Ukwelashwa nokuvikelwa izakhamuzi: inkathi ukuba siyicabangele. Ukwephula ngokuya nokucutshungulwa kwezikhalo izakhamuzi '

Umthetho we-Federal No. 59-FZ ulawula inqubo enjengokucubungula kwezicelo zabantu ngabanye nezinhlangano ezihlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zombuso. Yimiphi imigomo yokucubungula kwezikhalo zezakhamuzi zaseRussian Federation nezinye izimo ezibucayi ezivela kulezi zinsuku zomthetho, kucatshangwa kulesi sihloko.

Okuncane mayelana nomthetho kanye nelungelo lokwelashwa

Lo mthetho wesifunda wadluliselwa ngumzimba wezomthetho weRussia Federation ngo-2006, kodwa abantu abaningi abasazi ngalokhu, ukuthi amalungelo abo avikelwe yini naleli dokhumenti evamile. Yisiphi isikhathi sokucubungula izicelo zezakhamuzi esingafunda kuloluhlelo lwezomthetho.

Noma yisiphi isakhamuzi ngokuhambisana nezithakazelo zakhe, esinikezwe yi-Supreme Law of Russia - uMthethosisekelo, ukhululekile ukufaka isicelo kunoma yiliphi igunya likahulumeni noma likamasipala, kokubili ngendlela ebhalwe phansi nangomlomo, ukuze uthole noma yikuphi ukucaciswa noma ukucubungula kwezinye izinkinga. Leli lungelo alilondelwe nguMthethosisekelo kuphela, kodwa futhi ngumthetho ochazwe ngenhla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, idokhumende evamile ithi isebenza kubantu abangezakhamuzi zakwamanye amazwe, kanye nalabo abangenabo yisakhamuzi nhlobo.

Umbuthano wabantu abanikezwe ngokomthetho kulabo abanelungelo lezicelo ezinjalo kakhulu kakhulu. Ihlanganisa izakhamuzi ezijwayelekile, ngabanye, nezinhlangano, njengezinkampani zomthetho, kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlangano zezakhamuzi, izinhlangano, izinyunyana kanye nezinto ezinjengezo.

Ilungelo lokukhalaza

Njengoba kucatshangwa yi-Federal Law ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa kwezicelo zezakhamizi, kunqunywa ukuthi noma yimuphi umuntu angazimela ngokuzimela noma yimuphi umzimba wombuso, kumasipala kamasipala noma afake isicelo sebhizinisi elingekho emthethweni elisebenza imisebenzi yomphakathi. Kulo muntu, izikhulu zidinga ukunikeza izimpendulo eziphelele kuzo zonke imibuzo. Ngokwemvelo, lezi zinkinga kufanele zibe nokucabangela futhi zisekhono lomzimba abaqondiswa kuwo.

Leli lungelo lezakhamuzi lihlukile ngoba likhululekile futhi lizithandela, nakuba izikhalazo ezinjalo zezakhamuzi, isikhathi sokucubungula okucutshungulwa ngezansi, angeke neze ziphule amalungelo nenkululeko yabanye abantu besithathu. Umuntu othakazelisayo uphoqelekile ukusebenzisa ilungelo lakhe ngokukholwa, ngaphandle kwalokho, akakwazi ukuthola kuphela impendulo kuphela, kodwa futhi kufanele abekwe icala uma ebangela umonakalo komuntu ngezenzo zakhe.

I-terminology

Umthetho wesifundazwe ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa kwezicelo zezakhamizi, ngaphambi kokunquma amalungelo abo nezibopho zabo, okuvela ngemuva kwezikhalazo, kuchaza igama elisetshenziswe kulo. Amagama afakwe kulo ajwayelekile kuwo wonke umuntu, kodwa akubona wonke umuntu owazi ukuthi uphathwa kanjani ngumthethosisekelo.

Ngakho-ke, isenzo somthetho esivamile esimisiwe sichaza ngaphansi kwegama elithi "isikhalazo" izenzo zesakhamuzi noma omunye umuntu, ngokubhala noma ngokusebenzisa imidiya ye-electronic-digital, athumele isikhalazo, isitatimende, isiphakamiso nokunye okufana nombuso noma omunye umzimba. Ngamanye amazwi, noma yimuphi umbhalo odinga impendulo, noma ngabe ubizwa, uzophathwa njengesikhalazo ngaphakathi kohlaka lomthetho obhekene nalo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhalazo siqondakala futhi sizwakalise izitatimende zomlomo, ezingabonakaliswa kunoma yikuphi okuphakathi. Isikhathi sokucutshungulwa kwezicelo zezakhamuzi zaseRussian Federation asixhomeki efomu lapho ithunyelwa khona emzimbeni wombuso.

