UMengameli wasePoland uLech Kaczynski: biography, umsebenzi wezepolitiki

Omunye wabopolitiki bomphakathi wanamuhla waseYurophu, umphikisi wenkululeko nentando yeningi wayengumongameli othandekayo wasePoland - uLech Kaczynski. Ngeshwa, impilo yakhe njengenqubomgomo yayingelula, futhi ukufa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi nokudabukisayo kwakungethusa ngempela hhayi ezweni lakhe lakubo kuphela, kodwa nangomphakathi jikelele. Ake sizame ukuhlaziya ukuthi ukushayeka kwezindiza kwenzeka kanjani eduze kwaseSmolensk. Ukufa kukaLech Kaczynski kwaba yinto enzima kumuntu wonke.

Ulwazi lomuntu

ULech Kaczynski wazalelwa enhloko - dolobha yasePoland (iWarsaw) ngoJuni 18, 1949 emndenini wezibalo eziqhubekayo nezishoshovu. Ubaba wayengu-engineer futhi wabamba iqhaza eMpini Yezwe Yesibili, futhi umama, ochwepheshe be-philologist, wayeyingxenye ekhuthele ekuvukeni kuka-1944 eWarsaw. ULek wayengeyena yedwa umntwana emndenini, futhi, wayenomfowabo wewele uJaroslav.

Imfundo:

ULech Kaczynski ubelokhu ekhuthele futhi ekhuthele, ephothula iziqu ezivela esikoleni esiphakeme futhi ngo-1966 wangena e-Faculty of Administration noMthetho eYunivesithi yaseWarsaw. Eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva waphumelela ngokuphumelelayo, futhi ngemva konyaka wathola i-master degree. Insizwa esebenzayo yayingakahlali ndawo, ihlale iqhaza empilweni yunivesithi kanye nedolobha, ibeke imigomo futhi izuze. Ngakho, emva kweminyaka embalwa nje, wavikela incwadi yakhe yokudokotela futhi ngokushesha wathola isihloko seprofesa.

Umsebenzi wezopolitiki

Umsebenzi wezepolitiki womongameli wesikhathi esizayo wasePoland waqala ezindongeni zaseYunivesithi yaseGdańsk, ikomidi lokuvikela abasebenzi. Ngaleso sikhathi (1977-1978) kwakubizwa ngokuthi yi-anti-communist anti-communist opposition. ULech Kaczynski wayehlale evikela izithakazelo zakhe futhi wasiza abanye, ngakho akumangalisi ukuthi wamiswa njengomeluleki eKomidini leGdansk Strike.

Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka engama-80, lapho isimo sesimo esiphuthumayo sisungulwa kulo lonke izwe, waboshwa cishe cishe unyaka. Kodwa lokhu akuzange kuphule umbhikisho wobulungiswa, kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, kubonakala sengathi, ukuqiniseka ukuthi amandla akhe okuguqula leli zwe libe ngcono. Mhlawumbe yilapho uhlelo lokwakha umsebenzi walo wezepolitiki kanye nokunyuka kwawo ekuqondeni kwezwe lwaluvuthiwe, ngoba ngale ndlela kuphela kungaba usizo emphakathini futhi kutholakale ubulungiswa.

Sekuyisikhathi eside enguNgqongqoshe Wezobulungiswa, wayengumholi we-National Security Bureau (ngaphansi kukaMongameli wasePoland). Ngo-2001, kanye nomfowabo, wasungula futhi wahola iqembu elibizwa ngokuthi "uMthetho noBulungiswa." Eqinisweni, lawa magama amabili kwaba yisiqubulo kanye nombono oyinhloko wokuhamba kwalo mbuso wezombangazwe, okwakuphela konyaka kwaholela uLech esikhundleni seMeya yaseWarsaw, futhi Iminyaka engama-4 - kumongameli wezwe. Ngo-2005, umhlaba wonke wafunda: "ULech Kaczynski ungumongameli wasePoland."

