UJohann Wolfgang von Goethe: Biography, izithombe, imibhalo, izingcaphuno

UJohann Wolfgang von Goethe kwaba imbongi German, Classic izincwadi emhlabeni. Wazalelwa Frankfurt am Main, edolobheni elidala isiJalimane, August 28, 1749. Washona ngineminyaka engu-83, ngo-March 22, 1832, emzini Weimar.

uyise Goethe sika, Johann Caspar Goethe, a burgher abacebile isiJalimane, wakhonza njengephayona umeluleki kumbusi. Umama, indodakazi iphoyisa abaphezulu - Catharina Elizabet Gete, nee Textor. Ngo 1750, udade Johann Goethe sika Cornelia wazalwa. Ngemva kwalokho, lo mkhaya unezingane eziningana, kodwa, ngeshwa, afa onke isakhasa.

Goethe, uJohann Wolfgang von: Biography emfushane

Isibhakabhaka ethokomele, enhle umama sengqondo wembula ezweni lamaphupho ngoba ingane encane. Ngenxa ukuchuma umkhaya waba ngukumkani endlini kuhlale Umkhathi fun, ubuhanjelwe eziningi imidlalo, amaculo, izindaba, ukuvumela ingane ikwazi ukuthuthukisa ngazo zonke izindlela. Ngaphansi kokuqondisa esiqinile kayise kudala njengoba iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili Goethe wabhala German Latin moralizing inkulumo ngesihloko. Eshukunyiswe ubuhle bemvelo, yebo mina uzame unkulunkulu kumnandi Uyabusa phezu izakhi.

Lapho uqede umsebenzi isiFulentshi, eyathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili, Frankfurt uma bavuswe ukozela eside. Izakhamizi baye zabonisa isithakazelo esiteji, wathinta Johann ezincane: wazama ukubhala nesibhicongo isitayela French.

Indlu von Goethe kwaba umtapo nice izincwadi eziningi ngezilimi ezahlukene, okwakumenza akwazi umbhali esizayo ngokuseduze ujwayelene izincwadi ingane isencane. Walifunda Virgil yokuqala, wahlangana ne "metamorphoses" futhi "Iliad." Goethe Wafunda izilimi eziningana. Ngaphezu kwalokho German bomdabu wakhe, ngamakhala isiFulentshi, isiNtaliyane, isiGreki, isiLatini. Wathatha umdanso amakilasi, wahlanganyela uthango futhi ogibele. Indoda onamakhono abasha, uJohann Wolfgang von Goethe, ogama biography lingcolile kakhulu, baphumelele hhayi kuphela izincwadi, kodwa nokuthi kule mkhakha zomthetho.

Watadisha ngaleso -University of Leipzig, wathola iziqu University of eStrasbourg, PhD emthethweni. Kodwa umsebenzi wezomthetho akazange ukuheha kuye, wayengahambi ezithakazelisayo kakhulu kwezokwelapha, kamuva wahlanganyela osteology kanye anatomy.

uthando owokuQala lokuqala lokudala

Ngo-1772, Goethe wathumela ukuzijayeza emthethweni e Wetzlar, ayekuyo ukufunda imisebenzi zokwahlulela okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma. Elapho, watholana Charlotte Buff uMlobokazi, J. Kestner, uNobhala Hanover Embassy. Wolf wathandana le ntombazanyana, kodwa ukuqonda okungenangqondo nobuhlungu yabo wahamba ngesinyenyela kulo muzi, sashiya incwadi ayithandayo. Ngokushesha incwadi evela Kestner Goethe ngafunda ukuthi shot F. Ieruzalem, futhi owayengumphathi uthandana Charlotte Buff.

Goethe washaqeka iphutha, naye wacabanga ukuzibulala. Kusukela ehlaselwe ukucindezeleka alethwe yakhe entsha umdlalo, lapho aqala khona ukuthandana nendodakazi yakhe umngane, Maximilian Brentano, owashada. Goethe benza imizamo emikhulu ukuze banqobe lo muzwa. Yavela kanjalo-ke "I kwemihelo ethi Intsha Werther."

