Ukwahlukanisa Imininingwane imithombo. Yini imingcele asetshenziselwa ngezigaba kolwazi imithombo

Ekhulwini leminyaka yethu esebenza nge-computer endaweni ekhethekile empilweni umphakathi uthatha nomqondo ulwazi. Isetshenziswa esigabeni samanje lokuthuthukiswa kwabantu ipharamitha ngezigaba kolwazi imithombo zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Yingakho ungathola izinhlobo eziningana esasihlukanisa idatha ulwazi ngezigaba kanye namaqembu. Nokho, ngokuvamile, Ukwahlukaniswa Imininingwane izinsiza emhlabeni nganoma yisiphi indlela ukuhlukana cishe kuyafana. Umehluko kungenzeka kuphela kokushesha okunemibandela lapho uhlobo oluthile lwemininingwane imithombo (IR) singasetshenziswa eyabelwe kunoma yiliphi iqembu ngezizathu subjective.

Umqondo Imininingwane imithombo kanye ngezigaba zabo (izinhlobo eziyisisekelo)

Uma ubheka nomqondo Imininingwane nolwazi imithombo ngomqondo ebanzi migomo, zingase kwachazwa ngokuthi uhlobo ulwazi mayelana nezwe, ezenzeka ke icubungula, abantu, izinto, imicimbi, izenzakalo, amaqiniso, nokunye. E., Kungakhathaliseki ifomu zokubukwa, umuntu uthola bese ubonisa engqondweni yakho.

Ngakho, umthombo ulwazi ubhekwa amafayela idokhumenti noma amadokhumenti ezithathwe eceleni, okuyinto zigcinwa izinhlelo abafanele (idatha amabhange, internet, imitapo, izisekelo, zomlando, izixhumanisi, njll).

Ukwahlukanisa Imininingwane izinsiza Kwenziwa nokusetshenziswa okunye okudingekayo eziyisisekelo noma izimfanelo evumela ukwabelana R & D kwi amakilasi amakhulu ambalwa, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, yi-degree of ukutholakala: evulekile (umphakathi), ivaliwe (ngokufinyelela okunqunyelwe), ulwazi lomuntu siqu. Kodwa lezi zindlela ukuze R & D division of the izinhlobo eziyisisekelo akugcini.

Izinhlobo zolwazi imithombo kanye ngezigaba zabo

Ku-samuntu enwetshiwe xaxa, yilelo nalelo libe nesigaba ngemacembu esiyolandelwa ikhumbula criteria ezengeziwe. Ngokuyinhloko, kufanele kuphawulwe lapha esigabeni samanje ekukhuleni komphakathi nomqondo ulwazi, noma MI, kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa imibhalo (okubizwa ngokuthi ulwazi documentary). Kuyaqondakala ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo ulwazi aqoshiwe noma egcinwe kwi uhlobo oluthile abezindaba (wokunyathelisa, ikhompyutha abezindaba, amaseva, imigudu yokuxhumana, nokunye. D.).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, eceleni isicelo nemingcele ezifana ngokuhlelwa ngezigaba kolwazi imithombo division yabo ku umile neselula.

Izikhombisi-main ngezigaba R & D

Uma sikhuluma izinkomba main e-R & D division zibe amakilasi ngokuvumelana kokushesha, ungakwazi ukuhlangabezana eningi imibono ehlukene.

Nokho, kuzo zonke lezo izizathu libabiza Imininingwane imithombo, ungakhetha eyisisekelo kunazo:

• ukudalwa umthombo;
• ngezinga of ukufinyelela;
• inhloso yazo;
• -indlela isethulo kanye nohlobo yenethiwekhi;
• ngesimo ubunikazi;
• by indlela yenhlangano kanye isitoreji;
• okuqukethwe;
• olimini kazwelonke futhi ngesisekelo indawo noma ezindawo;
• ezingeni temakhono, nokunye. d.

Ikilasi enkulu kunazo zonke kuwuphawu okuqukethwe. Lokhu kuzoxoxwa ngakho ngokwehlukile. Cabangela ezinye izigaba.

Phakathi imithombo yokudala IR ukuhlukanisa zamabanga aphansi naphezulu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwehlukana (undocumented) ulwazi lomthetho futhi okungezona esemthethweni isiphumile lokulawula ngokuya kwezinkambiso zomthetho.

Lesi sigaba kusekelwe ukufinyelela kungaba ulwazi, obala noma ngasese nge ukungena kuwo (isibonelo, uhulumeni, Umbuso indawo, izimfihlo kwezohwebo noma idatha yomuntu siqu).

Ngo earmarking avame ukuyibona okulandelayo Imininingwane izinsiza :

• siqu;
• yenkampani;
• izinsiza ibhizinisi;
• abezindaba;
• inqubomgomo;
• imfundo;
• kwamasiko;
• izinsiza izinhlangano nezikhungo;
• amasevisi, kanye nezinsiza;
• Ezokuzijabulisa;
• ezemidlalo;
• ukuzilibazisa;
• emabhodini;
• Isofthiwe kwisitoreji semidiya, nokunye. D.