Ukubuka okuyisisekelo namanani

Umongameli omusha wasePoland wabiza intando yeningi futhi ngokusemandleni wayesevikela, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ezama ukubuyela empilweni yomphakathi izimiso zobuKristu kanye nokuziphatha kwangaphambili kobaba. Ngakho-ke, njengoba esengummeli, akaphikanga ngokucacile imishado efanayo yobulili obufanayo kanye nabancane abancane ngokocansi, kodwa futhi kanqabela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuqhutshwa kwezigameko ezinjalo eWarsaw. UMongameli uKaczynski uphinde wamelana nokukhipha isisu nokubulawa kwesisu, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo wasisekela isigwebo sokufa njengesilinganiso sokuvimbela izigebengu eziyingozi kakhulu.

Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ngemva kokunqotshwa okhethweni, umbuso waholwa ngumuntu oyedwa, kodwa wonke umbhangqwana weKaczynski. Futhi lokhu akumangalisi, ngoba kwakukhona njalo umzalwane oseduzane, ongazange nje ahole iqembu lezombusazwe eSenate, kodwa kamuva waba ngisho nongqongqoshe.

Emphakathini wanamuhla waseYurophu, isibalo seKaczynski kubhekwa njengokungacabangi. Futhi lokhu kubangelwa ikakhulukazi ubudlelwane obunzima neRussia Federation ngenxa yengozi e-Katyn nokwakhiwa kwephayiphi yegesi yeBaltic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa kwezenzo zeRussia Federation ngesikhathi sezenzakalo eNingizimu Ossetia, kanye nokusekelwa okujulile kuhulumeni waseGeorgia, kungenzeka ukuthi kunomthelela ekuhloleni kwenqubomgomo kaKaczynski.

Kungenzeka ukuthi indima ethile emisebenzini yezombusazwe yaseKaczynski yadlala ngesikhathi sokusayina ngo-2008 isimemezelo sokungena kwe-Ukraine ne-Georgia kuya ku-NATO. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uLev Kaczynski wavuma ukuthunyelwa kwezinhlelo ze-US anti-missile ensimini yasePoland, okwabangelwa ukungaqondi kahle kweRussian Federation. Ngaleso sikhathi, u-Dmitry Medvedev wathembisa ngokuqondile ukuthi iRussia izobe isusa uhlelo lwe-Iskander endaweni yesifunda saseKaliningrad. Futhi ngubani owazi ukuthi eminyakeni embalwa kamuva uLech Kaczynski uzobhubha. Inhlekelele yendiza yezindiza, ezobe ibanjwe yilo lonke elase-elite elibusayo kulelizwe, lalimangala ngokuphelele.

Ukufa okumangalisayo

Ngomhla ka-Ephreli 10, 2010, kwakukhona ukushayeka kwezindiza okubi kakhulu ngaseSmolensk. Ukufa kukaLech Kaczynski kwaba yinkinga yangempela. Ebhodini, ngaphezu kukaMongameli wePoland, kwakunabantu abangaphezu kuka-95, kuhlanganise nomkakhe kanye ne "top" kahulumeni (iziphathamandla kanye nabasenenenkulu). Ngeshwa, akekho umuntu oyedwa ongakwazi ukusinda.

Ngokusho kwedatha esemthethweni, indiza yawela ngamamitha angu-300 kuphela ukusuka emgwaqeni wezindiza zempi zaseRussia - eNyakatho. Njengoba kulindelwe, ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwa, ezimweni zokubonakala okubi kakhulu ngenxa ye-nebula, indiza yathunyelwa ukufika futhi yathinta umuthi lapho ingena, yayisizathu sokuwa kwayo. Cishe ngokushesha, umongameli waseRussian Federation wayala ukuba kudalwe iqembu ukuphenya izimbangela zokuphahlazeka kwezindiza kaLech Kaczynski.

Ngokusho kofakazi bokuzibonela, kwakungekho umlilo noma yimuphi omunye umlilo ebhodini. Kodwa amandla okuthinta indiza ngesikhathi sokuwa yayinkulu kakhulu kangangokuthi ngesikhathi esisodwa umsila wendiza wavela, engashiyi ithuba lokusindisa abagibeli.