Ngesikhathi ngisafunda e-University of Leipzig, wahlangana Kethen Shoynkopf wawa inkanuko ethanda. Ukuze athole ukunakwa amantombazane, waqala ukubhala funny nezinkondlo zalo. Lo msebenzi umxhwele, waqala ukuba balingise izinkondlo nezinye izimbongi. Ngokwesibonelo, umkhiqizo ahlekisayo yakhe Die Mitschuldigen, phakathi izinkondlo Höllenfahrt Christi, unika umoya Cramer. Iogann Volfgang Gete uyaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa umsebenzi walo, wabhala isitayela Rococo, kodwa isitayela sakhe kusabonakala neze.

ekubeni

Izinto zashintsha emsebenzini Goethe angabhekwa kumngane wakhe futhi ubungane Garderen. It Garder ukuthonywa isimo sengqondo Goethe isiko kanye izinkondlo. EStrasbourg Wolfgang Goethe ihlangana omunye umlobi Ezifuna noWagner Lenz. Unentshisekelo Folk izinkondlo. Ngiyajabula ukufunda Ossian, uShakespeare, uHomer. Ukwenza lo mkhuba umthetho, Goethe liqhubekile ukuqinisa umsebenzi emkhakheni etemibhalo.

Weimar

Ngo 1775, Goethe bajwayelana UMbusi Weimar, Crown Prince Saxony Karl August. Ekwindla ka onyakeni ofanayo wathuthela Weimar, lapho kamuva wachitha ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwakhe. Eminyakeni yokuqala yokuphila kwakhe Weimar, nguye ngenkuthalo esibandakanyeka ekwakhiweni we Duchy. Wakha ukuhola imisebenzi ibhodi lempi, umgwaqo wokwakha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ebhala idrama ethi "Iphigenia e Tauris" kanye play "Egmont", waqala umsebenzi "Faust." Phakathi imisebenzi sikhathi, ungakwazi ukumaka it njengoba bezingoma futhi "Tinkondlo ukuze Lida."

Phakathi inguquko French kanye neMpi Franco-Prussian, Goethe eziningana kude ngokwakhe kusukela izincwadi, isithakazelo sakhe wathatha ngesayensi yemvelo. Waze wenza ukutholakala nokwakheka ngo-1784, kokuvula ithambo lomuntu intermaxillary.

kwethonya Schiller

Kusukela 1786 kuya 1788 Goethe e-Italy, okuyinto kubonakala emsebenzini wakhe njengomprofethi okuqinisekile ka classicism. Emuva ngo Weimar, yena kude ngokwakhe kusukela amacala enkantolo. Kodwa kumuntu okunethezekile ukuphila Goethe azenzekanga ngokushesha, akukabi isikhathi travel. Avakashelwe Venice, uMbusi Weimar ubekade Breslau, wayehileleka nomkhankaso wempi ngokumelene Napoleon. Ngo-1794 waba umzamo wokwazi Fridrihom Shillerom, kwamsiza ukushicilelwa umagazini "Ora". zokuxhumana yabo futhi ingxoxo ahlangene izinhlelo wanika Goethe umfutho zobuciko, ngakho-ke sasingekho umsebenzi wabo ngokuhlanganyela Xenien, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1796.

Isibopho somshado, noma elinye inoveli

Ngesikhathi esifanayo Goethe sengihlala owesifazane osemusha owayesebenza esitolo imbali, noChristiane Vilpius. Lonke Umphakathi washaqeka ubudlelwane Weimar emshadweni ngesikhathi okwakubaluleke ongavamile. Kuphela ngo-Okthoba 1806, wangena emshadweni lover yakhe uJohann Wolfgang von Goethe. Umkakhe noChristiane Vulpius okwamanje is wamzalela izingane eziningana, kodwa zonke kodwa u-Augustus, izibulo Goethe washona. Augustus nomkakhe, Otilia sibe nezingane ezintathu, kodwa akekho kubo ushadile, ukuze uhlobo Goethe wayeka ngo-1831, lapho eRoma ekufeni kwendodana yakhe Agasti.