Manje ake sibone ukuthi yini imingcele asetshenziselwa ngezigaba kolwazi imithombo-indlela isethulo.

Ngokuvamile, lokhu kuhlanganisa nomqondo (imibhalo izincwadi, amaphephandaba, omagazini mashinopechatnye) kanzima amakhophi, la mandla kazibuthe kanye electronic (digital) abezindaba (umsindo, ividiyo, wezithombe ifilimu, amadiski compact, kumadivayisi inkumbulo esikhiphekayo, ngemoto ikhompyutha kanzima) futhi izindlela zokuxhumana (umsakazo, i-TV, ku-intanethi).

Phakathi ovelele bayo ngasese (yangasese, webhizinisi), nomasipala, federal, ngokuhlanganyela (collective), a gugu lesizwe.

Ngamagama kwenhlangano kanye ukugcinwa kolwazi imithombo kusigaba ngokwengxenye okuhlobene izinhlobo yabezindaba (ukuphrinta abezindaba digital), futhi siphinde sihlinzekele nezinhlelo ezihlanganisa nomqondo imitapo, izisekelo, zomlando, yolwazi, amafayela idokhumenti namafomu ezenzakalelayo.

Nge kazwelonke-indawo sivelaphi, ngicabanga, yonke into icacile, kodwa ngokuya ngezinga temakhono besigaba senziwa ngesisekelo ukuma ngenxa okuningi noma umsebenzisi okhokhelwayo.

Izinhlobo izifundo nomqondo R & D

Ngokuphathelene R & D izinhlangano, lapha kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• bamazwe noma abantu lizwe ababhekwa njengezakhamuzi zalo;
• inhlangano;
• izitho kahle kwemandla embuso kuwo wonke amazinga.

Ukwahlukanisa okuqukethwe

Cabanga kwesigaba elikhulu ukusatshalaliswa IR - okuqukethwe - njengesibonelo ngezigaba kolwazi imithombo ngemibandela ethize. Ngokuvamile-ke, lihlanganisa amaqembu ezilandelayo:

• izincwadi thematic nesayensi;
• Imininingwane ingemuva;
• ukukhangisa;
• izindaba;
• ukushicilelwa lwempilo.

Uma ubheka lezi zici Kuthi ebanzi njengesibonelo, omunye division:

• ulwazi lebhizinisi (ezomnotho, ezezimali, ezohwebo, ibhizinisi, izibalo);
• setepolitiki Imininingwane yezomthetho futhi;
• ezesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe;
• umthengi kanye nezinye abezindaba;
• ukuthengiselana electronic;
• Computing kanye nezokuxhumana.

Ngokwemvelo, iyiphi ngezigaba kolwazi imithombo ahlinzekwa namuhla isabelo sokwaba R & D ngezizathu ezithile kungase kungafani nokunye okufana nakho. Nokho, okwamanje sinesithakazelo ngaphezulu ulwazi electronic.

I izinhlobo ezinkulu zolwazi electronic

Ukwahlukanisa Imininingwane imithombo (computer ngqo kuleli amaphuzu) esimweni jikelele kuhilela izinhlobo ezimbili eyinhloko IR umbandela izindlela yokusetshenziswa:

• ku-inthanethi - ukufinyelela ngqo iseva idokhumenti nge inethiwekhi;
• ngaphandle kwe-intanethi - usebenzisa imibhalo, yolwazi, noma izingxenyana zazo ngesimo amakhophi idatha eyinhloko kusukela kuseva, egcinwe kwi zokuxhumana ezisebenzisa ugesi.

Ngomqondo othile, i-electronic ulwazi kusigaba kuthi akufane nokwenzeka ukwehlukana okuqukethwe, kodwa ngaphezu kukhona iphrofayela emakethe software:

• isofthiwe kokuthengisa;
• isofthiwe khulula (freeware), okubandakanya imikhiqizo evulekile-umthombo (GNU ilayisensi GPL);
• shareware (shareware).

Ngenxa kwalokho eminye, eminye imithombo ithi ukhombise wemboni amasevisi ulwazi kanye nensizakalo.

Umqondo idokhumenti ngogesi

Idokodo yalolu hlobo ezimweni eziningi bayaqaphela bodokotela ulwazi olunikeziwe elektroniki, ukuze bezibona okuyinto amasistimu e-elekthronikhi kanye ne-computing futhi ukudluliswa - zokuxhumana kanye namathuluzi zokuxhumana.

Lolu hlobo ulwazi kungenziwa imelelwa amafayela ehlukile, yolwazi, kanye afanayo noma izinhlelo ezenzakalelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubaluleke ngokukhethekile luyimfanelo zomthetho ukusetshenziswa semthethweni kwemibhalo ethile, kutfolwa kwetitifiketi kanye isitifiketi izinhlelo, kanye nokuvikelwa kolwazi ngasiphi ezingeni kanye nohlobo ukufinyelela.

