Ukwahlukanisa isakhi sofuzo - kwesakhiwo obusebenzayo

GMO, ukuxilongwa okufanele kwangaphambi kokubeletha, kulungiswa DNA cloning - eningi ubuchwepheshe nesizayo ixhunyiwe nale isayensi. Gene ngezigaba kwenza kwaba lula ukufunda izici zabo namakhono ushintsho. Ngakho, lokho waziwa ngazo namuhla?

zezakhi zofuzo

Kuwo wonke cell zonke izinto eziphilayo ukuphila uqukethe lonke ulwazi mayelana nakho. Kulesi theory kufanele ngokwanele ukuze bakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha ikhophi esiqondile. Futhi zonke sibonga DNA empeleni kuyinto ipasipoti zofuzo. Nge amasampula akhe, esingaziletha eside izinto eziphilayo kwezilwane nezitshalo ukumisa ukushabalala kwalabo abafuna kusengozini.

Gene - lisisakhiwo yezinto ezibonakalayo. sitholwa njengefa. Banezela kuze kube ezinye abakhulu, futhi zona, ezakha i-molecule ye-DNA. Empeleni, zonke isiqeshana ke - liyisici ikhodi ngesimo ekulandelaneni nucleotide okuyinto lubhalwe ngekhodi futhi lonke ulwazi mayelana umzimba. Futhi isayensi iphenya ukuthi uluphi ulwazi, yini imisebenzi amayunithi ngazinye, yini ngezigaba kwesakhiwo obusebenzayo zezakhi zofuzo nezinye izinto ezihlobene, kuyinto ngokulinganiswa ayemncane, kodwa kakade bakwazi ukufakazela isidingo yayo futhi ubonise zinethuba lokuthuthuka.

cwaningo

Iqiniso lokuthi ezinye izingane ifa izici kubazali babo kanye nomndeni ebanzi, sekuyisikhathi eside lwaziwa. Nokho, isikhathi eside akukacaci ngokuphelele lokho indlela yokudlulisela ulwazi mayelana nokubukeka, uhlamvu, izifo abazali izingane, abazukulu nenzalo eyengeziwe. Kulesi sigaba kuwufanele kokukhuluma Mendel abadumile washayelwa imithetho ilifa ngezici ezithile, nakuba ngingazazi kwenzeka kanjani.

A impumelelo kulolu cwaningo zezakhi zofuzo isibe Kuxhomeke isikhathi kusukela lapho kufika microscopes. Esitokisini nuclei atholakele lapho kuhlala khona isintu babekwazi ukubheka indaba emashumini. Ezithakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi ukuvulwa okwesikhathi eside ososayensi isikhathi ngokoqobo ngaphansi amakhala ethu, kodwa ngenkani abazange bakuqaphele kuye.

Iqiniso lokuthi DNA yaqale ezikhonjwe emuva 1868. Kodwa kuze kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu XX, izazi zezinto eziphilayo eziningi ayeqiniseka ukuthi yalolu ketshezi has a phosphorus amafa umsebenzi emzimbeni, futhi ayifuni ukudlala indima Igumbi egcwele ukwaziswa kwesimiso sezakhi ngakho. Ngeminye ucwaningo ukuthi wabonisa ukuthi injongo eyinhloko DNA Kwakuseshwa phakathi kwekhulu. Kodwa imodi yokudlulisa i nohlaka ketshezi yaqhubeka ingaziwa.

Kulungiswa ufuzo

Kususelwa izifundo by Maurice Wilkins futhi URosalind Franklin ngo-1953, uFrancis Dzheyms Uotson futhi Crick hypothesized ukuthi DNA nge-double helix. Kamuva lo mbono kwafakazelani, okuyiwona ososayensi bathola uMklomelo KaNobel.

Manje ngaphambi kokuba isayensi ebhekene umsebenzi kulungiswa ngonyaka zofuzo, esizokwenza ukuphendula imibuzo eminingi. Lapha, esimweni kangenanga kuphela biology, kodwa physics kanye mathematics. Indlela ukufaka ikhodi emashumini ayikaziwa, kodwa kwacaca ukuthi triplet, okungukuthi, lakhiwe ngemalunga lamatsatfu-nucleotide ingxenye. Ngo-1965 ekugcineni siqala ukuqonda incazelo zonke amayunithi ngokuthi codons. Cipher utholakale eshaywe waze.

Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi ososayensi abazange baqhubeke izimfihlakalo. Ucwaningo luyaqhubeka, kodwa ngezigaba zezakhi zofuzo kanye cwaningo kwabo kwakungijabulisa imininingwane eminingi ubunjalo ezinye izifo nezindlela wokwelashwa kwazo. Manje abantu bedlula igazi, ungathola ukuthi yini lena izifo basengozini, kungakhathaliseki ingozi ifa oyedwa noma ezinye izinkinga zempilo kuphezulu kubazali babo awanike izingane. Lokhu kuye kwaba negalelo intuthuko sina ezindaweni eziningi imithi.

isakhi sofuzo umsebenzi

Lapho injongo DNA kucaca, ososayensi abanesifiso umbuzo yini okushiwo ucezu ikhodi ngalinye it unesibopho, lokho icubungula emzimbeni iqala. Futhi kwaphela amashumi eminyaka wahlanganyela ukuba sifune izimpendulo, abacwaningi abaningi. Phakathi naso sonke lesi sikhathi, kwaba sobala, okokuqala, ukuthi isakhi sofuzo - lena akuyona iyunithi indivisible kolwazi zofuzo, kanti okwesibili, ukuthi amalungiselelo nekutfutfuka kwelizinga ososayensi edinga ukunwetshwa.