Ukushayeka kwezindiza eduze kwaseSmolensk

Ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kubonakala sengathi kuqhuma umoya esikhumulweni sezindiza saseSeverny. Mhlawumbe, kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi ukufa kukaLech Kaczynski kwaba yinto exoxwa kakhulu kunazo zonke. Kule nhlekelele kwakukhona imibuzo eminingi kunezimpendulo. Umphakathi wawulahlekelwe, lokhu kwenzeka kanjani nokuthi yini noma obani ngempela obangela le nhlekelele: ukuhlangana okubuhlungu kwezimo noma izenzo ezihleliwe ngokucophelela?

Ngokusho kwedatha esemthethweni, indiza ethwele uMongameli wasePoland ebhodini ayitholanga imvume yokuhlala. Ngalolo suku, isiteleka sezindiza saseNingizimu savalwa ngisho. Abasebenzi babetusa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi bafike eMinsk noma eMoscow, kodwa naphezu kwalokhu, ibhodi yenza izindlela eziningana zokufika endaweni esiteshini sezindiza saseSmolensk. Kwakukhona inhlekelele.

Ngenxa yesimanje esingahle senzeke, ukufika kwezindiza ezithwele abantu bokuqala bezwe ebhodini kwakuhlelwe ukuthi kuqhutshwe emgwaqweni wezindiza zedolobha laseSmolensk "Severny". Ngokusho kwezakhamuzi zedolobha, lesi sikhumulo sezindiza siyisakhiwo sempi sezempi esingazange sisebenze isikhathi eside. Kodwa-ke, bekukhona ngemuva kokwenqaba ukulandela inkambo ehlongozwayo ukuthi kwenziwa umzamo wokutshala umxhumanisi womengameli.

Ngokusho "abantu" abathile, lesi sikhumbuzo sezindiza sasisesimweni "esimisiwe". Phakathi kwabasebenzi ababambe iqhaza ekusungulweni kwezindiza, kwakunezisebenzi ezimbalwa kuphela ezazibandakanyekile ekugcineni umgwaqo ngendlela efanele yobuchwepheshe. Ngokusho kwabo, naphezu kokuthi isikhumulo sezindiza siseduze nomuzi, kulo mhluko ngokuvamile ahamba ngezindiza. Futhi abamele abagunyaziwe beMnyango Wezokuvikela weRussia Federation esitatimendeni sabo esisemthethweni babonisa ukuthi isikhumulo sezindiza sisasebenza futhi sisebenza kahle. Futhi kwafika esikhumulweni sezindiza lapho uLech Kaczynski efika ngo-2007 ukuvakashela i-Katyn Memorial.

Imingcwabo

Ngakho uLech Kaczynski washona (asikwazi ukushicilela izithombe zomzimba ngezizathu ezaziwayo). Kodwa kumaphephandaba, inqubo yokungcwaba yayisondelene kahle. Futhi lokho kuyathakazelisa. Uma ubheka izithombe zomgogodla womngcwabo, kukhona nakanjani umuzwa we-deja vu. Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi uKaczynski kubonakala sengathi uphelele, kodwa njengalapha uyahamba phakathi komngcwabo? Lona ngumfowabo wewele.

Idatha yemlando: ukuhlaziywa kokusebenza kwe-TU-154

Ake sibone ukuthi kungani uLech Kaczynski washona. Ukuphahlazeka kwomoya okwenzeke ngaphezu kweSmolensk - iphethini noma ngokungahambi kahle? Ingxenye yabafundi ingase ibe nombono othobela ukuthi kungani umshayeli wezindiza ubhidlika. Nokho, ungathembeli ekuthembekeni okuphelele kwale mishini. Kusukela ngo-2001, lezindiza zihambisana nochungechunge lwezingozi. Isibonelo ngo-2001, lapho ibhodi elandela iTehran eya edolobheni laseYerevan liphahlazeka. Ngokusho kwedatha yokugcina yophenyo, bonke abantu abangu-153 babulawa, futhi ngokusho kombiko wezobuchwepheshe, iphutha labashayeli bezindiza yilona isizathu sokuwa kwezindiza.

Kwaphazamiseka okwezinye izintathu ngo-2001. Ngokwenziwe uphenyo, kwabulawa abantu abangu-145, 136 no-78, kuhlanganise namalungu abasebenzi. Kuleli cala, ngokusho kombiko wezindaba, imbangela yokuwa kwamabhanoyi ezimweni ezimbili kwakuyiphutha labaqeqeshi kanye nabaphenyi, futhi kuphela lapho kwenzeka khona indiza ephazamisekile ngenxa yokuthi lesi sigameko sitshontshiwe ngephutha ngesikhathi kusetshenziswa amabutho.

