Ukonakala Parenchymal. anatomy okukhwantabalisayo

Ngezinye izikhathi, e umkhuba emtholampilo kukhona into okuthiwa parenchymal ukonakala. anatomy sokugembula uyalandisa ukuba yokuphazamiseka umzimba ezinkanjini. Ngamagama alula, umzimba ahlahlele inqubo ukunikezela ukunqwabelana kwezakhi, okuholela morphological (kubona) ushintsho. Sokudalula zokugula kungaba esigabeni noma ngemva kokuxilongwa ethize kakhulu. Parenchymal futhi stromal-semithambo ukonakala ziyisisekelo izifo eziningi ebulalayo.

definition

Parenchymal ukonakala - kukhona izinqubo sokugembula eziholela izinguquko isakhiwo cell kwezitho. Phakathi izindlela kwamaseli isifo self secrete amandla kusilela disorder ne fermentopathy, discirkulatornaya iziyaluyalu (igazi, izindlala zamanzi, interstitium, uketshezi intercellular), endocrine kanye ukonakala palsy.

Kukhona izindlela eziningana ukonakala:

- kokuziphatha, okungukuthi, ezokuthutha ngokweqile ngemikhiqizo yegazi lokugayeka kokudla ngaphakathi engqamuzaneni noma isikhala extracellular ngenxa yokuhluleka ezimisweni enzyme umzimba;

- noqhekeko noma PHANEROZOIC limelela izakhiwo kwamazinyo intracellular, okuholela ukuphazamiseka umzimba kanye ekuqongeleleni imikhiqizo unoxidized umzimba;

- zamagama osontekile izinto ijwayelekile cell ingadlali;

- ushintsho kwezakhi ngokufaka iseli ukwakha yiluphi uhlobo omunye ekupheleni-imikhiqizo (amaphrotheni, amafutha noma carbohydrate).

ngezigaba

Pathologists kukhona lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo parenchymal dystrophies:

1. Kuye izinguquko morphological:

- luyingxenye parenchymal;

- stromal-semithambo;

- elixutshwe.

2. Ngokwenkolelo uhlobo izinto zanqwabelana:

- amaprotheni noma disproteinozy;

- fat noma lipidoses;

- carbohydrate;

- amaminerali.

3. Njengoba ukwanda kwalesi nqubo:

- System;

- wendawo.

4. Ngesikhathi nesenzakalo:

- atholwe;

- azalwa nako.

Labo noma ezinye parenchymal ukonakala anatomy sokugembula ichaza hhayi kuphela ejenti elimazayo, kodwa futhi ku imininingwane amaseli abathintekayo. Inguquko komunye sokuwohloka kuyinto kwakuthiwa kungenzeka, kodwa cishe kungenzeka zokugula kuhlanganiswe kuphela. Parenchymal ukonakala - luwumgogodla inqubo okwenzeka kuseli, kodwa kuphela ingxenye syndrome emitholampilo ukuthi sihlanganisa ukuntuleka morphological kanye nemisebenzi isitho esithile.

Disproteinozy

Umzimba womuntu kakhulu siqukethe amaprotheni, namanzi. Amaphrotheni molecule bayingxenye iseli izindonga, ulwelwesi we mitochondria nezinye organelles, ngaphezu, bakhululekile ku cytoplasm. Njengomthetho, kuba enzyme.

Disproteinozom ngenye ngokuthi i zokugula njengoba parenchymal amaprotheni sokuwohloka. Futhi empeleni yayo itholakala iqiniso ukuthi amaprotheni yeselula ukushintsha impahla yabo, kanye nezinguquko kwesakhiwo, ezifana denaturation noma kollikvatsiya. Amaphrotheni-parenchymal sokuwohloka libhekisela hyaline amaconsi, hydropic, horn luyimbudumbudu sokuwohloka. On the lokuqala ezintathu bayolotshwa phansi ngokuningiliziwe, kodwa leli temu, luyimbudumbudu, ungachazwa ukuthi amaprotheni aqoqana amaseli kokusanhlamvu, ngenxa lapho amaseli zinwetshwe, futhi umzimba luyanda, kuba okuxekethile futhi zomile. Yingakho sokuwohloka luyimbudumbudu obizwa nangokuthi ukuvuvukala buthuntu. Kodwa ososayensi babe Akungabazeki ukuthi parenchymal ukonakala. Necropsy yenqubo kangangokuthi ingase ikhishwe ukuze compensatory okusanhlamvu anda isakhiwo yeselula, njengempendulo ukucindezeleka sokusebenza.

