Ubuthi be-arsenic: izimpawu, izimbangela, usizo lokuqala, imiphumela

Lo msuka chemical - isikhali oluthandayo ababulali. Uvele imisebenzi eminingi letingemaciniso kanye ngokuvamile imbangela yokufa izibalo ezinkulu zezombangazwe. Bakhuthaza impilo nabayeni ahlanzekile recalcitrant. Ezinye compounds yayo ungakulimaza abantu ngisho ukolweni omncane, kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, lamanzi esiphethu futhi eminye ke imithi aqukethe ke, ukusiza ekuvuseleleni izindawo zezempilo. Sekuyisikhathi ukususa aura imfihlakalo futhi bazane kangcono nale izidakamizwa Ezingalapheki futhi iyingozi.

Arsenic - isici chemical eyaziwa ohlelweni gqwa njengoba i-arsenic. inombolo Atomic - 33, libhekisela semimetals. Valence ushintsho Ngezinga elikhulu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba athole izindawo ezahlukene compounds, ezinye zazo kungaba ukubulala indoda, futhi amanye, kunalokho, ukwelapha izifo ezifana nomdlavuza futhi wegazi.

isici izakhiwo

okuqukethwe arsenic e koqweqwe kancane. It is hhayi kwakhiwa ngaso izinqubo magmatic ngenxa simo esishubile zabo phezu Ukushisa, kodwa mlilo i-arsenic zakhi zibe isimo esiningi. Kukhona cishe sasiyikhulu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili-based namaminerali-arsenic, kusukela lesi sici kungase kuthathe Valence ezahlukene. Kodwa kuyinto evamile ngaphezulu imvelo kuhambisana sulphur arsenic (Njengoba ₂ S Formula _3).

Futhi hhayi isimo?

Emphilweni ezivamile futhi wasekela - arsenic Gray (ifomula - α-Njengoba). Akuve ethambile crystal steel-grey umbala buphela emoyeni futhi embozwe ifilimu ngenxa contact isikhathi eside nge emoyeni. Kukhona futhi ophuzi, omnyama kanye brown Ukuguqula isici, ngemuva kokuphumelela Ukushisa e grey.

Njengoba yenziwe ngu amalahle rocks, equkethe i-arsenic noma i-arsenic kuyehla kusuka oxides zayo okumsulwa.

indaba

Okokuqala-arsenic - ushevu. Kodwa endulo, abantu baye basebenzisa lokhu yezimbiwa for udayi nemithi. Ngokokuqala ngqá e ifomu okumsulwa arsenic yayo wakwazi ukuthola Albert Elikhulu nantathu AD leminyaka. Ezinkondlweni zakhe Paracelsus futhi ukhulume lento, kodwa igama elihlukile. Emazweni empumalanga, parallel baseYurophu, watadisha izakhiwo le nto emangalisayo futhi ayikwazanga ukuxilonga ngisho ukufa kusuka ubuthi. Kodwa ulwazi lwabo akezi phansi kuze kube namuhla.

Njengoba isici esihlukile, i-arsenic iye yethulwa kuleli ishadi lesikhathi salezi Antuanom Lavuaze.

ubuthi Izimbangela

ubuthi be-arsenic - hhayi siyindlala esikhathini sethu. Kodwa kuba kunalokho ingozi iwayini ngaphandle ukubulala okubhekiswe. Uhlangabezana kungaba cishe noma kuphi:

• ngokwemvelo: komhlaba abazondla imithombo odlula rocks analokhu okumbiwa phansi;
• Wafica intuthu: ukushiswa ezimbonini kuyinto enobuthi kakhulu;
• e kwasolwandle: kanye arsenic is ukugqashuka ngamanzi abandayo, lo mlilo esisogwini ekujuleni kolwandle, lokho kungasilimaza udle ngu lezinhlanzi nezimbaza;
• e umkhakha: Isetshenziswa njengesici ukwesekwa sakhi womshini ingilazi, Semiconductor noma amanye amadivayisi ayi- elekhthroniki.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, asikwazi ngakususi ngamabomu arsenic ubuthi njengoba ngomzamo ukuzibulala noma ukubulala.

I pathogenesis ubuthi

Eba umzimba womuntu ngokusebenzisa ngesikhumba, ngamaphaphu noma amathumbu, i-arsenic wenziwa ngemithambo yegazi wonke umzimba, engena phakathi zonke kwezitho nezicubu. Akakwazi unqobe lo kusivimbeli gazi ebuchosheni, kodwa kahle ku-placenta, ubuthi umbungu. Isikhathi eside lokuhoxa kungathola ubuthi, ngisho ngesonto emva ubuthi.

