Umbono wezinto ezibonakalayo zombuso nomthetho

Imibono yezinto ezibonakalayo zemvelaphi yokuphila imelela impucuko njengelungelo eliphezulu ngokwanele lokuphatha amandla emvelo. Kubonisa ukufezeka kwentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, kunomthelela ekutholeni izinzuzo zemvelo. Ukusabalalisa kwemithelela kwakunempumelelo ebonakalayo enenzuzo empilweni yomphakathi. Kanye nalokhu okuchichima impahla akusho ukuthuthuka ngokomoya nangamasiko. Ngeke kuhlolwe noma njengokuziphatha okungahambisani nokuziphatha, noma njengokuziphatha okungaqondakali. Intuthuko yobuchwepheshe ibhekwa njengento engathathi hlangothi maqondana nezwe lamasiko.

Impucuko njengendaba yokucwaninga

Imfundiso yokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo yokuvela kwesiko ibheka impumelelo kwezobuchwepheshe ezimweni ezehlukene. Isibonelo, ukubaluleka kwemipumelelo yikhono lokunisela umhlaba wangaphambili ongapheli, kodwa futhi ukudala izikhali zokubhujiswa okukhulu. Umqondo wempucuko, njengombuso, uhlotshaniswa nezamasiko-ukungathathi hlangothi ekuthuthukiseni ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe. Ububanzi bokusetshenziswa kwalo bubanzi kakhulu. Umqondo wenkambiso, ngokuqondene nawo, uhambela kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka intuthuko engokomoya. Impucuko yinto yezinto ezibonakalayo, eguqulwa ngumuntu. Amasiko kubhekwa njengempahla yangaphakathi yomuntu, ukuhlolwa kwakhe kokuthuthukiswa okungokomoya, inkululeko noma ukucindezeleka, ukuthembela ngokuphelele emphakathini oseduze naye, noma ukuzimela kwakhe nokuzihlukanisa.

Isimo sengqondo sefilosofi yaseWestern

Emibhalweni yabacwaningi abaningi, ukuhlolwa okubi kakhulu kwento enjalo njengempucuko yembula. Lesi simo sengqondo ngokuthi "ubuhlungu besimasiko" saboniswa emisebenzini yakhe ngu-Spengler. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukuhlolwa okungalungile kuye kwaba namandla nakakhulu. Phakathi kwezinto ezimbi zempucuko, njengombuso, kukhona ukuthambekela kokumisa ukucabanga, kugxile ekuqineni okuphelele kwamaqiniso amukelwe emhlabeni jikelele. Ubizwa ngokuhlolwa okuphansi kokuqala nokuzimela kokubona, okubhekwa njengengozi yomphakathi. Uma kusuka kulo mbono wokubuka isiko ukugqugquzela ukwakheka kobuntu obuphelele, impucuko idala ilungu elihle lokugcina umthetho emphakathini. Uyaneliseka kuphela ngezibusiso ezinikezwa zona.

Impucuko ivame ukubonwa njengendlela efana nayo yokuhlala emadolobheni, ukucindezela kwemishini, ukuqhuma, umthombo wokungcoliswa kwezwe. Ngempela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukujula kwengqondo yomuntu kungena kanjani ezimfihleni zemvelo, izwe lakhe elingokomoya lihlala liyimfihlakalo. Isayensi nempucuko yodwa ayinakuhlinzeka inqubekela phambili yamasiko. Kunesidingo semfundo ethile engokomoya, ehambisana nokuziphatha okuhlukahlukene, ukuhlakanipha, ukuziphatha okuhle kwesintu sonke. Kumelwe benze njengezingxenye ezikhona zokuphila, kepha njengezingqimba ezizimele nezisebenzayo ngaphakathi kokuthuthukiswa kwenqubo yomlando.

Ukuhlelwa kwezemvelo

Ummeli oqhakazile we-materialist theory of the origin of state - Marx - ngokuphambene nezimpikiswano zamafilosofi emphakathini, ubeke isigaba esisha. Wabhekisela ekubeni khona kokubunjwa kwezenhlalo nezomnotho. Luwumphakathi osezingeni elithile lokuthuthukiswa komlando, ngezici ezihlukile. Uhlelo lokuqala lomphakathi, ubugqila, ama-feudalism, i-capitalism kanye ne-socialism yizici ezakha isiteji esisezingeni eliphezulu lokuziphendukela kwabantu. Uhlobo olunembile lomlando wesakhiwo sezenhlalakahle, oluthathwa ngobunye bezingxenye zalo - indlela yokukhiqiza, isimo sobuciko nesayensi, ukuhlukahluka konke nokucebile kwezwe elingokomoya, ukuxhumana komndeni, indlela yokuphila yabantu bonke - lokhu kungukubunjwa kwezenhlalakahle nezomnotho .