Hyaline droplet ukonakala

Nge lolu hlobo sokuwohloka kumaseli hyaline avele amathonsi emikhulu eyagcina ihlangana zibe nomunye bese ugcwalisa yonke isikhala elingaphakathi amaseli, displacing noma ziqede organelles yabo. Lokhu kuholela ekulahlekelweni umsebenzi, ngisho cell ukufa. Ngokuvamile lesi sifo kwenzeka kwezicubu kwezinso, okungenani esibindini futhi inhliziyo.

Phakathi Cytology ngemva biopsy kwezinso, ngaphezu ekuqongeleleni hyaline e nephrocytes abonise ukubhujiswa izakhi yeselula. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa oluvelayo uma isiguli eba ukwehluleka vacuolar-lysosomal, okuholela ukwehla reabsorption wamaprotheni elivela emchamweni eyinhloko. Ngokuvamile, lokhu zokugula kwenzeka nephrotic syndrome. I izifo njalo kakhulu kulezi ziguli - glomerulonephritis futhi amyloidosis kwezinso. umzimba yangaphandle alishintshi lapho hyaline droplet sokuwohloka.

Ngo amaseli isibindi isimo Kuthi ezahlukene. Phakathi microscopy bathola corpuscles Mallory ehlanganisa fibrils futhi hyaline oludakayo. Umbala wawo lihlotshaniswa isifo Wilson, isifo sokusha kwesibindi kohlobo oludakayo, kanye isifo sokusha biliary namaNdiya. Umphumela walokhu inqubo okungekuhle - isibindi iseli necrosis, ukulahlekelwa umsebenzi walo.

sokuwohloka hydropic

Lo mbono ihlukile kwezinye dystrophies ukuthi amaseli elinegciwane, organelles entsha egcwele uketshezi. Ezimweni eziningi, into enjalo kungabonwa esikhumbeni futhi tubule kwezinso lamaseli isibindi, imisipha, futhi indlala adrenal.

Amaseli microscopically lakhulisiwe, cytoplasm labo ligcwele vacuoles nge okuqukethwe ketshezi okusobala. Umnyombo kugudlukela noma lysed, izakhiwo ezisele kuyaqedwa. Ekugcineni, iseli kuyinto "ibhaluni" ogcwele amanzi. Ngakho-ke, sokuwohloka hydropic ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi ibhaluni.

emizimbeni ababeziphatha ahlale cishe enjalo. Mshini yentuthuko yalesi sifo - ukwephulwa Colloid ingcindezi osmotic esitokisini esikhaleni intercellular. Ngenxa yalokhu permeability kakhudlwana cell ulwelwesi lamaseli ufe futhi ishabalale. Izizathu ezifana izinguquko chemical kungenzeka glomerulonephritis, isifo sikashukela, amyloidosis kwezinso. Ushintsho amaseli isibindi neqhaza yesifo sokusha kwesibindi kohlobo ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye nobuthi. On the isikhumba ukonakala hydropic kungenziwa esibangelwa igciwane ingxibongo.

Iphela inqubo zokucabanga okubangelwa isifo eqondile noma necrosis Imininingwane, ngakho morphology futhi umsebenzi eziwohlokayo ngokushesha.

cornea ukonakala

emizimbeni sokugembula actinic - ukunqwabelana ngokweqile yi-keratin ezingqimbeni ebusweni isikhumba, ezifana hyperkeratosis futhi ichthyosis, futhi ukuvela ketshezi Horny, lapho, njengoba umthetho, akufanele kube - e nolwelwesi lwamafinyila (leukoplakia,-squamous cell carcinoma). Le nqubo kungaba kokubili zendawo Imininingwane.

Izizathu zalokhu uhlobo izifo kungaba iziyaluyalu lwegciwane ectodermal ngesikhathi embryogenesis, ezingelapheki ukuvuvukala izicubu izinguquko, izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye Vitamin kwamaphutha.