Omunye umqondo olandela owokuqala futhi osetshenzisiwe kule dokhumenti evamile, evame ukusetshenziswa emini yansuku zonke, yisiphakamiso. Ngaleli gama, ummeli wezomthetho usho isincomo esithunyelwe yisakhamuzi noma inhlangano esemthethweni enhlanganweni kahulumeni ngenhloso yokunciphisa iziphathimandla ukwenza noma iziphi izichibiyelo, ukulungiswa noma izinguquko ezimisweni, nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni kanye nomphakathi wonke.

Isitatimende esinjalo, ngokucabangela imiqondo echazwe ngumzimba wezomthetho futhi ehlongozwe emthethweni, isicelo sesakhamuzi noma inhlangano. Okubalulekile kwesicelo esinjalo kungaba ukusiza izinhlaka zikahulumeni noma zomasipala ekubambeni nasekusebenziseni amalungelo alo asemthethweni, amalungelo omthethosisekelo. Isicelo singacacisa nokuvikelwa kwenkululeko yomthethosisekelo yezinye izakhamizi ezingafani ngisho nezihlobo zomfakisicelo. Ngaphezu kwalabo ababalwe esigabeni sezinhlelo zokusebenza, izikhalazo zezakhamizi zibhekwa, isikhathi sokucatshangwa esakhiwe ngumthetho, futhi lapho umuntu ecela ukuqeda noma yikuphi ukuphulwa kwemithetho, kubonisa ukungapheleli kwemibuso yesifunda kanye nokusebenza kabi kwezikhulu.

Uhlobo lokugcina lwezokwelapha olukhonjisiwe ku-glossary yomthetho wesifundazwe yisikhalazo. Leli gama liyaziwa ngabaningi futhi lisho isicelo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo isidingo sesakhamuzi noma somuntu wezomthetho sokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abo aphuliwe, ukucindezelwa kokuhlaselwa kwabo ngabanye abasesithathu noma izinceku zomphakathi.

Umthetho wokudluliswa kwezicelo ubhekisela kwisisebenzi njengesisebenzi sombuso wombuso noma kamasipala, oqhuba amandla ezohwebo, ezokuphatha, ezokuphatha kanye nezinhlangano nezinye. Lesi sigaba sinikezwe amandla kahulumeni nguhulumeni, ngakho-ke, ungummeleli walo mandla.

Amalungelo abantu lapho becubungula izicelo

Inqubo kanye nesikhathi sokucutshungulwa kwezicelo zezakhamuzi kuchazwa eMthethweni we-Federal, ngakho-ke ukwephulwa kwabo kuhlanganisa umthwalo osungulwe ngabenzi bokubi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Isigaba sesi-5 salomthetho sinquma amandla abafakizicelo kanye nezikhalazo eziphakama emva kokuba isikhalo sithunyelwe egunyeni lezwe elidingekayo. Phakathi kwamalungelo anjalo kukhona okulandelayo:

1. Ummangali noma isicelo sinelungelo lokuhambisa amanye amadokhumenti nolwazi egunyeni lapho lesi sikhalo sibhekwa khona ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa kwesicelo sakhe.
2. Umfakisicelo unelungelo lokucela nokufunwa eziphathweni zomzimba ogunyaziwe ukuba amnike imibhalo ayitholakalayo (uma lokhu kungaphikisani namanye amadokhumende okujwayelekile).
3. Isakhamuzi sinelungelo lokufuna izikhonzi zikahulumeni ukuthi zimsize ekufuneni amanye amadokhumenti nobufakazi, yena ngokwakhe ongakwazi ukuwuthola.
4. Umfakisicelo unelungelo lokubuyekeza zonke izinto zokwakha kanye nezincwadi ezazisetshenziswa abasebenzi bakahulumeni mayelana nokucubungula isicelo sakhe. Kulokhu, amadokhumende anjalo akufanele abe nemfihlo evikelwe ngumthetho.
5. Ilungelo elibaluleke kakhulu futhi elidingekile lomfakisicelo lilungelo lokuthola impendulo ngokuqiniswa kwesimo sombuso wombuso, ngokubhekiselwe emithethweni yomthetho wamanje, nezincomo zokuphuma kule nkinga. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umfakisicelo unelungelo lokufuna ukuthi lokho okuthiwa yisikhathi sokucutshungulwa kwezicelo zezakhamuzi ezibhekiswe ezigumbini ezibhekiswe kuzo.
6. Uma isakhamuzi sithumela isitatimende ngephutha kumuntu ogunyaziwe olubandakanya ukucutshungulwa kwenkinga ethize, khona-ke le nhlangano kumele yazise umfakisicelo ngalokhu futhi ithumele isicelo sayo enhlanganweni efanelekayo engayiphendula umbuzo obhalwe.
7. Uma izimangalo zomfakisicelo zinganelisekile, futhi uma enikezwa impendulo enganelisekile, isakhamuzi sinelungelo lokufaka isikhalazo esilandelayo ngesikhulu esiphakeme noma kumphathi oqondile noma ezinkantolo.
8. Umfakisicelo angabhala isicelo sokuqedwa kokucutshungulwa kwesicelo sakhe.