Imisebenzi yokuqala ebalulekile Goethe kwasuka 1773. idrama yakhe Gottfried von Berlichingen mit der eisernen Hand ayithinta ongenakucimeka wokulingwa on besikhathi sakhe. Kulesi umsebenzi Goethe kuvezwa ngezindlela ezingalindelekile engela isithombe fighter kokulingana yomphakathi nobulungiswa, umfanekiso sasivumela esingokoqobo izincwadi isikhathi. Hero imisebenzi, Goetz von Berlichingen - Knight, isimo engajabule wezasekhaya kuleli zwe. Ngakho, wanquma ukuqala zabhikisha of abalimi, kodwa uma izinto wathatha ukujika sina, wasuka kuye. Ukubusa komthetho owasungulwa, baba ukunyakaza engenamandla wamavukelambuso ezichazwe idrama njengoba nangobudlova nalezo zinxushunxushu. UMthetho kokugcina: hero ithola inkululeko ekufeni kwabantu, amazwi akhe okugcina alo mBhalo: "Usale kahle, abathandekayo! Izimpande podrubleny yami, ukuphoqelela ngihambe. Oh, yeka emoyeni wasezulwini! Freedom, inkululeko! "

Isizathu sokuloba umsebenzi omusha, "ezokuziKhethela affinities" kwaba entsha Craze Goethe - Minna Hertslib. Ukubona omunye nokonakala ngokomoya, waya Carlsbad, lapho eqala ukuba abhale incwadi ethi. Igama waboleka kusukela i-chemistry, i-nkulumo isho ukuthi into okungahleliwe gravity. Goethe selukhombisile ukuthi isenzo imithetho yemvelo kwamukelekile hhayi kuphela kwamakhemikhali kodwa futhi khona ebuhlotsheni babantu, noma kunalokho, othandweni. Ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke, konke inenani ekhethekile ongokomfanekiso kanye enovelini ukucabanga okujulile zefilosofi ngokuhlanganiswa lula zokuphila kwansuku zonke.

Goethe lokusungula

Ngo "Iphigenia" idrama uzizwa kakhulu ukuthonywa uHomer. Orestes, umzalwane Iphigenia, futhi umngane wakhe Pylades ukufika Tauris. Ngo-Oreste angabuka zifana Goethe yena. Embrace ukukhathazeka, eliqhutshwa furies eliyingozi, owabona e Olympian izidalwa aba nanezimo ezingagculisi Orest uthemba ukuthola ukuthula ezingalweni sokufa. Iphigenia, ukulondoloza umfowabo nomngane wakhe, owayekade isigwebo sokufa, kunikeza Isiphelo sakhe ezandleni inkosi yakwa Tauris Toan. Umhlatshelo wakhe atones ngoba isiqalekiso Tantalus kanye lenzalo yakhe kuze kube willfulness. Futhi isenzo sakhe ke uphulukisa nomfowabo, efana izibuyekezo, upholisa umphefumulo wakhe. Ngenxa yalokho, Orestes uya like Iphigenia, elilahla ikusasa lakhe.

indalo ephelele

Ngo-1774, Iogann Volfgang Gete wabhala inoveli izincwadi, "I kwemihelo ethi Intsha Werther." Abaningi bakholwa ukuthi ukudalwa ephelele kakhulu, umlobi ethulwa udumo emhlabeni wonke nenkazimulo. Kulesi umsebenzi, okuchazwe ngxabano zezwe futhi umuntu othile, bheka lakhula laba indaba uthando. Werther - womfanyana ngubani alivumelani impilo burgher nemithetho ebusa eJalimane. Thanda Getsu isizinda Berlihingenu, Werther inselele uhlelo. Akafuni ukuba abe indoda sycophantic, abaqhoshayo futhi ezikhukhumezayo, kungcono ngife. Ngenxa yalokho, imizwa yothando, indoda nginenhliziyo linqotshiwe, zonke imizamo yokuvikela umfanekiso ngengqondo, ekahle iphahlazeke emhlabeni.

Ngo "Elegies lamaRoma 'Goethe egcwele injabulo zobuqaba, okubonisa emihlatshelweni yabo nesiko endala. I protagonist kuyinto konke okuqukethwe ongazithatha empilweni, akukho ukuqalekela i-engenakufinyeleleka, akukho renunciation kunkululeko yentando zabo. Umbhali libonisa yonke injabulo futhi Ukwanelisa inkanuko uthando, okuyinto uhumusha hhayi njengethuba mandla angahlulwa yilutho, uletha umuntu eduze ukufa, kodwa njengoba into kunomthelela kuqiniswa kwezibopho kanye nezwe.