Ukwahlukanisa Imininingwane ku-inthanethi

Ukwahlukanisa electronic ulwazi izinsiza kungaba ngokuphelele akuphelele uma hhayi wakhuluma ngezinto i-Internet, ngoba namuhla iningi kwemibhalo electronic akhona.

Nazi ezinye zindlela eziyisisekelo:

• isethulo (amakhasi ewebhu, ulwazi, kanye amaseva ifayela, izizinda zemininingwane Amaqembu ezindaba);
• kwezilimi indawo ngesisekelo;
• okuqukethwe kanye t. d.

Izinhlobo izinsiza Inthanethi

Izinhlobo kanye ngezigaba kolwazi imithombo ezemfundo inqubo yemfundo zidingidwa imininingwane eyanele. Nokho, ungakwazi ukuletha ezinye izithasiselo zihlanganisa ukusatshalaliswa R & D ku amakilasi nomqondo izinhlobo ezengeziwe ku-intanethi.

Njengomthetho, phakathi nenqubo yilezi ezilandelayo:

• futhi ukuphelela obusebenzayo okuqukethwe;
• Isimiso nokuxhumana nge umsebenzisi (ulwazi, interactive);
• degree of ukufinyelela.

Okuqukethwe amasayithi zisakazwa encane (ikhasi sikubeke nge ulwazi oluyisisekelo), blogs (Amakhasi siqu), amasayithi yokukhangisa (ukukhangisa kwezimpahla namasevisi), izitolo electronic kanye nezinsizakalo, amasayithi ulwazi nge ethile indaba ephathwayo, web inthanethi (izinsiza ezinkulu noma kwi-Inthanethi -soobschestva), emahhovisi ezinkampani (ezishintshayo izinkampani), ukuphathwa kwebhizinisi izinhlelo, internet edidiyelwe kanye intranet (yangaphakathi nakunethiwekhi zangaphandle).

Esikhathini nokuxhumana umsebenzisi angakwazi ukuhlukanisa lezi zinhlobo eR & D, njengoba ulwazi (thatha omagazini, abezindaba, kuyithelevishini, emsakazweni), isicelo (umtapo online nesofthiwe isitoreji database ne ikhono thwebula, izinjini), oqondile-zokuxhumana (ukuxhumana nomphakathi, Inthanethi -soobschestva), ukuzijabulisa (imidlalo, umculo, amavidiyo, amahlaya nokunye. d.), commercial (amasayithi namasevisi ezikhokhelwayo izitolo inthanethi), IR isethulo ukukhangisa.

Uma sikhuluma ngezinga elithile lungeneke, lokhu umbandela kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukwabelana R & D ku umphakathi (livulekele bonke abasebenzisi ngaphandle kokukhetha), i-intranethi ye (ukufinyelela abasebenzi kwanoma iyiphi inhlangano ngaphakathi intranet), extra-inethiwekhi (sibekwe ku-inthanethi, kodwa ukufinyelela has a inani elilinganiselwe labasebenzisi ).

amasevisi Imininingwane

Ekugcineni, kufanele futhi ishiwo zolwazi. Kwasekuqaleni kulesi sigaba ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana amasevisi sokufuna futhi ngokucubungula ulwazi, elikhiphe ngesicelo kunoma iyiphi inhlobo umqulu kanye nolwazi USB.

Eyesibili kwesigaba ezibaluleke kakhulu wukunikezela ukusetshenziswa kwe-Internet, yolwazi kanye Ais, ukufinyelela ku-intanethi noma amanethiwekhi nokuxhumana kolwazi, kanye nokusetshenziswa e-mail kanye isevisi yokubamba (kumiswa Amakhasi siqu).

Ukuvikelwa IR

Futhi, akubuzwa ukuthi iyiphi R & D kufanele ivikeleke ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu, futhi kuba ngokuphelele mehluko ukuthi uhlobo basonta, futhi kungakhathaliseki medium lapho zigcinwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphansi kwesivikelo kungaqondakala futhi isici zomthetho (komthetho welungelo lobunikazi, amalayisense, isitifiketi), kanye uhlelo kusho ngesimo software unqulo wesi arab noma firewall (zokuvikela - isofthiwe noma 'nensimbi'), i-cryptographic ukubethelwa kwedatha ubuchwepheshe noma uxhumano nokunye. .

isiphetho

Njengoba singabona kusukela ngenhla, ngezigaba kolwazi imithombo kungaholela impela eningi, ikakhulukazi uma acabangele lenqwaba criteria ehlukahlukene ukuthi singasetshenziswa esimweni ngasinye. Nakanjani ukuthi ezithile ezivamile ngokwahlukana TS kuzigaba abafanele embodiments ezahlukene ingase ibe khona ehlukile. Nokho, ngokuvamile zonke zicishe zifane kakhulu futhi unezinto eziningi nobabili. Ekugcineni, wonke amakilasi R & D ingxenye enkulu kuhlobene eduze, futhi sanikwa kuphela ingxenye encane konke angabhekwa, uma ucacise noma yiluphi uhlobo oluthile IR.