Isikhathi

Isikhathi sokucutshungulwa kwesicelo sezakhamizi enhlanganweni silawulwa ngokucacile ngu-mthetho. Awukwazi ukuhlala isikhathi eside kunomkhawulo omisiwe ngaphandle kokuthi, okwamanje, ahlala isikhathi eside. Ngokuvamile ngokwenza, izicelo nezikhalazo zabantu ngabanye zibhekwa njengezinyanga ezimbili, noma ngisho nezinyanga ezintathu. Kukhona izikhathi eziningi uma isicelo singafi nhlobo. Kodwa-ke, uma wazi isikhathi esinqunyiwe somthetho, ngemuva kwalokho umzimba wombuso ubophezelekile ukunikeza impendulo, ungawacela ngokuphepha ukuhambisana kwawo, futhi uma kungekho impendulo, xhumana nomshushisi ngokukhalaza ngokungenzi lutho.

Ngakho, isikhathi sokubheka isikhalazo esibhaliwe sezakhamuzi angeke sibe izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezingamashumi amathathu. Ukubalwa kwalesi sikhathi kuqala kusukela ngosuku lokubhalisa kwesicelo ehhovisi lomzimba wombuso. Ukuze ungaphuthelwa ngalesi sikhathi esinqunyiwe futhi uqaphele ukuqaliswa kwayo, kubalulekile ukufaka isicelo ngamakhophi amabili, okwesibili isisebenzi somhlangano kumele sibeke phansi inothi yokwamukelwa, sibonise isikhundla nesibongo somuntu owamukela lo dokhumenti, kanye nosuku okwenzeka ngalo.

Isikhathi esikhethekile sinquma ukucubungula isicelo esithunyelwe ngumfakisicelo kwisikhulu esiphezulu semfundo yesifundazwe yaseRussia, enolwazi mayelana namaqiniso okwephula umthetho wokufuduka. Isikhalo esinjalo ngesakhamuzi noma inhlangano kumele sicatshangelwe ngabantu abagunyaziwe ezinsukwini ezingamashumi amabili.

Umthetho unikeza izinhlaka zombuso kanye nezinye iziphathimandla ithuba elinjengethuba lokucubungula izicelo zesakhamuzi. Ngakho, ukunwetshwa okunjalo kungenzeka uma imibuzo equkethwe kuhlelo lokusebenza idinga ulwazi olwengeziwe kusuka kwezinye izinhlangano. Kulokhu, igunya okumelwe liphendule kumfakisicelo lithumela isicelo ezinhlanganweni ezinjalo ngesaziso esisodwa ngesikhathi sokwelulwa kwesicelo somenzi wesicelo. Ukwandiswa kwenkathi kuvunyelwe izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezinsuku ezingamashumi amathathu.

Ukubhekwa kwezikhalazo kanye nezicelo

Isikhathi sokucutshungulwa kwezikhalazo zesakhamuzi ehhovisi likashushisi noma eminye iminyango yombuso kuthonywa kakhulu yinkqubo yangaphakathi ehlelwe enhlanganweni, ngemuva kokuba umfakisicelo ebhalise isikhalo sakhe noma isicelo sakhe ehhovisi. Izenzo ezivamile emkhakheni wokuvikelwa kwamalungelo izakhamizi lapho zisebenzisa izigungu ezigunyaziwe zinikeza ukuthi izikhulu zalezo zinhlangano ziphoqelekile ukuba zibheke izinkinga noma iziphakamiso zomuntu osebenza nazo zonke izinhloso nokuqonda. Kuze kube sekugcineni, izinhlangano zombuso zinikezwa uhlu olubanzi lwamalungelo kunalokho okutholakala kubantu abavamile. Isibonelo, izinceku zikahulumeni zinelungelo lokucela cishe noma yiluphi ulwazi kusuka kwezinye izinhlangano. Yiqiniso, le nkululeko yokusebenza ikhawulelwe ekusebenzeni komsebenzi kanye nemfihlo evikelwe.

