

U-Aliya Izetbegović washona ngo-Okthoba 2003 enhloko - dolobha yaseBosnia naseHerzegovina eneminyaka engu-78. Ukufa kubangelwa isifo senhliziyo esibi. Wangcwatshwa eSarjevo emangcwabeni "Kovachi".

Ngo-2006, ithuna likaMongameli wokuqala waseBosnia neHerzegovina lashaywa yizigqila.

Umndeni

U-Aliya Izetbegovic washada nomfazi ogama lakhe linguKhalid. Njenganoma yimuphi owesifazane ongumSulumane othembekile, wahlala emthunzini wendoda yakhe, hhayi ekuholeni impilo yomphakathi.

Ngo-1956, eSarajevo, bashada ingane eyodwa kuphela - indodana kaBakir. Kusukela ngo-2010, uBakir Izetbegovic, njengalapho uyise, ilungu likaMongameli kusuka kumaSulumane aseBosnia. Unendodakazi kaJasmin, ongumzukulu ka-Aliya Izetbegovic.

Ukuhlola konke ukusebenza

Njengoba ubona, u-Aliya Izetbegovic wayengumuntu ongokoqobo wezombusazwe, kodwa ngokuqinisekile wenza umnikelo omkhulu hhayi emlandweni wesifunda kuphela, kodwa nasemlandweni wezwe wonke. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, wasebenza nezinhlangano ze-fascist ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yesibili, futhi wazuza udumo njenge-propagandist yamaSulumane, okwenza imisebenzi yakhe iphethwe ngokusemthethweni. Futhi, ngesilinganiso esincane, isikhundla sakhe, nokho, njengabanye abaningi bezombusazwe ngaleso sikhathi, sabangele ekugqugquzelweni kwempi yaseBosnia enegazi .

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemizamo yakhe eyenziwa yi-young state ozimele - iBosnia neHerzegovina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhono lokuxoxisana kwakuyikhwalithi eyafaka isandla esiphelweni seSivumelwano se-Dayton ngakho-ke ukuphela kwempi.