Ukuphuza izikhungo eRussia

Russia namuhla ubhekwa njengomunye ukuphuza izwe kakhulu emhlabeni. Abanye abavumelani nalokhu isitatimende, kanti abanye, ngisho uyaziqhenya, futhi abanye angathathi hlangothi. Kodwa lapho uqala ukuvela Ukuphuza izikhungo eRussia? Owaba wezinguquko? Sizozama ukubheka le ndaba.

Nokudakwa - waphakade okuphambene Russian?

Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi ukuphuza ukusungulwa esase sikhona kakade ezinsukwini ubudala, sekukhona, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, kusukela ekuqaleni kumiswa isimo, kanye ongumlimi Russian kakade wayengumlutha wotshwala. Kodwa lokhu akulona icala. Rusichi washisa kuphela ephansi utshwala iziphuzo we amandla esingeqile 1-6%: Braga, uju, ubhiya, phisa. umphumela zabo ngokushesha iphele. Ngesikhathi ubudlelwane amasiko eByzantium eRussia okungenisiwe obomvu iwayini ngesiGreki, elalisetshenziswa kuphela ngamaholide enkolo phakathi kwabantu "okungcono" we ubukhulu. Kodwa lezi iziphuzo kwakungafanele enamandla kakhulu - hhayi ngaphezulu kuka-12%, kanti futhi zazisetshenziswa kuphela buhlanjululwe ngamanzi, kanye-ke benza eGreece waseByzantium. Lapho-ke sengathi ukuphuza izikhungo lokuqala eRussia? Indlela Bonke baqala?

Sakusihlwa - isiko kwesikhulu

Old epics isiRashiya, yezinganekwane izindaba ingasaphathwa emadilini kwesikhulu lapho "Izibhebhe zazingumsebenzi ngokugcwele." Lawa kwakungamadodana emadilini yangasese, owahlela izikhulu boyars yakhe. imibuthano efanayo ngokuthi "Bratchina", futhi abesifazane babengavunyelwe kubo. Kodwa kwakukhona izenzakalo lapho ubulili buthaka wayekhona, futhi edilini elinjalo, kulesi simo ngokuthi "Clubbing". Kuze kube manje, igama elinjalo itholakala ngolimi lolukhulunywako loluvakalako, "ukudlala isikhwama", okusho ukuthi ukwabelana izindleko ngokulinganayo, ukuthenga okuthile ndawonye, nakuba ngokuya izinkulumo ezinjalo zinyamalala. Futhi siya emuva kuncike yethu.

I iziphuzo ethandwa kakhulu kulezo zenzakalo e Rus lasendulo babengene:

• iwayini Olubomvu eByzantium (kuze amaMongol ahlasele).
• Beer.
• Kvass, okuyinto, eqinisweni, wawufana ubhiya ukunambitha.
• Med. Lisho ukuthini igama elithi olimini lwanamuhla lisho "Mead." Ngezinye izikhathi senza intuthuko - "uju heady", kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi.
• Braga. Empeleni ngenza uju, kodwa ingezwe ngamancozuncozu, ngoba ushukela wayengakamazi khona.

Iziphuzo wenza ngokuzimela egcekeni ngalinye kwesikhulu noma boyar.

"Pituh hhayi axoshe!", Noma wokuqala ukuphuza izikhungo eRussia

Ukuvulwa lokuqala olusemthethweni "Amabha" ongakaphathelani igama uPeter Omkhulu, abaningi bangase bacabange ngokushesha, kodwa nomunye uhlamvu impikiswano emlandweni wethu - Ivanom Groznym.

Ngemva ukuthunjwa Kazan ukuphuza izikhungo yaqala ukubonakala eMoscow ngokuthi zokucima ukoma. Ngemva kwesikhashana baqala ukubizwa ngokuthi "zindlu yenkosi", "izindlu kruzhechnyh." Kwakungenxa nje phakathi nekhulu le-18 befika kwencazelo "ukuphuza izindawo".

Nakuvulwa izikhungo efanayo iziphuzo ekhaya seziyekile ukukhiqiza. Wonke umuntu efuna ukuchitha isikhathi esithe endaweni ophithizelayo.

A Eqinisweni curious kakhulu ukuthi amayunithi wokuqala esemthethweni ketshezi ababebizelwe kusukela "Amabha" lokuqala: ibhakede, unyawo, mug, njll ..

Zona efanayo igama elithi "yokucima ukoma" Tatar umsuka lalisho ukuthi "yezihambi". Okungukuthi, ekuqaleni kwaba ihhotela ngowokuqala nonogada kanye amasosha, okwathi Kondliwa ezihlukahlukene izinhlobo zophuzo oludakayo.

Kodwa ukoma waqala ukuheha nomphakathi jikelele, kanye nemali yokudayisa utshwala endaweni yomcebo kakhulu.

