Tribune abantu - kungcono ... History of Rome Lasendulo

Umzabalazo Social bekulokhu ezithakazelisayo kuya abacwaningi, futhi umlando eRoma lasendulo elaba isikhungo ososayensi ucwaningo phakathi Yempucuko. IziNyathelo ezinqwabelene kusukela isembozo cishe zonke izici kwezombusazwe, amasiko nezomnotho yenkosi, iRepublican nezikhathi Imperial. Ngenxa yalokho engaphelele yomzabalazo wezigaba phakathi engenamandla futhi onamandla onke plebeians patricians, isikhundla esisha eyenzelwe ukuvikela kwezakhi engezansi sabantu.

Umsuka Beqondiswa imikhandlu Institute

Tribune abantu - kuba ihhovisi yokuqokwa Injongo ogama main kwaba ukunikeza isivikelo esingokomthetho abantu abavamile kusukela nangobudlova iziphathimandla.

Plebeians - cishe disenfranchised isigaba sabantu, lapho kwamiswa ngenxa ezimpini zomphakathi. Babefanele ilungelo itulo ezincane. Kodwa on the plebeians wafuna ukudweba amandla lombuso waseRoma, zafuna ukumbeka ibutho neqhaza elikhulu. Ngokokuqala ngqá nenye kwezakhi ephakeme nengezansi labantu kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokubusa ka Servius Tullius. Yena ngilunge uhlelo zokuphatha - esikhundleni izizwe tribal indawo wafika. Labantu besilisa lahlukaniswa laba 6 izingcezu, kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka bobukhosi, iziphathimandla ukhetho abangu cishe iqedwe, kodwa imihlangano yesifunda ethandwa baqala ukubuthana ne ukusungulwa republic. Comitia zekhulu esikhundleni uyinkosi futhi u-amandla afanayo. Patricia silawula yonke imikhakha amandla iSigele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo yashubisa emzabalazweni amalungelo plebeians - befuna amathuba alinganayo kanye patricians empilweni yomphakathi, wafuna nomkhawulo iphesenti izikweletu. Ngo 494 BC. e. - e wokumelana iSigele - the plebs kwenzekani eNtabeni oNgcwele. Kwakuwusuku secession kuqala. Umkhandlu Wezigele ukwenze ezivuna futhi bavunyelwe ukuba ahlele futhi ukwethula okuthunyelwe ka imantshi abavikeli kwamalungelo abantu.

Lisho ukuthini igama elithi "induna enkulu abantu"? Lisuselwa welithi "isizwe" - umphakathi eRoma. Ngakho shayela abamele abantu abavamile, abameli bayo, akhethwe unyaka ngamunye.

Umzabalazo wamalungelo

I plebeians bakwazi ukumelana ahlomile, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi abantu abaningi babe ku-ibutho saphuza amakhono. Tribune abantu - lena isikhundla ukuthi Kuvezwe ngenxa yomkhankaso ngokumelene patricians. Lesi sakamuva ayesezithendeni futhi wenza ukuqashelwa. Kodwa akubona bonke bakujabulela kumiswa iposi elisha. Umzabalazo Fierce zalwa Marcius Coriolanus - owethulwe impi okukhulu. Le mpi samiswa ngesicelo the patricians ngokwabo, ababefuna ukwenza ukuthula. Khona-ke waba baqonda ukuthi incazelo yegama elithi "induna enkulu abantu" empeleni - hhayi nje kwehhovisi kobuholi, kodwa umphumela emzabalazweni kanye nezifiso bonke abantu waseRoma ukungalingani. Umzabalazo Social uye wasibonisa ukuvumelana indawo entsha namandla akhe.

Amandla nemisebenzi

Umsebenzi main kwaba ukuvikela amalungelo abantu abavamile - the plebs. Beqondiswa imikhandlu okungaphazamisa ngesinqumo somkhandlu wedolobha, umphakathi nezigele. Abanaso igunya kuphela ngaphezu censors kanye bomashiqela. amalungelo abo eshiwo ku kungenzeka ilungelo likasihlalo lokunqabela, izimantshi esihle, izakhamuzi ezivamile ezibangela ukwephulwa ahlukahlukene. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ziye zathola namalungelo zomthetho.

Kweminyango yendlu bakhe kwakumelwe ihlale ivulekile ukuba abantu - induna yabantu, umuntu ongcwele eRoma, waphoqeleka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ukuze basekelwe nokuvikelwa ukuze labo ababedinga ukuphiliswa. Singasho ukuthi sasihlobene eRoma - kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba bawushiye lowo muzi isikhathi esingaphezu kosuku.

Lesi sikhundla laliyisikhungo ukuthuthukiswa imibono yeningi kanye nezifiso. Kodwa umsebenzi baye njalo, kungenjalo le ngxabano yabangela ukuba yokujama tsi kanye nokungakwazi ukuba afihle lokho ayikho isixazululo olulodwa. Ngezinye izikhathi ezihlukahlukene, amandla kanye namalungelo zihlukile futhi kancane kancane wanyamalala ngesikhathi umbuso.