Uma impatho ithoma ngokushesha ngemva izimpawu zokuqala, indwangu usengakwazi alulame, kodwa ezimweni eziphambili, ikhambi engasakwazi. Long-ekhona amasayithi uphondo sokuwohloka kungaba zibe yomdlavuza wesikhumba, futhi ichthyosis azalwa naso aluhambisani ngempilo yengane.

sokuwohloka lezinceku

Ukubambezeleka parenchymal ukonakala zenzeka ngenxa fermentopathia azalwa nako. Lezi zifo zibizwa futhi ngokuthi izifo isitoreji bebelokhu ngenxa iziyaluyalu umzimba, imikhiqizo umzimba buthelela amaseli bese lomzimba, ushevu. Laba bameleli be-eyaziwa kakhulu kuleli qembu phenylketonuria, tirozinoz futhi cystinosis.

Target izitho for phenylketonuria kukhona uhlelo sezinzwa, imisipha, isikhumba, futhi uketshezi (igazi, umchamo). imikhiqizo umzimba ngesikhathi tirozinoze buthelela isibindi amaseli, izinso kanye amathambo. Cystinosis sithinta isibindi kanye nezinso, kodwa ngaphandle kwabo, ubende ukuhlupheka, izinhlamvu zamehlo, umnkantsha, uhlelo lymph kanye isikhumba.

lipidoses

Lipids equkethwe engqamuzaneni ngalinye, zingaba amathuluzi kokubili eceleni futhi lihambisana amaprotheni amayunithi kwesakhiwo ukuba cell ulwelwesi, kanye nezinye ultrastructures. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-cytoplasm kuyinto glycerol futhi fatty acid. Ukuze ukuthola kubo ezicutshini usebenzisa izindlela olukhethekile kokungathembeki futhi staining, ezifana Sudan black noma obomvu, osmic acid, Nile sulphate okwesibhakabhaka. Ngemva kokuqeqeshwa amalungiselelo athile zihlolwe ngokucophelela ngesibonakhulu electron.

Parenchymal okunamafutha ukonakala sinezimfanelo njengoba ukuqongelela ngokweqile fat lapho kufanele, futhi ukubonakala lipids khona lapho akufanele kube. Avame buthelela amafutha hlangothi. Target izitho ziyefana ukuthi we sokuwohloka amaprotheni - inhliziyo, izinso kanye esibindini.

Kodwa amahwahwa esidumbu parenchymal sokuwohloka esivimba amanzi iqala ukubonakala ngo myocytes amaconsi amancane kakhulu amafutha, okungukuthi. N. ukukhuluphala ziyacolwa. Uma inqubo akagcini kulesigaba ke ekugcineni amathonsi coalesce futhi babe ezinkulu, kuze kube esiyoba lonke cytoplasm. Organelles ngaleyo ndlela isihlakazeka, striated imisipha Imicu yotshani iphele. Lesi sifo kubonakala endaweni eceleni kombhede emithambo yegazi semithambo.

Ababeziphatha parenchymal okunamafutha ukonakala kuzibonakalisa ngezindlela ezahlukene, konke kuncike isigaba ohlelweni. Ekuqaleni uphethwe zingenziwa kuphela ngesibonakhulu, kodwa isikhathi inhliziyo luyanda esisuka amaseli, izindonga zawo zizace futhi flabby, nge ingxenye myocardium kungabonwa off-ophuzi imivimbo. I pathophysiology walo mzimba necebo igama "tiger inhliziyo".

Fatty angakwazi parenchymal izitho kukhule izindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko.

1. Ukulethwa anda khulula fatty acid kumaseli esivimba amanzi.
2. Ukwephula fat umzimba.
3. Ukuwa izakhiwo Esilula ngaphakathi engqamuzaneni.

Ngokuvamile, lezi zinhlelo libangelwa ngesikhathi hypoxia, izifo (idiphtheria, isifo sofuba sepsis) kanye ukudakwa chlorine, phosphorus noma i-arsenic.

Ngokuvamile, umuntu angakwazi okunamafutha esethola, futhi umonakalo owenziwe izakhiwo iseli ziyancipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kodwa uma inqubo iyasebenza kakhulu, konke kuyaphela ekufeni kwezicubu nogwali. Odokotela namanesi Ulandela yizifo ezihlobene nokungabikho ekuqongeleleni fat in the amaseli:

- isifo Gaucher sika;

- Tay-Sachs isifo;

- isifo Niemann Khetha, nabanye.

carbohydrate sokuwohloka

Zonke carbohydrate, okuyinto zitholakala emzimbeni zingahlukaniswa zibe polysaccharides (ezivamile okuyinto glycogen), glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides: asidi i-hyaluronic futhi chondroitin, heparin), kanye glycoproteins (mucins, okusho ukuthi, isikhwehlela futhi mucoid).