Uma amalungelo omuntu noma inkululeko ephuliwe futhi inceku yomphakathi isungule lokhu ekucubunguleni isikhalazo noma isicelo, unikezwa ilungelo lokuthatha izinyathelo ezidingekayo zokubuyisela lezi zintandokazi zomuntu eziphulwa.

Imisebenzi ethile ifakwe kulesi sikhulu. Umsebenzi walo oyinhloko ukunikeza impendulo ebhaliwe kwisikhalazo, ngokuchaza ngokucophelela isikhundla sikahulumeni. Esinye isibopho ukubika ukuthi isikhalazo sithunyelwe kwenye inhlangano ukuze sicatshangelwe.

Isikhathi sokubheka isikhalazo sesakhamuzi, njengoba kuboniswe ngenhla, izinsuku ezingamashumi amathathu. Kulesi simo, kunethuba lokunweba, uma ufuna ukuthumela isicelo kumuntu wesithathu. Ukumiswa komthetho kumuntu wesithathu, okungenzeka kube omunye umzimba wombuso, unesibopho sokulungiselela nokudlulisela impendulo kumphathi ocela ngaphakathi kwezinsuku eziyishumi nanhlanu.

Impendulo ingathunyelwa kwisakhamuzi kokubili ebhokisini leposi elicacisiwe, nakwekheli le-e-mail. Kuncike ekuthandweni komfakisicelo ngokwakhe.

Ezinye izimo ezingajwayelekile

Ngokwemvelo, akubona bonke abantu abahambisana nezidingo ezibekwe kwifomu nokuqukethwe kwezicelo nezikhalazo. Ngakho-ke, umthetho okhulunywa ngawo uvikela futhi amalungelo abasebenzi ababheke izicelo zezizakhamuzi. Ngakho-ke, uma kungekho ikheli lokubuyisela kuhlelo lokusebenza oluhanjisiwe noma aluziwa (alucaci idatha yomuntu ofaka isicelo), inceku yomphakathi inelungelo lokungaphenduli. Uma isitatimende esinjalo sinolwazi mayelana nobugebengu, khona-ke umuntu ogunyaziwe unesibopho sokuyithumela enhlanganweni engaphansi, njengoMnyango Wezangaphakathi, i-FSB, njll.

Isikhalazo asilungile, ngokusho kwesakhamuzi, isinqumo asicatshangwa yiziphathimandla. Ngesikhathi esingadluli izinsuku eziyisikhombisa, isisebenzi saleso nhlangano kufanele siphendule leso sikhalazo, lapho kuchaza khona ukuthi isinqumo senkantolo kufanele sikhulunywe kanjani (isikhalazo, i-cassation, njll).

Uma kukhona ulimi oluhlukumezayo kwisicelo sosakhamuzi, kufaka phakathi ulimi oluhlambalazayo, inceku yomphakathi inelungelo lokungaphenduli kuye noma ukunikeza impendulo yokuthi ukuziphatha okunjalo kwesakhamuzi akumukeleki.

Isikhalazo noma isitatimende, umbhalo ongasifundeki ngokuphelele, awudingi impendulo, futhi uma amakheli anjalo angakwazi ukubona ikheli nesibongo sesakhamuzi, khona-ke isaziso esilandelayo sokungakwazi ukulungiselela impendulo sithunyelwe kuye.

Kukhona okusebenzayo kanye nezikhathi lapho izakhamizi ezingenelisekile nganoma yisiphi isimo zithumela izicelo nezikhalazo ezigumbini zombuso ogunyaziwe ezinengxabano kanye nemibuzo efanayo. Uma lokhu kwenzeka kaningi, futhi impendulo kuyo yonke imibuzo enjalo isivele inikezwe isakhamuzi, khona-ke inhloko yenhlangano inelungelo lokuqeda ukuxhumana nomuntu onjalo. Isakhamuzi kufanele saziswe ngalokhu. Kodwa-ke, isinqumo esinjalo singenziwa uma izikhalazo zesakhamuzi zifika emzimbeni wombuso ofanayo futhi empeleni aziphathe lutho olusha.

Ukukhalaza kwezakhamuzi, isikhathi sokucatshangwa okungapheli isikhathi, futhi ukudalulwa kweminye imfihlo evikelwe (isibonelo, ibhange noma ukuhweba) kuyadingeka, futhi akucatshangwa ngokuqondene nomfakisicelo. Izinhlelo ezinjalo kufanele zinikezwe impendulo ebhaliwe.