Torquato Tasso

UJohann Wolfgang von Goethe e 1790 wabhala idrama mayelana Ukungqubuzana ababili abangefani - Torquato Tasso. Idrama senzo setha egcekeni uMbusi Ferrara. Heroes - imbongi Tasso, ongafuni belungisa imithetho namasiko inkantolo, abalamukeli amasiko abo futhi Antonio enkantolo, okuyinto, kunalokho, ngokuzithandela kulandela le mithetho. Yonke imizamo ka Tasso ukungamlaleli intando inkantolo, ukukhombisa ukuthi akafuni ukulawulwa yi kushabalele, wanikina kakhulu kuye. Ngenxa yalokho, Tasso ibona ukuhlakanipha nokuhlangenwe nakho zokuphila, Antonio: "Ngakho-rock engatholwa ukubhukuda, okuyinto okule ukuba break ke."

mayelana William

Abanye imisebenzi uJohann Wolfgang von Goethe lifuna ukubonisa zizinhle kulokho abantu abakwazi balahle. Lena uthando, futhi inkolo, kanye nenkululeko intando. Ngo umkhiqizo "Iminyaka engama-Wilhelm Meister" Goethe libonisa umlingisi losemcoka, ibekwe anawo umfelandawonye ngasese. INdodana umndeni ocebile, lezi zakhamuzi zazenza Wilhelm wenqaba umsebenzi umlingisi sika, kungenzeka kuphela ukuba bazibuse endaweni amakhosi asendulo. Uzicabangela yakhe umsebenzi njengoba yenkani isimo sengqondo izinduna ngokoqobo, isifiso kuyanda. Ngenxa yalokho, adikile iphupho babo ababathandayo, okubonisa wobugwala futhi banqobe nokuziqhenya, uWilliam engena ubuhlobo eyimfihlo. Izicukuthwane, owahlela umphakathi imfihlo, basisiza kakhulu abantu abangabangcwele esabe ayenawo, noma yiluphi ushintsho omisiwe burgher ukuphila.

Umzabalazo eNetherlands ne ukubusa Spanish Wawugujelwani le nhlekelele "Egmont". Uhlamvu main ulwela ngokuzijamela isizwe, lokusuka othandweni nakho ubala, umlando ibaluleke kakhulu ukudlula intando ukudalelwa. Egmont unika bonke ukuba zizenzele umathanda, futhi ekugcineni uyafa ngenxa sengqondo sokunganaki ukuba kwenzekani.

Faust

Kodwa umsebenzi edume kakhulu, okuyinto uJohann Wolfgang von Goethe wabhala konke ukuphila kwakhe, nguye "Faust". Urfaust, uhlobo Esanduleleni 'Faust, "Goethe wabhala ngo 1774-1775, ngokulandelana. Kule ngxenye, umlobi we umqondo namanje ajar, Faust - eyisihlubuki, uzama ngeze ukuhlaba zingene izimfihlo zendalo, bona ahlule izwe elizungezile. Isiqeshana elandelayo yanyatheliswa ngo 1790, futhi kuphela ngo-1800 kwaba khona isandulela umsebenzi "in the sky ', okuyinto wanika lamatshwayo drama ukuthi sibona manje. Faust izinhlelo bashukunyiswa, ngoba wangena ingxabano Nkulunkulu futhi Mephistopheles. UNkulunkulu wabikezela Faust lensindiso, ngoba zonke ofuna angalenza iphutha.

Ingxenye yokuqala

Ngaphambi sifika umgomo oyinhloko wokuphila kwakhe, Iogann Gete Faust selihlanganise kudlule kokuxilongwa. Ukuhlolwa kuqala kwakungumprofethi uthando sweet Gretchen umFilisti. Kodwa Faust akafuni ukuba ngaphansi kwesibopho izibopho zomkhaya, ukunciphisa ezinye ozimele aliphonse othandekayo. Ngo ephelelwa ithemba kakhulu Gretchen ubulala ingane esanda kuzalwa uyafa yena. Ngakho Wolfgang von Goethe kubonisa ukuthi ukuphishekela izinhlelo ezinkulu, ulise imizwa yabo kanye nemibono nabantu abaseduze nawe kungaholela nemiphumela edabukisa kangaka.