A umthamo eyingozi evela 0.05 ukuze 0.2 amagremu. Futhi wathola kungaba kokubili kanyekanye futhi kancane kancane, uma kukhona ubuthi ezingamahlalakhona. Ngokuvamile lesi sifo ebonwe abasebenzi wezolimo, uboya kanye lesikhumba umkhakha kanye izinkampani chemical.

umtholampilo

Lapho umthamo ebulalayo ngaphakathi, imiphumela kungukuthi bephoqeleka ukuba balinde. Isigamu sehora kamuva umuntu uqala ukuzizwa izimpawu zokudakwa ezifana ubuhlungu bekhanda, ukukhathala, ubuthakathaka, isicanucanu nokuhlanza. Ababona ethize kunoma ushevu. Kumane yokusabela emiphumeleni ezinobuthi. Kanjani ukuze uqiniseke Kwathi ubuthi be-arsenic? Izinkomba ilezi:

• cramping ubuhlungu esiswini;
• uhudo njengoba amanzi irayisi;
• ukumelana garlic umoya;
• amanzi emzimbeni ezinzima futhi ukoma.

Kuye ngokuthi lakhiwe kanjani uhlelo wasebenza Ubuthi kwasekuqaleni, ukukhomba izinhlobo eziningana ubuthi: emathunjini, senhliziyo, urinary, ethukile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, kuthatha indawo futhi ezingalapheki arsenic ubuthi. Izimpawu kulokhu kungukuthi ithuthuka ngokushesha ngakho futhi evelele esikhumbeni;

1. Hyperkeratosis: ukukhiqizwa ngokweqile ungqimba ebusweni isikhumba.
2. Ububomvu noma lesikhumba ezindaweni isikhumba elincanyana - nezinkophe, emakhwapheni, amathempeli, intamo, izingono nezitho zangasese.
3. Desquamation nesikhumba maholoholo.
4. Ukubukeka imigqa emhlophe phezu plate nail.

izinyathelo esiphuthumayo

Usizo lokuqala uma ubuthi nge-arsenic sehliselwe ukugeza isisu nge amanzi amaningi futhi ugeze khona lapho sihlala esikhunjeni. Uma umuntu aquleke ke emva uyivula ezinsikeni zawo, kunesidingo esiphuthumayo shayela i-ambulense. Akunakusetshenziswa ungayeki isisulu laxative noma sorbents. Uma ushevu isivele iphethwe ukungena abomvu egazi, le misebenzi kungasiza kancane.

Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu kubalulekile ukuqala CPR ngaphambi kokufika odokotela. Izimpawu arsenic ubuthi kungaba iphutha esijwayelekile ukutheleleka emathunjini, ngakho qiniseka ukuthi uyamtshela yonke imininingwane ubuthi wezokwelapha.

Ukwelashwa esibhedlela esibhedlela

ubuthi be-arsenic kudinga esibhedlela kanti ukubhekwa Ochwepheshe. Isisulu kudingeka umoya-mpilo ephefumula, luningi ukwelashwa koda ukususa izinsalela ubuthi emzimbeni. Uma ukuhlaziywa ebonisa ukuthi isiguli kuye kwanciphisa elithwala umoya-mpilo futhi erythrocyte ke eminye iqondiswa ingxube zikashukela-novocaine. Lapho umoya arsenic evala angagcina edema mucosal ngenxa yalokho, siye basebenzile ukuphefumula. Kulokhu, isiguli kufanele aminophylline bangena ngawo, futhi ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu ngisho efukamela ngoba ohlanganisa ngomshini.

A yokuvimbela ethize kubhekwa "Unithiol" (main izidakamizwa esebenzayo - dimercaprol), okuyinto lubopha futhi yakha zingaxazululeki kwakwakhe arsenic kungaba okuphumayo ku umchamo. Umuthi iqondiswa ngesilinganiso 2-3 angu amakhilogramu esisindo ngayinye. Phinda inqubo njalo emahoreni ayisithupha emini kuqala, bese kabili ngosuku amasonto ambalwa.

Udokotela udinga ulwazi lokuthi ungasenzela kanjani eqinile isiguli arsenic ubuthi. Ukwelashwa kuzoncika umthamo ubuthi. Izinqubo zanamuhla enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba uyifake kahle impela.

ubuchwepheshe zomthetho

Kuyaziwa ukuthi isikhathi eside ubuthi be-arsenic bazibo- nababulali, ngoba kwakungenakwenzeka ithole ubuthi egazini womuntu noma izinwele. Izazi-mlando ziyavuma ukuthi Napoleon Bonaparte wafa nje kusukela ushevu, kodwa inguqulo olusemthethweni uthi imbangela ingelashwa umdlavuza esiswini.