It yethulwa i-magama ambalwa ezokwenza kubonise kangcono ngamazwi izinqubo ezenzeka umkhuba. Kodwa yonke imisebenzi isakhi sofuzo futhi wahlala unjalo, izwi nezwi sasivumela ezingacacile - ukuhlanganiswa kwezici amaprotheni polypeptides. Njalo ucezu DNA unesibopho nempahla yabo ethile, futhi kuthinta indlela umzimba, ezimweni eziningi kunzima ukusho. Abacwaningi Kusafanele ukusebenza kanzima ukuze bakwazi ukusho ukuthi izakhi zofuzo ezithile, isibonelo, banesibopho umbala wamehlo, isikhumba ezinhle futhi ezinye izici inhliziyo. Konke nzima izakhiwo ezithile ze-DNA.

ngeengaba

Kusobala ukuthi iyunithi DNA ngamunye wenza umsebenzi ezinye ethize, noma ngabe ayikaziwa futhi esintwini. Kusukela le kwesisekelo, esigabeni yesimanje kwesakhiwo obusebenzayo lokhu ngezakhi ezingamaqoqo. Isetshenziselwa avame, kodwa kunezinye, ezikhethekile ngaphezulu, futhi kucatshangelwa ezinye izici ezithile ezifundeni ezithile ze-DNA. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kusho ngezigaba zezakhi zofuzo: kwesakhiwo zokulawula (functional). Ngayinye yalezi zinhlobo, kungazisiza ahlukaniswe abe amaqembu. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nabalawuli ukuhlukanisa modifiers, suppressors, inhibitor, njll

division izakhi zofuzo nazo esetshenziswa umbandela we nomthelela ukusebenza, lokusho, amayunithi ebulalayo isigamu-ebulalayo nezinguzunga hlangothi.

umehluko oyisisekelo

ngenhla nje ngezigaba ezivamile zezakhi zofuzo ukuthi kuhlolwe. izingxenye wezakhiwo futhi functional DNA, ngokusho kwakhe, abhekene ngeziqu zamehlo, kodwa empeleni akunjalo. Abakwazi ukusebenza yedwa, amaqembu alezi zinhlanga kubalulekile ngendlela yalo.

zezakhi zofuzo Bezakhiwe banesibopho synthesis oqondile amaprotheni kubalulekile nama-amino acid. Nabalawuli kuthinte ukusebenza kwabo, ukulawula KU yabo futhi OFF ngesikhathi ukuthuthukiswa, kanye wahlanganyela Lapho kudalwa ezinye excipients. Ngu ubunjalo umthelela wabo ingxenye kwesakhiwo, bahlukene zibe inhibitor, suppressors, enhancers futhi modifiers. Umsebenzi wabo ikuvumela ukuba asheshise noma ukubambezela ukuthuthukiswa kwezici ezithile.

izakhiwo

Ngamunye iyunithi DNA enezinto eziningi izici, okukuvumela iprotheni-molecule encane ukuze encode lonke ulwazi mayelana umzimba:

1. Leyehlukene. isakhi ngasinye uba kweyunithi ezimele.
2. Ukuzinza. Uma ungaphenduki ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo samanje, noma kwenye ingxenye DNA awadlulisela izizukulwane ezizayo njengoba yayinjalo.
3. Ngokucacile. isakhi ngasinye kuthinta ukuthuthukiswa trait ethile.
4. Nokushintsha kokudla nokufakwa. Ukushintsha inani zofuzo i umzimba kuholela yokuphula (isib Down Syndrome - okwandisa inani lezakhi zofuzo).
5. Pleiotropy. Ikhono isakhi esisodwa ukukhuthaza izici eziningana.

Kusekhona bakufunde. Yebo, ososayensi Kuningi esesikwenzile ngokufunda DNA, futhi ngcono ukuqonda lapho ngezigaba zezakhi zofuzo sesakhiwe. uhlangothi wezakhiwo futhi zokulawula, besebenza ndawonye, ukuqonda indlela wekhodi - kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule kwaba boom yangempela ukuthuthukiswa wezinto eziphilayo. Kodwa kusekhona kunokuningi okufanele sikufunde.

Amathemba sokuthuthukiswa isayensi

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi zofuzo kuyinto isayensi ngokulinganiswa ayemncane, kuyacaca kakade ukuthi ulinde ngokuzuma. Ukwelashwa kwezifo okwakubhekwa njengokungcolile ongenafu, ekuthuthukiseni izindawo zezitshalo nezilwane, okuvumela atfutfukise tekulima, sokubuyiselwa zezinto eziphilayo - konke lokhu kungenzeka khona manje. I umkhawulo main kuya phambili ukufunda, ucwaningo, futhi obusingethwe ukuphila - izimiso zokuhle. nezindaba zokuziphatha nazo esintwini, ukufunda ukuphatha ukwaziswa okubhalwe DNA akukaqondakali ngokugcwele.