Ingxenye yesibili

Ubunzima yesibili inyunyana Faust nge Helena. Izithunzi izihlahla eziyinqaba, sikanye owesifazane ngesiGreki ebukekayo, uthola kafushane ukuthula. Kodwa lokhu akumvimbi. Ingxenye yesibili 'Faust "uyazikhulumela, izithombe Gothic wakhala kwesikhathi yamaGreki asendulo. Isenzo zathuthela eGreece, athathe isimo sezithombe, agxumele Motifs basezinganekwaneni. Ingxenye yesibili yomsebenzi - uhlobo iqoqo ulwazi mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo Iogann Gete babenombono empilweni yami. Kukhona reflection on nefilosofi, ezombusazwe, isayensi.

Njengoba beshiya ukholo nezinye emhlabeni, abuye anqume umphakathi, nikela amandla abo futhi isifiso. Ezimisele isimo esingajabulisi ekahle zabantu khulula, uqala isakhiwo grand kusezweni wabophula kusukela olwandle. Kodwa ezinye amabutho ngephutha wabavusa, bezama ukumisa kwakhe. Mephistopheles, ezishaya unkulunkulukazi u-abahwebi weqembu lemikhumbi kumlawuli, okuphambene nentando ka Faust ukubulawa amabili ubudala amadoda, okungekhona wanamathelana. Faust, onyakaziswa usizi, kodwa alupheli ukukholelwa kwezifiso zawo futhi kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe uyaqhubeka ukwakha umbuso wabantu khulula. Ngo yesehlakalo sokugcina umphefumulo Faust sika esinyuka ezulwini izingelosi.

Legend of Faust

Isisekelo esiqintini inhlekelele "Faust" sekuyinkinga legend, ezivamile ngenkathi ephakathi eYurophu. Lathi mayelana Johann Faust, udokotela owayewazi lenze isivumelwano uSathane ngokwakhe, uyasithembisa ulwazi imfihlo, ngayo nefunda ngayo zensimbi kungenziwa yaphenduka igolide. Kulesi drama Goethe ngobuqili basonta isayensi kanye nomklamo kwezobuciko. Ingxenye yokuqala 'Faust "sifana usizi imfihlakalo egcwele yesibili, itulo ilahlekelwa ukungaguquguquki futhi idluliselwe i yonke elingapheli.

Goethe Biography ithi wawuqeda umsebenzi wokuphila kwakhe konke July 22, 1831, uphawu wesandla futhi kufanele ukuvula imvilophi ngemva kokufa kwakhe. "Faust" yalotshwa ngemva kweminyaka cishe ayisithupha. Yethulwe phakathi "Sturm und Drang" ezincwadini isiJalimane, futhi waqeda esikhathini zothando, labonisa zonke izinguquko eziye zaba khona ekuphileni futhi umsebenzi wezinkondlo.

umehluko ababephila ngesikhathi

Abaphila Besikhathi imbongi wamphatha edidayo kakhulu, impumelelo enkulu waya emsebenzini wakhe othi "Usizi ethi Intsha Werther." LamaRoma wavalela, kodwa abanye othisha banquma ukuthi ushumayela yokungabaza nokunganaki. Ngokuphathelene nenkulumo ethi 'Iphigenia "isivele kwakubacasula umalusi, bekholelwa ukuthi umfundi wakhe kakhulu wathumba classicism. Abalobi abasha German asitholanga ngemisebenzi Goethe, imibono yeningi futhi ovulekile, sanquma zokumelana naye njengoba umbhali, ezingasetshenziswa kuphela nokuthanda abantu uzwela futhi banobugovu. Ngakho, isithakazelo ukubuya Goethe sika kuze kube sekupheleni yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye. Besizwa ngale Burda Gundolf nabanye wavula umsebenzi sekwedlule Goethe.