Ukuze izigameko ezinjalo ngeke kuphindwe, futhi owonile etholakele, osokhemisi zesayensi ezivela emhlabeni wonke, hhayi zwi, waqala ukufuna izindlela ukuthola i-arsenic emzimbeni isisulu. Lolu cwaningo kuhlanganisiwe uRobert Boyle, Olaf Bergman, uCarl Scheele futhi Dzheyms Marsh. Yileso lokugcina kubo wakwazi ukuthola phakathi ucwaningo lwakhe arsenic okumsulwa, inqubo eyayingase isetshenziswe njengoba ubufakazi. Ukuzwela ukusabela ungase ubonise 0.001g ushevu okuqukethwe egazini umufi.

Eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva arsenic ubuthi ayisaxhunyanisiwe emelelwa imfihlakalo uphenyo, njengoba bamakhemikhali esesikwenzile ngokunemba okukhulu futhi ubuhlakani inqubo.

Okuqondiwe lempi

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I, lapho ukusetshenziswa esinobuthi engena embuthanweni kusho ukunqoba isitha, ososayensi ngentshiseko waqala ukusebenzisa isikhali entsha. ukuhlaselwa Chemical isitha arsenic compounds noma evala okubangelwa amathumba, isikhumba necrosis, ukuvuvukala nolwelwesi lwamafinyila, nokubulawa ukufuthelana phambi ushevu ungena egazini. Ngisho lokuhlala aphansi kwakwanele ukuba badangalise indoda futhi bayibulale. Elinye ithuluzi onjalo kwakuyiNkosi lewisite. Wayesebenza kahle iphunga lovely geranium ukuqhakaza, kodwa ngisho iconsi kwakungase kanzima kulimaze umzimba. Ngenxa yalesi impahla amasosha walibiza ngokuthi "amazolo ukufa."

amanzi amaminerali

okuhlushwa kuvunyelwe arsenic litre amanzi okuphuza ngalinye - micrograms 50. Kodwa ngo-2002, lokhu liphindeke kan-, okuholela more elawula - abafika kwabangu-10 micrograms. Ukukhathazeka mayelana nale ndaba kukora eTaiwan. amanzi abo Artesian equkethe isamba arsenic ukuthi yayimangaza, aziyi asekhona. Lokuhlushwa kuyinto izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-180 ephakeme kunaleyo kuyinsakavukela kuvunyelwe ngezindinganiso lanamuhla.

Kube umbuzo mayelana nokwelashwa kwamanzi futhi ukulethwa ke ezindaweni South-East Asia ngenani aphansi kwezomnotho. Indlela elula kwakufanele namachibi of trivalent arsenic ukuze pentavalent nokufaka ke.

izicelo Medical

Izinto eziningi ezincane, cishe kuzo zonke izingxenye kohlelo gqwa D. I. Mendeleeva ezidingekayo ukuze ukusebenza evamile womuntu, akumangalisi zikhona emzimbeni. Futhi ongazange wayizwa inkulumo ethi ukuthi ngemithamo emincane Ubuthi - ikhambi? Kuyaziwa ukuthi i-arsenic kusiza ukuthuthukisa igazi, ukusheshisa umzimba futhi ijubane ukukhula kwezicubu, kuhlanganise bone. Ngisho ngemithamo emincane kuthuthukisa isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela. Ezikhathini zasendulo, unama-arsenic compounds asetshenziselwa ukwelapha izilonda namanxeba evulekile, umphimbo obuhlungu, relapsing imfiva.

Ekhulwini nantathu Thomas Fowler yasungulwa isixazululo ngesisekelo arsenic, okuthiwa ngegama lalo futhi isetshenziselwa ukwelapha izifo zengqondo kanye isikhumba. Ukushisekela Ama-lokhu izidakamizwa nemikhiqizo yalo yafinyelela umvuthwandaba at kwalapho zekhulu nesishiyagalombili futhi nesishiyagalolunye. Kodwa lapho umuntu eba ulwazi olusha phezu physics, chemistry kanye umzimba womuntu emva zonke imvelo enobuthi lokhu kwakwakhe wakusho, futhi silusebenzise aqala ukuncipha.

lamanzi esiphethu Yemvelo ahlanganiswe arsenic, futhi manje ezisetshenziselwa ukwelapha isifo sokulahlekelwa igazi, wegazi nezifo ezithile pheshana emathunjini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye yohlelo mummy, esetshenziselwa izimonyo. imithombo yemvelo lesi sici kukhona kwasolwandle, irayisi zasendle, okusanhlamvu, udali, izaqathe, amagilebhisi (omisiwe), ama-strawberry.