Ukwakhiwa kwesistimu

Bonke labo abameleli be-theory-Lenin, Engels, Marx kanye nabalandeli babo-bakhombisa ukuthi ukwakheka komphakathi kanye nezomnotho kunesakhiwo esibonakala ngokuyinhloko yizigaba ezinjengokuthi "isisekelo" nethi "superstructure". Lezi zakhi zenzelwe ukucacisa indlela ubudlelwane bokukhiqiza obuthinta ngayo ezinye izici zemisebenzi yabantu - ezomthetho, ezombusazwe nokunye. Ngamanye amazwi, inkolelo yokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo yemvelaphi yempucuko ibonisa ukuthi isisekelo kanye nesisekelo esiphezulu sabiwe kuphela ekunciphiseni ukuqonda isakhiwo somphakathi, ukucacisa ukusebenzisana kwe-effect. ULenin, ecacisa ukubaluleka kwalezi zigaba, wathi umqondo oyinhloko wombono wezinto ezibonakalayo womlando wukuthi ubudlelwane bezenhlalakahle buhlukaniswe njengengqondo nempahla. Isenzo sokuqala njenge-superstructure ngaphezu kwesibili.

Izinhlamvu zezigaba

Ithiyori yezinto ezibonakalayo ibheka isisekelo njengento ehlanganisiwe yobudlelwane bokukhiqiza okwenza uhlelo lomnotho lomphakathi. Yimodeli ecacile yezinhlobo zokuxhumana zenhlalo. I-superstructure, nayo, imelwe ngesimo semibono nobuhlobo obuhlobene nabo. Kubizwa nangokuthi iyinkimbinkimbi yezinhlangano nezikhungo ezihlanganisa imibono. Lezi zikhungo, ikakhulukazi, izinhlangano zezombusazwe, umbuso, izinyunyana, nezinye izinhlangano zomphakathi.

I-Nuance

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi isisekelo kanye nesakhiwo esingenasisekelo asikhiphi zonke izimo ezihlukahlukene ezenzeka empilweni yomphakathi. Isibonelo, izinto ezifana nesayensi, ezinye izigaba ezingokomoya, azikwazi ukuthathwa njengomkhiqizo wanoma iyiphi imodeli yomphakathi yomnotho. Lezi zenzakalo azikwazi ukuncika ezakhiweni zesisekelo. Ukulula okungekho emthethweni kuyoba ukufakwa kwesayensi ekwakheni isakhiwo sombuso esimweni esithile sezenhlalo nezomnotho. Kodwa-ke, nalokhu, ngokungangabazeki, kokubili ukusebenzisana kwezomnotho kanye nemibono kuthonya isimo somhlaba, ukuqondiswa kwentuthuko yalesi sigaba noma yolwazi.

Umbono wezinto ezibonakalayo wezwe, umthetho

Emqondweni kukhona imibono ecacile kakhulu. Ngokuyinhloko, kuvela ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukuvela kombuso kubangelwa izizathu zomnotho. Njengemibandela yohlu lokuhlukaniswa komphakathi kwabasebenzi, ukudala umkhiqizo owedlula wonke, ukuthuthukiswa kwempahla yangasese, bese ukuhlukaniswa kwemiphakathi ibe yizinkampani ezithintekayo ezomnotho. Ukubonakala kombuso ekuthuthukiseni okunjalo kuyisizathu somgomo. Isebenza njengesikhungo esisebenzisa izindlela ezikhethekile zokulawula nokucindezela, kuvimbela ukulwa kwamakilasi akhiwe futhi ikakhulukazi izithakazelo zezingqimba zomnotho ezikhona. Imfundiso yezinto ezibonakalayo zombuso ibeka phambili umbono wokuthi imfundo entsha ithathe indawo yezinhlanga. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhlelo lwamasiko lwasuswa esikhundleni sesimiso sezomthetho.

Okuqukethwe komqondo

Imfundiso yokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo zombuso ayifuni izikhungo ezintsha ngaphandle. Zonke zivela ngesisekelo sokuthuthukiswa komphakathi. Lokho kuhlotshaniswa nokwehla kwesimiso sokuqala, ukusakazwa kwempahla yangasese, ukuhlanganiswa kwezenhlalakahle zomphakathi kanye nemigqa yempahla (ukuvela kwabampofu nabacebile). Ngenxa yentuthuko, izintshisekelo zamakilasi ahlukene ziqala ukungqubuzana.

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, inhlangano yezizwe ayikwazanga ukuphatha. Kube nesidingo sokwakha isikhungo esinamandla. Kumele ukwazi ukuhlinzekela inzuzo yamalungu omphakathi ngokuphikisana nezidingo zabanye. Mayelana nalokhu, umphakathi oqukethe izingqikithi ezingalingani zezomnotho udala inhlangano ekhethekile. Isekela izithakazelo zezindawo ezifanelekile, kuyilapho zivimbela ukulwa kwamalungu ancike emphakathini. Umbuso usebenza njengenhlangano ekhethekile. Ngokusho kwabalandeli bomqondo, kuyinto yesikhashana nesikhathi esedlule. Ngokuqedwa kokuhlukana kwekilasi ekukhona kwegunya, ngeke kube nesidingo.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamafomu

Imfundiso yezinto ezibonakalayo ihlukanisa izinhlobo ezintathu zokuvela kwenhlangano yamandla:

1. I-Athenian (i-classical). Ngokuhambisana nalesi simodeli, ukuvela kombuso kunqunywe ngokuqondile futhi ikakhulukazi ngokuphikisana kwekilasi, okwakhiwa emphakathini.
2. IRoma. Leli fomu lokubukeka likahulumeni lihluke ngokuthi inhlangano yezinhlanga ishintshwe ibe yi-aristocracy evaliwe. Ihlukaniswe nobukhulu obunamandla nabaningi bama-plebeian. Ukunqoba kwalolu daba kubhubhisa uhlelo lwezinhlanga, emanxiweni lapho izwe livela khona.
3. IsiJalimane. Umbuso kulo modeli ubonakala njengomphumela wokunqoba indawo enkulu.

Uhlelo lwezomthetho kumqondo

Isimo sezomnotho kanye nomlingisi weklasi wezimiso zomthetho yisimiso esibaluleke kakhulu se- Marxist theory. Okuyinhloko yombono umqondo wokuthi umthetho umkhiqizo womphakathi. Yenza njengendlela yokuveza nokuhlanganiswa kwentando yeklasi ephethe umkhakha wezomnotho. Imfundiso yezinto ezibonakalayo ibonisa ukuthi ebuhlotsheni obusakhulayo, abantu abafanelekile kufanele batshale amandla abo ekubunjweni kwegunya futhi banikeze intando yabo ekukhulumeni jikelele ngendlela yomthetho. Ngamanye amazwi, ukudalwa nokukhona kwesimiso sezomthetho kufakwe ngesidingo sokuhlanganisa umthethonqubo wokulawula ukusebenzisana kwezenhlalakahle ngokwezinhloso ze-stratum ephezulu.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izimiso zokufunda izinto ezibonakalayo zenziwa emthethweni wasekhaya. Ngesisekelo sekilasi, isiphetho sathinteka ukuthi emphakathini ongekho isicatshangelwayo, intando yazo zonke izinhlangano ezinobungane eziholwa yizinhlangano ezisebenzayo zivezwa ohlelweni lwezomthetho.

Izilungiselelo

Imfundiso yezinto ezibonakalayo imemezela umthetho: kusuka kumuntu ngamunye - ngokusho kwamandla, isihloko ngasinye - ngokusho kwezidingo. Abantu kufanele bajwayele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zehostela. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, bazoqala ngokuzithandela ukusebenza ngokusho kwamakhono abo. Ithiyori yezinto ezibonakalayo ibeka ukulinganiselwa okuthile kwehlelo lomthetho. Zifinyelela esimweni somlando somphakathi weklasi. Umqondo uthi umthetho ngumcimbi osesikhathini eside. Kubalulekile emphakathini kuphela esigabeni esithile sokuthuthukiswa kwayo. Uma kwenzeka ukunyamalala kweklasi, kuzolahlekelwa inani layo lomphakathi.

Izici ezihle zomqondo

Njengenye yezimfanelo zokufunda izinto ezibonakalayo, kufanelekile ukukhuluma ngokuchazwa kwe-postulates ukuthi umthetho uyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuqinisekisa inkululeko yomnotho yendaba. Kuyindlela engakhethi yokuphatha ukusebenzisana nokukhiqizwa. Izisekelo zokuziphatha zesimiso sokujwayelekile emphakathini ophucukile zicabangela futhi ziveza izidingo zomgomo zokuthuthukiswa kwezenhlalakahle ngaphakathi kokuziphatha okuvunyelwe nokuvinjelwa kwabo bonke abahlanganyeli abathintekayo. Singabona futhi izinzuzo ezilandelayo zenkolelo yokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo:

1. Ukukhethwa kwezinqubo ezithile ezivunyelwe futhi ezingavunyelwe. Lokhu kwenzeke ukuthi iqiniso lokuthi abalandeli bomqondo babheka uhlelo lwezomthetho njengomthetho - isenzo esiyinkimbinkimbi yezenzo ezijwayelekile ezicacisiwe.
2. Ukuxhomekeka kwelungelo ezindabeni zomphakathi nezomnotho, okuba nethonya elibaluleke kakhulu kuwo, kuboniswa.
3. Ubuhlobo obuseduze buboniswa phakathi kwesistimu yezomthetho kanye negunya elisungula futhi liphoqele izindinganiso.

Izikhathi ezimbi

Kukhona futhi inhlonipho yokufunda izinto ezibonakalayo. Okokuqala futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, lo mqondo ugcizelela indima yeklasi ohlelweni lwezomthetho ukulimaza izinkambiso zomhlaba wonke. Ukuba khona komthetho kuvunyelwe kuhlaka lomlando. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo lwezomthetho luxhumene ngokuqinile nezici ezibonakalayo. Lokhu kugcizelela izinga lethonya kwezinye izimo ekubunjweni kwayo.