Kutfutfukiswa iposi elisha

Nge imvume evela induna we plebeians izitha bekulokhu kukhule njalo. Iningi emikhulu umzabalazo wokulwa kwabo okwaholela uhlanga patritsialny Apiev Claudian. Kwezikhathi izenzakalo kwesikhathi republic wafunda esikoleni, indaba ephathwayo - "IRoma sidilizwa" (Libanga 5).

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lo Beqondiswa imikhandlu ayemaningi - inombolo sekuphenduke 10. Phakathi nokubusa okuthunyelwe decemvir uyekwa okwesikhashana. I ukuvuselelwa kwe-Beqondiswa imikhandlu ngenxa ukwamukelwa imithetho «amatafula XII." Baye washintsha lukhulu: amalungelo, amandla, Ukwakheka izizwe.

Ngokusho imithetho Valeria Horace nhlolo-vo waba amandla lonke. Tribune wabantu eRoma kancane kancane yazuza amandla okushaya imithetho. Ngokushesha, wayevunyelwa ukuba ukungalingani umshado plebeians futhi patricians. Ngu IV ekhulwini BC. e. comitia Beqondiswa imikhandlu waqala isishayamthetho. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukunqoba okukhulu yafinyelelwa - ukuthola isiqephu sendawo kusuka "ensimini jikelele" emazweni ayenqotshiwe, izikweletu yayiya uhlupho olukhulu kuhulumeni. I plebeians bakwazi ufanelekele yomnyango inxusa - waba Licinius stolons kuqala. Ukuze BC IV leminyaka. e. induna enkulu abantu - kuba ubuqotho inhlangano yomphakathi ilungelo ngokusuka zomthetho.

Nakuba imithetho omkhulu

UGayu no uTiberiyu Gracchus - abantu Beqondiswa imikhandlu, ngubani wakwazi ukuthatha imithetho ezivusa amadlingozi kunazo ezihlobene isimo wezolimo kuleli zwe. umsebenzi okhethekile ukusebenza umthethosivivinywa yadalwa. Ingqikithi isiphakamiso - ukusungulwa ezweni, ngenxa okuyinto emakhulwini amaningi wakhula azi ocebile futhi uyithumele abantu. ISishayamthetho Sikazwelonke lidlule umthetho, kodwa patricians aqala ukuyibheka njengengcono ukumelana nemithi ahlomile. UTiberiyu wabulawa, kodwa imisebenzi yakhe aqhubeka Guy.

Nokho, Wabuye wakhethwa induna enkulu abantu, baba nomhlangano inqubomgomo ehlukile. Imilayo yakhe nezimo xaxa mayelana zonke izingqimba. kabusha yeKambiso wabaphakamisa nabagibeli, cishe lokuhlobanisa ithonya labo ubukhulu senators. Guy wafaka eningi ukuze adale amakoloni emazweni aphesheya. Umgomo wakhe oyinhloko kwakuwukushumayela iCarthage.

Umsebenzi Guy bethukile patricians. Umkhandlu Wezigele wanika bakhethe Gracchus isitha, ngenxa ye wezinguquko sigameko kuphinde kwabulawa - ukuze isigqila sakhe siqu babulala ofayo isilonda yesikhulumi. Lesi sinqumo sathathwa ngenxa kokufa abasekeli Guy sika empini ahlomile ehamba ngezinqola iSigele. Izinguquko wokupha wabazalwane Gracchi anqotshwa.

kweminyaka eminingi yokwehla

ISigele kancane kancane kungagcini amalungelo Beqondiswa imikhandlu. Isikhathi esifushane, ngenxa ukuphikiswa we optimates futhi ethandwa, ithonya labo nokuqashelwa ziye zanda futhi. Kodwa inkinga ezweni kungalungiswanga hit udumo induna sika. Livius Drusus umzamo ukuqaphela bill yabo kwezolimo yaphela abanamanxeba abulalayo - wabulawa.

Buthaka lo Beqondiswa imikhandlu kanye umashiqela Cornelius Sulla. Ngokomthetho, Umkhandlu Wezigele kwakufanele baqaphele netinyatselo ngekwemtsetfo. A induna enkulu ayikwazanga isicelo isikhundla ngenhla. Ezikhathini abameleli Crassus futhi uPompey okwesikhashana zonke amalungelo babebuyela.

Isikhundla ilahlekelwe incazelo yayo yangaphambili ngemva kokuza amandla Yuliya Tsezarya - wamemezela yena induna enkulu abantu phakade. Zonke sababusi wenza okufanayo. Ekugcineni, isikhundla unyamalale BC III ekhulwini. e. Tribune abantu - kwaba uwukuphela iminonjana eRoma republic kwesikhathi ukuthuthukiswa.