Ukubukwa kwesokunxele nokulungile kwezombusazwe. Yiziphi imibono yezombangazwe?

Ukuphila kombuso nomphakathi wentando yeningi emazweni aseNtshonalanga manje kwakhiwe emigomweni yokukhululeka, efakazela ukuba khona kwamaphuzu amaningi emibono ehlukahlukene ebhekene nezwe nomphakathi ngokwayo (imibono eminingi ichazwa ngokuthi igama elithi "pluralism"). Yilokho umehluko ekubukeni okwenze ukuthi ukwahlukana kube ngakwesokunxele nangakwesokudla, kanye namakhulu ama-centrists. Lezi zikhombisi-ndlela zamukelwa jikelele emhlabeni. Ziyini ezihlukile komunye nomunye? Futhi ubuhlobo phakathi kwalabo abanombono ophiko olufanele kanye nalabo abazibiza ngokuthi "abashiya" babonakala kanjani?

Isiqondiso sezombusazwe sokunene

Okokuqala, kufanele kushiwo ukuthi lawo magama abhekisela ekunyameni kwezombusazwe nezombusazwe. Ukubukwa kwe-right-wing kubonakala ngokugxeka okubukhali kwezinguquko. Amaqembu anjalo anakekela ukulondolozwa kohulumeni okhona wezomnotho nezombangazwe. Ngezikhathi ezahlukene, izintandokazi zamaqembu ezinjalo zingase zihluke, okubuye kuxhomeke kumasiko nasesifunda. Isibonelo, ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lesishiyagalolunye leminyaka eMelika, osombusazwe abanemibono ephikisanayo baqinisekisa ukulondolozwa kwesistimu lesigqila, futhi kakade ekhulwini lama-20 leminyaka - ngokumelene nezinguquko zezokwelapha kwabampofu.

Isiqondiso sezombusazwe esishiya

Singasho ukuthi lena uhlobo lwe-antipode ngakwesokudla. Imibono yezombusazwe engakwesokunxele yigama elihlangene lezimfundiso nezinyathelo ezithinta izinguquko kanye nokushintsha okukhulu embusweni wezopolitiki nezomnotho okhona. Lezi zindawo zibandakanya ukuhlalisana kwabantu, ubukhomanisi, i-anarchy kanye nentando yeningi yentando yeningi. I-Left idinga ukulingana nobulungisa kubo bonke.

Umlando wokuhlukaniswa kwemibono yezombusazwe kanye nokuvela kwamaqembu

Ngekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa kwakukhona ukuhlukaniswa eFrance emkhatsini we-aristocracy, okuyinto empeleni yayinamandla kuphela, futhi umbusi wezizwe, waneliswa yindima ephansi yomthengi. Imibono yezombangazwe kwesobunxele neyiqiniso yakhiwa ngemuva kokuvulwa kwephalamende. Kwenzeke ngengozi ukuthi ephikweni elifanele lephalamende kwakukhona okuthiwa amaFelili ayefuna ukulondoloza nokuqinisa ubukhosi nokulawula inkosi ngokusizwa komthethosisekelo. Phakathi nendawo kwakuyi-Girondins - okungukuthi, "abaqaphi." Ngakwesobunxele, abaphathi bakaJacobin bahlala, ababengabasekeli bezinguquko ezinkulu neziyisisekelo, kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zokunyakaza nezenzo zokuguquguquka. Ngakho, ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kokubukwa kwesokudla nokunxele kwenzeka. Ukufana kweyokuqala kwaba yimiqondo ye "yokusabela" futhi "yokuzimelela", futhi okwesibili kwakuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-radicals nokuqhubekayo.

Yeka ukuthi lezi zimiso ziyahlukana kanjani?

Imibono yezombangazwe kwesokunxele neyiqiniso empeleni inemibandela. Ngezikhathi ezehlukene emazweni ahlukene, esinye isikhundla noma esinye isikhundla sithathwe ukufaka imibono cishe efana nezombangazwe. Isibonelo, emva kokubonakala kwayo, ukukhululeka kwakubhekwa njengendlela yokuhamba kwesokunxele. Khona-ke wachazwa njengesikhungo sezombangazwe ngokwemikhuba yokunciphisa kanye nokunye okuphakathi kokubili kokubili.