Ukuze ukukhomba carbohydrate asemangqamuzaneni omzimba, isivivinyo ethize wenziwa - Schick ukuphendula. Ingqikithi Its ukuthi indwangu yayo ziphathwe gqwa acid, bese imajenta. Futhi aldehydes bomvu. Uma ufuna ukukhetha glycogen, le reagents kunezelwa Amylase. Glycosaminoglycans futhi glycoproteins ingcoliswe methylene okwesibhakabhaka. Parenchymal carbohydrate sokuwohloka ezihambisana ngokuvamile iziyaluyalu umzimba ka glycogen futhi glycoproteins.

Ukwephula glycogen umzimba

Glycogen - ke igodla umzimba okwesikhathi "ilanga lina lilambile." Iningi lazo Wayelokhu esibindini nemisipha futhi uchitha le energy kancane kakhulu. WokuLawula carbohydrate umzimba kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa uhlelo neuroendocrine. Iqhaza main udlalwa, njengenjwayelo, uhlelo hypothalamic-pituitary. Yathela hormone utho ezilawula wonke amanye nezindlala endocrine.

Ukwephula glycogen umzimba yiyona ukwanda noma kwehla senani ezicutshini, futhi ukubonakala lapho kungafanele khona. ngokucacile kakhulu izinguquko okungafanele kwenzeka ngifundise ngesifo sikashukela noma lezinceku isitoreji glycogen. Pathogenesis sikashukela is kahle waqonda: amaseli kwamanyikwe eyeka esikhiqiza insulin lemali edingekayo, futhi iseli amandla izinqolobane ayengezwa ngokushesha mpilo njengoba glucose akusho buthelela ezicutshini futhi excreted ngaphandle komzimba umchamo. Umzimba "kuvula" izinqolobane zalo, futhi ngokuyinhloko eba parenchymal ukonakala kwesibindi. Esikhathini nuclei ka hepatocytes avele ngezikhawu zinengqondo, futhi igqamile. Ngakho, babizwa ngokuthi "core ezingenalutho".

glycogenoses Ukubambezeleka kubangelwa ukuntula noma ukungabi khona enzyme ehilelekile ekuqongeleleni glycogen. izifo ezifana Okwamanje aziwa 6:

- isifo Gierke sika ;

- isifo Pompe ;

- Glycogen isitoreji isifo uhlobo V;

- isifo Yena ';

- isifo Forbes-Cori;

- isifo Andersen sika.

Umehluko yabo ukuxilongwa kungenzeka emva isibindi biopsy nokusetshenziswa gistofermentnogo ukuhlaziywa.

Ukwephula glycoprotein umzimba

Lokhu ukonakala parenchymal okubangelwa sokuzuza izicubu mucins noma mucoids. Uma kungenjalo, laba sokuwohloka obizwa nangokuthi lwamafinyila noma mucoid, ngenxa isici inclusions ukungaguquguquki. Ngezinye izikhathi buthelela ku mucins kweqiniso, kodwa walandisa izinto ezingaba uphawu kuphela. Kulokhu, kuziwa colloidal sokuwohloka.

Microscopy kwezicubu ukunquma hhayi kuphela Iqiniso khona isikhwehlela, kodwa izakhiwo zalo. Ngenxa yokuthi doti amaselula kanye uketshezi viscous kuvimbela outflow evamile uketshezi kusukela nezindlala, izinhlumba akhiwa, kanye nokuqukethwe zabo bathambekele ukuvuvukala.

Izimbangela lolu hlobo sokuwohloka zingase zishintshe kakhulu, kodwa ngokuvamile kakhulu kuba ukuvuvukala catarrhal we lwamafinyila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kuyisifo esiwufuzo, iphethini pathogenetic esifanelana kahle ngaphakathi incazelo sokuwohloka lwamafinyila. Lokhu-cystic fibrosis. amanyikwe athintekayo, tube emathunjini, ngomgudu womchamo, ipheshana biliary, umjuluko nezindlala nezindlala salivary.

Lesinqumo LoMkhandlu inhlobo yesifo incike lemali nobude isikhwehlela yayo khulula. Isikhathi esingaphansi isidlulile kusukela ekuqaleni kwenqubo sokugembula, cishe ukuthi lwamafinyila alulame ngokugcwele. Kodwa kwezinye izimo desquamation EPITHELIAL, yi-multiple sclerosis, futhi kokunikezwa kwe-ethintekile isitho umsebenzi.