"Pituh (kusuka elithi" isiphuzo ") kusuka yokucima ukoma le Tsar ayizange axoshe, kruzhechny iqoqo ukuthatha ngokumelene inzuzo odlule", - uthi isinqumo sikahulumeni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iziphathimandla eMoscow State hhayi kuphela akazange alwe ukuluthwa utshwala kuleli zwe, kodwa kunalokho, ukuthuthukisa lezi zikhungo futhi ukhuthaze ukusetshenziswa kotshwala emphakathini uwonke. Amagama ezinkantini zazihlukile: "yokucima ukoma Big Tsar sika", "ikhandlela Inextinguishable." Kodwa wonke amalungu omndeni khona ngokomthetho ngokuthi "yokucima ukoma Tsar sika", futhi kusukela ngo-1651 - "amayadi angu kruzhechnyh." Kwakungenxa nje ngo-1765-m abizwa ngokuthi "ukuphuza ekhaya."

Eyokuqala "imithetho ezomile" ngesiRashiya

Isimo umlutha wotshwala isungule kakhulu kangangokuthi Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich waphoqeleka ukuba abize i Zemsky Sobor, linqume isiphetho "Amabha" enjalo. Iziphathimandla ngokuhlakanipha yanciphisa inani izikhungo ezifana, futhi ukuthengisa ethengiwe bavunyelwe akukho engaphezu kweyodwa izinkomishi. Kodwa akulula njalo ukuba unqobe lo mkhuba wabantu. Vodka wathenga amabhakede, kusukela namuhla amabhodlela evamile kwakungeyona elula. Elinye ezinjalo "anika ukuphila, ingcosana yamanzi" noma "iwayini ashisayo" kunesithembiso mayelana 14 amalitha isiphuzo.

Abathandwayo Eqinisweni: isisindo kunqunywa izinga likagologo. Uma ebhakedeni esingamakhilogremu 30 (mayelana 13,6 kg), utshwala sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi asezingeni elifanele, hhayi buhlanjululwe. Uma ngaphezulu - umnikazi esabalindele disassembly ezinzima. By the way, namuhla kungenzeka iphendukele zindlela yokuqinisekisa. Omunye ilitha okumsulwa 40% vodka kufanele acabangisise kahle 953 amagremu.

Pubs eduze - zokudlela evulekile

Kusukela 1881, kuye kwaba noshintsho qualitative kwinqubomgomo utshwala isimo. Pubs kusukela manje ivaliwe. Kodwa esikhundleni kukhona endlini encane yomphakathi - pub noma yokucima ukoma (ekuqaleni leli gama lase lisetshenziselwa yenza). Kwakukhona umehluko ezimbalwa:

1. Ngaphezu utshwala, baqala ukuthengisa ukudla okulula, futhi azikaze wayekwenza.
2. Ibe esinakho isimo kuleli zwe, ngakho-ke, inhlangano efanayo waphoqeleka ukuthatha imvume ekhethekile ithengise futhi uthenge utshwala kuphela embuso amabhizinisi Distilleries.

Mendeleev "yasungulwa" le vodka?

Ngaleso sikhathi, kuba wahlela ukuba kube umsebenzi okhethekile eliholwa usokhemisi odumile Mendeleev. It enquma ukuthi ukugxilisa labantu isiko ukuphuza, ukuba 'sifunde ukubheka vodka njengoba isici idili, kunokuba njengendlela yokuthola okubangela ukudakwa ezinzima futhi lokukhohlwa. "

Ngokusobala-ke, ezweni lakithi Inganekwane evamile ukuthi kwaba Mendeleev "yasungulwa" likagologo. Empeleni akunjalo. Wayengumuntu okokuqala leli gama, ezingeni olusemthethweni, waqala ukubiza olunamandla oludakayo kuphela. Ngaphambi ukuthi lalibizwa ehlukile: ". Umlilo mkhulu kunokhalo amanzi" "iwayini abilisiwe", "isinkwa newayini", "helmsman", Igama elithi "vodka" isitsotsi kubhekwe phambi lokhu kuvela "amanzi" amancane, "mkhulu kunokhalo amanzi" futhi wasetshenziswa kuphela maqondana izidakamizwa isithako nomuthi esekelwe utshwala. Ngakho, kubhekwa ukuthi vodka "yasungulwa" wemithi yethu abadumile. Kodwa kuyafaneleka ukuthi Mendeleev alethwe yesimanje elilungile ngezabelo isiphuzo: 40-45% utshwala, lonke - amanzi.

Izinkinga kungukuthi ixazululwe

kabusha Excise kuye kwaholela nomphumela ohlukile: ukufaka esikhundleni imikhiqizo izinga okusezingeni ukuza ezishibhile amazambane vodka isezingeni abampofu, njengoba izimboni eziningana evunyiwe wasebenza noma ukuthekelisa noma imithi ibutho.

Ngemva inguquko wavalwa ngokuphelele ukuhweba utshwala, kodwa yokuthengisa yayo ziyaqhubeka kusukela 1924. Ngemva kwalokho, omunye kwazanywa faka "umthetho ezomile" esikhathini ukulungiswa, kodwa le nqubomgomo uye wonakalisa kuphela utshwala qualitative kuleli zwe, ezifana Republic njengoba Georgia ne Moldova kwasala kancane ucabanga, njengoba amaphesenti enkulu nepahla ethunyelwa eenarheni zangaphandle iwayini izinto newayini.