Kuze kube manje, ukukhululeka (ngokunembile, ukungazinzi ngokugcwele) kungenye yezindawo ezizimele kakhulu, nezinhlangano ezivulekile zingabalwa njengamaqembu aphiko olufanele. Abanye abasebenzeli bezentengiselwano bavame ukukhuluma nge-néoliberalism njengendlela entsha ye-fascism. Ngisho nemibono enjalo engavamile eyenzekayo, ngoba ungakhumbula i-Pinochet yaseChilean enesihluthulelo namakamu okuhlushwa.

Bangobani amaKhomanisi namaBolshevik?

Imibono yezombangazwe kwesobunxele neyiqiniso ngokuvamile ayinzima ukuhlukanisa, kodwa futhi ihlangene. Isibonelo esicacile sokuphikisana okunjalo yi-communism. Iningi lamaqembu eBolshevik namaKhomanisi avela enkundleni enkulu ngemuva kokuxoshwa ku-Social Democracy, eyababeletha.

I-Social Democrats yayiyi-Left ejwayelekile, eyayifuna ukukhuliswa kwamalungelo nezindleko zezombusazwe kubantu, nokuthuthukiswa kwesimo sezomnotho nesenhlalakahle yabantu abasebenza ngezindlela zokuguqula nokuguqulwa kokuthula kancane kancane. Ngokumelene nakho konke lokhu kulwa amaqembu aphiko eliphikisayo. AmaKhomanisi amangalela i-Social Democrats ngokuba nesaba futhi ehamba ngokusheshisa emphakathini, okubonakala ngokucacile emlandweni waseRussia.

Ukukhuluma ngokulingana, isikhundla sezinto ezibonakalayo sesigaba sokusebenza sesithuthukisiwe. Kodwa-ke, umbuso wezombangazwe owasungulwa eSoviet Union waqothula ngokuphelele amalungelo enkululeko nentando yeningi yabantu, esikhundleni sokuwandisa, njengoba i-Social Democrats ehlangene nayo yayiyofuna. Ngaphansi kweStalin, umbuso wobulungiswa obunobunye obuningi obuningi obunzima obunzima. Ngakho-ke, kunenkinga ephikisanayo ekuhlukanisweni kwamaqembu athile.

Ukungezwani komphakathi

Kusemkhakheni wezenhlalakahle ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kokuqala kungatholakala. Isobunxele sibhekisela okuthiwa yi-strata ethandwayo yabantu - abahluphekayo, cishe kungekho mhlaba. KwakunguKarl Marx owababiza ngokuthi ama-proletarians, futhi namuhla abizwa ngokuthi abasebenzi abashadile, okungukuthi, abantu abahlala kuphela kumholo.

Ukubukwa kwesokudla kuhlale kuqondiswa kubantu abazimele abangahlala edolobheni nasezindaweni zasemaphandleni, kodwa umhlaba wabo noma izindlela zokukhiqiza (ezitolo, ibhizinisi, workshop, njll), okungukuthi, baphoqelela abanye ukuba basebenze noma Zisebenzele ngokwabo.

Ngokwemvelo, akukho okuvimbela amaqembu afanele ukuxhumana ne-proletariat, kodwa hhayi kuqala. Lo umehluko uyindlela yokuqala yokwahlukana okuyisisekelo: ngakolunye uhlangothi kukhona ama-bourgeois, abaholi abahola phambili, abameleli bomsebenzi wamahhala, abanikazi bamabhizinisi ezentengiselwano nezimboni; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abalimi abampofu abampofu nabasebenzi abaqashiwe. Ngokwemvelo, umngcele ophakathi kwala makamu amabili ukhululekile futhi unganamathele, okubhekene nokugeleza okuvamile kwamafreyimu ukusuka kolunye uhlangothi kuya kolunye. Futhi, umuntu akufanele akhohlwe ngetlasi eliphakathi elidumile, eliyisifunda esiphakathi. Esikhathini sethu, lo mngcele usujwayelekile kakhulu.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemlando kanye nefilosofi

Kusukela kusukela ku-Revolution yesiFulentshi, umbono wezepolitiki ohlangothini lwesokunxele uye waqondiswa ezombusazwe ezishisayo kanye nezinguquko. Isimo samanje sezindaba asikaze sithole osopolitiki abanelisekile ngalolu hlobo, bebelokhu beye bafuna ushintsho nokuguquka. Ngakho-ke, ngakwesobunxele kubonisa ukuzibophezela nesifiso sokuthuthuka okusheshayo. Ukubukwa kwesokudla akuzona izithako zentuthuko, kubonisa isidingo sokuvikela nokubuyisela amanani asekude.