Namanje ethandwa kakhulu yaseshashalazini kanye ifilimu nabaqondisi okudaliwe owadala uJohann Wolfgang von Goethe, izingcaphuno imisebenzi yakhe mikhulu kangakanani efanele esikhathini sethu. umbhali German futhi imbongi, sazi futhi sikahulumeni libaluleke bakubo nje kuphela kodwa futhi ukuze abafundi emhlabeni wonke.

Russian Goethe

ERussia, ukuhumushwa lokuqala Goethe wabonakala ngo-1781 futhi ngokushesha wavusa isithakazelo esikhulu emsebenzini umbhali. Wayelethwa bayahlonishwa Karamzin, Radishchev nabanye abaningi. Novikov e "Drama isichazamazwi" ayezenza zazihlanganisa Goethe, omunye ababhali bemidlalo kunazozonke West. Izingxabano ukuthi ivukile emhlabeni Goethe, yaqashelwa ngokomthetho eRussia. Esikhathini 1830s, yena ashicilelwe zihunyushelwe ncwadi Russian Menzel, lapho wanikeza omubi ekuphenduleni Goethe lokusungula. Ngokushesha Belinsky waphendula kulokhu kugxeka esihlokweni sakhe. Lathi iziphetho Menzel sokweyisa futhi ukusho ngesibindi. Nakuba kamuva Belinsky nokho yavuma ukuthi akukho imisebenzi yomphakathi we Goethe elementi zomlando, ukwamukela ngokoqobo owandile.

Kuvele biography ezithakazelisayo Goethe alisho zonke izikhathi zokuphila kwakhe engenakulibaleka. Tigaba letinyenti ahlale okungacaci kuze kube manje. Ngokwesibonelo, kusukela 1807 kuya 1811 Goethe waba nengxoxo Bettina von Arnim. Lobu budlelwano ezichazwe "Sokungafi" inoveli Kundera sika. Ukuxhumana wayeka ngemuva kwengxabano Bettina von Arnim ukuba unkosikazi Goethe sika, noChristiane Vulpius. Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi Iogann Gete Bettina wayemdala ngeminyaka engu-36.

ifa

Phakathi Goethe imiklomelo ugqamise iGrand Cross of Order of Civil Merit umqhele eBavaria, Order of St Anne bezinga lokuqala, iGrand Cross of iButho Ukuhlonipha, Cross Commander sika we-Imperial Austrian Order of Leopold. Phakathi ifa ushiye uJohann Wolfgang von Goethe - izithombe, izithombe ngomfanekiso wakhe, amaphepha isayensi, izikhumbuzo eziningi kokubili eJalimane futhi emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa-ke, ebaluleke kakhulu owakhe lo msebenzi tetemibhalo, eholwa umsebenzi wokuphila kwakhe - "Faust".

imisebenzi Goethe sika zihunyushelwe Russian Griboyedov futhi Bruce, futhi Grigoriev Z. Ngisho zabuna ezincwadi Russian efana UTolstoy, Tiutchev, Fet, Kochetkov, Lermontov, Pasternak akazange anqikaze ukuhumusha imisebenzi imbongi omkhulu German.

wokuphila eziningi unesithakazelo imisebenzi Goethe, khona uphawula uqhekeko yangaphakathi. Lena obonakalayo ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi ukwenza ushintsho olwenzeka isigubhukane kusukela abasha uJohann Wolfgang, ihlongandlebe futhi maximalist, kamuva, ukuvuthwa. Kamuva, liphefumulelwe umsebenzi isipiliyoni Goethe sika, neminyaka amakhanda, egcwele ukuhlakanipha kwezwe, engesiyo sici abasha.

Ngo-1930, e-Hamburg, ingqungquthela elalinikezelwe umlando futhi imfundiso yobuciko. Imibiko zafundwa space kanye nesikhathi, babe mpikiswano ngokomzwelo kakhulu, kwaba eziningi mpikiswano. Kodwa wawuyini okurarako - zonke izikhulumi njalo okukhulunywe umsebenzi Goethe, ocashunwe izingxenye emisebenzini yakhe. Yiqiniso, kuthiwa emva kweminyaka eyikhulu it is akayikhohliwe. Imisebenzi yakhe athandwa kakhulu ezinsukwini zethu, nje abangele esinokuduma injabulo. Omunye angase like it, kwamanye akudingeki kodwa akunakwenzeka bahlala banganandaba.