Uma uqeda ukwehluleka okuqukethwe kulesi sicelo, isakhamuzi sinelungelo lokufaka isikhalazo.

Ukwamukela komuntu siqu

Enye yezinhlobo zezikhalazo yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukwamukelwa kwabantu ngabanye. It, njengoba umthetho, yenziwa izinhloko zenhlangano. Noma kunjalo, ilungelo elinjalo linganikwa abanye abantu abagunyaziwe. Amagrafu wokuthola abantu kufanele atholakale ngqo esikhungweni ngokwaso, nakwebhusayithi esemthethweni (uma ikhona).

Ukuze ufike ekwamukelwa okunjalo umuntu kufanele athathe naye ipasipoti noma enye idokhumenti ezoqinisekisa ukuthi ungubani. Isikhulu esamukela izakhamizi kumele sigcwalise ikhadi elikhethekile lapho engena khona izidingo, iziphakamiso, izikhalazo zesakhamuzi esasifaka ngomlomo. Uma yonke imibuzo kanye nezikhalazo zesakhamuzi kubonakala kumhloli futhi anganikeza impendulo ngokushesha, khona-ke kwenzeka, futhi inothi elifanayo lifakwa ekhadini lokumamukela. Uma ukulungiswa nokuhlaziywa kwalesi simo kuyadingeka ukuze uphendule, khona-ke impendulo ebhaliwe inikezwa kamuva. Isikhathi sokucabangela isikhalazo sesakhamuzi kulesi simo siyizinsuku ezingamashumi amathathu.

Kule ndawo yonke, ukwamukelwa komuntu siqu akufani neze ngendlela evela endleleni yokwelashwa okukhulunywe ngenhla. Umfakisicelo anganqaba ukuqhubeka nokuhlola isikhalazo uma izimpendulo zinikeziwe kakade.

Izakhamizi ezithile (izigaba ezikhungethwe umphakathi ezakhamizi) zinelungelo lokuthola okungavamile ngabaholi.

Uma leli gama liphulwa

Ukwephula ngokuya Ukucabangela izakhamuzi akuhileli umthwalo esungulwe yimithetho Russia. Uma usesimweni esinjalo senzeka, isakhamuzi sinelungelo ukubhala isikhalazo egunyeni eliphakeme, kanye ehhovisi lomshushisi. Ngokuvamile, uma amagama ziphuliwe ke igunya lokuphatha uzathatha izinyathelo, impendulo uzonikezwa isakhamuzi ngokushesha. Ukuze abahlukumeza ngenzé ukoniwa, kuthathwe izinyathelo eziqinile, okubandakanya izindlela ezihambisana nomthwalo wemfanelo kwezigwegwe. Lezi zingozi zihlanganisa ama comments usola ngisho kwemsebenti.

Ngaphansi edingidwayo nguMkhandlu umthetho kahulumeni kudinga ukuthi noma yikuphi ukwelashwa, ngaphandle amacala ezibalwe ngenhla, kube ekubuyekezweni saziso. Ezimweni ezithile, abasebenzi zomphakathi ngiye endaweni ephathelene nokwelashwa.

Ngakho, kwemigomo yokucabangela zabahlali - kuyinto esijezisekayo nguhulumende. Ukwazi lezi zici, ungakwazi kalula uzivikele kobugqila bakahulumeni abangathembekile.

ukulahlekelwa

umthetho Federal usungula imisebenzi hhayi kuphela ngenhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sivumele isishaya-mthetho kuchazwa ukuthi kungenzeka nokuvulwa umonakalo kusuka izigilamkhuba. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ukucela incazelo noma izikhalazo isakhamuzi ayethule waveza ulwazi olungamanga, ogunyazwe umzimba Uhulumeni kumuntu ofanele esikhathini esizayo ukuze silulame ngokusebenzisa izinkantolo izindleko ezivelayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isisebenzi ngasebenzi yenhlangano isimo, noma isazi, wenza okuphambene izidingo zomthetho, okubangela ukulahleka isakhamuzi osefake isicelo, kufanele likhokhe.

Ngakho, ukuhlolwa semthethweni izikhalazo ivikela ngokugcwele amalungelo abantu elihlobene ne izicelo, izikhalazo kanye neziphakamiso emagunyeni yomphakathi. Umuntu ngamunye kudingeka yazi ukuthi izikhalazo zezakhamizi, ethemini ye ngokucabangela okungakwazi kube kakhulu okungenani ezingaphezu kuka izinsuku ezingamashumi ayisithupha, kuncike ukucabangela eyisibopho kanye okudingeka iphendulwe uma wenza ikhumbula zonke izidingo zomthetho.