Ngenxa yalokho, kungenzeka ukugcina ukungqubuzana kwemikhuba emibili ephikisanayo - abalandeli bokuhamba nabalandeli be-oda, i-conservatism. Ngokwemvelo, umuntu akufanele akhohlwe ngobuningi bokuguquguquka nemithunzi. Ezombusazwe, abamele amaqembu ase-leftist babona indlela yokuqalisa ushintsho, ithuba lokubalekela esikhathini esidlule, ukushintsha konke okungenzeka. Amaphiko angakwesokudla, kodwa, bheka amandla njengendlela yokugcina ukuqhubeka okudingekayo.

Kuyini isici, kungenzeka futhi ukuqonda umehluko othile esimweni sengqondo ngokuqondene nalokho okwenzekayo ngokujwayelekile. Ngakwesobunxele kuvame ukukhombisa ukubonakala okucacile kwezetopia kanye ne-idealism, kuyilapho abaphikisi babo bengabonisi ngokungaqondakali kanye nama-pragmatists. Kodwa-ke, abalandeli abanokoqobo abawaziwayo bangaba fanatics abanomdlandla, nakuba beyingozi kakhulu.

Umehluko wezombangazwe

Sekuyisikhathi eside, osombusazwe bezombusazwe baye bazibonakalisa bebalwela izithakazelo ezidumile kanye nabamele kuphela izinyunyana, amaqembu kanye nezinhlangano zabasebenzi kanye nabalimi. Abalungile, nakuba ngokusobala bengabonakali ukudelela kwabo abantu, bangabalandeli bezwe labo bomhlaba, inhloko yombuso, ukuzinikela emcimbini wesizwe. Ekugcineni, akuzona izezwa ezibizwa ngokuthi abakhulumeli ngemibono kazwelonke (ngokuvamile bajwayele ubuzwe, ubugunyazi kanye nokucwaswa kwabantu), kanye nabaphikisi babo bezombangazwe - imibono ye-republic. Ngokwenzayo, zombili izinhlangothi zingabamba kokubili umbono wentando yeningi futhi zisebenzise izindlela ezicacile zokuthinteka.

Uhlobo olwedlulele lokuhlala njalo lungabizwa ngokuthi umbuso wezizwe oziqine ngokuqinile (isibonelo, iRussia yesiThathu), kanye ne-leftism - i-anarchism ehlukumezayo efuna ukubhubhisa noma yikuphi amandla.

Umehluko wezomnotho

Imibono yezombangazwe engakwesokunxele ibhekwa ukungabi nhlobo kwezimali zezimali. Abathwali bawo baphoqeleka ukuba babekezelele, ngoba basalithemba umbuso ngaphezu kwemakethe. Bayabingelelisa ngokuzijabulisa ngokuzijabulisa, futhi babheka ngokuzisola okukhulu ekuzimele.

Labo bezombangazwe abanombono ophiko olufanele bakholelwa ukuthi yimakethe eyisizathu esiyinhloko ekuthuthukiseni umbuso kanye nomnotho jikelele emhlabeni jikelele. Ngokwemvelo, i-capitalism ihlangana nomdlandla kule ndawo, futhi zonke izinhlobo zokuzibandakanya - ngokugxekwa okubukhali nokungavumelani. Lokhu akuvimbeli u-nationalist ukuba abe umsekeli wombuso onamandla nokuqinisa umkhakha kahulumeni emazingeni ahlukene omnotho, futhi umuntu onokubukwa kwesokunxele yi-libertarian (ehambisana nomakethe omkhulu wamahhala). Kodwa-ke, izintshumayelo eziyinhloko zihlala zingenakunyakaziswa: umqondo wesimo esinamandla ungakwesobunxele, futhi ubudlelwane bomakethe mahhala buya ngakwesokudla; Umnotho ohleliwe ungakwesokunxele, futhi ukuncintisana nokuncintisana kulungile.

Umehluko emibonweni yokuziphatha

Imibono yezombangazwe kwesobunxele neyiqiniso nayo ihluke emibono yabo kumbuzo kazwelonke. Lowo owayengummeli we-anthropocentrism kanye nobuntu bendabuko. Lezi zimemezelo zimemezela imibono yento ekahle eyobusa umuntu ngamunye. Kulapha ukuthi izimpande ziningi zenkolo yeqiniso kanye nokukholelwa kuNkulunkulu okungamanga. Omunye umehluko ukubaluleka kobuzwe bokuqala kanye nesidingo sokuba amazwe omhlaba kanye ne-cosmopolitanism.