Ngo-2002, kwakukhona ukuphahlazeka kwezindiza ezimbili . Okwokuqala kwabo kwenzeka, ngokusho kombono wezobuchwepheshe, ngenxa yokusebenza kabi kwezobuchwepheshe. Kodwa ukulimala okwesibili kwenzeke, ngokusobala, ngenxa yephutha labahambisani ne-aircraft, njengoba kube khona ukushayisana ne "Boeing" endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-12.

Kulokhu, kungase kuthiwe, izinhlekelele ze-154 zaphela, ngaphandle kwesimo esasuka ngesikhathi kukhishwa izindiza ngo-Agasti 24, 2004. Ngaleso sikhathi, ebhanoyini emoyeni evela ezindizeni zezindiza "iSiberia" ne "Volga-Aviaexpress" cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo basebenzise amadivaysi amabili aqhuma abagibeli-ukuzibulala. Ngenxa yezinhlekelele, bonke abagibeli babulawa (46 no 44, ngokulandelana).

Ngo-2006, ngenxa yokungena kwesiphepho esiphezulu, ibhodi le-TU-154, eyahamba nge-Anapa-St. Petersburg, yawa. Ngemuva kokuba indiza ilahlekelwe ukulawula, wangena esicongweni sezindiza futhi waphahlazeka. Bonke abagibeli bezindiza bafa (abantu abangu-169, abangu-49 kubo abantwana nabasebenzi abangu-10).

Yiqiniso, ukukhishwa kwezindiza phezu kukaSmolensk kuvulekile, kanye nokufa kukaLech Kaczynski. Le nhlekelele, esekelwe emibhalweni yolwazi lokuqala eyatholwa, ibangelwa iphutha labaqhubi bezindiza. Kubonakala sengathi abaqhubi be-TU-154 abanamakhono anganele futhi bamane nje "abazi ukuthi" bahamba kanjani kule mishini, ngoba zonke izingozi zenzeke ngenxa yephutha labasebenzi. Futhi kungenzeka yini ukuthi ukuphathwa kwalezi zindiza kunzima kangangokuthi umshayeli wezindiza womphakathi olula angabaleka ? Iphuzu lesithathu, elingabonakaliswa - kungenzeka ukuthi ukuzenzekelayo kwezindiza akusebenzi kahle ngokwanele kokuhlelwa kwemigomo okuhlanganisiwe kuyo, noma akusebenzi kahle ezimweni ezibucayi.

Imemori yabantu

Ungacabangi ukuthi abantu, ngisho nangomunye umbuso, ngokushesha bakhohlwe lo mbusazwe nomholi wasePoland. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezine ukushayisana kwezindiza e-Ukraine, kwavela umgwaqo okuthiwa uLech Kaczynski. Ngakho-ke u-Odessa wabonisa ukududuzwa kwengozi eyenzekayo futhi wabonga inkumbulo yomholi wezwe lasePoland. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi kwakungesona isenzo sokubonisa, kodwa isinqumo esingafani sodwa samasekela e-Odessa City Council, eyathola ukwesekwa emazwini ajwayelekile - izakhamuzi zedolobha.

Izindaba zakamuva

Ngamhlanje isihloko siyiqiniso, ngoba azikho iziphetho ezicacile mayelana nesizathu sokufa kwabantu bokuqala bezwe. Zithini izindaba ezibonisa lesi simo? ULech Kaczynski (2015 - unyaka wesihlanu wokushona komongameli) wabulala ngaseSmolensk. Akekho owasinda. Kodwa isimo sasePoland saqhubeka nokuphenya izimbangela zengozi. Akukona konke okwenziwayo ukuhlolwa futhi akuzona zonke iziphetho ezithathwe mayelana nezizathu. Ngokusho kolwazi olusemthethweni, i-Poland yenze uphenyo ngalolu daba izinyanga eziyisithupha, ihlehlise isimemezelo sokugcina sezimbangela zokuphahlazeka ngo-Ephreli 10, 2016.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokubhekisela emibuthanweni "ethintana" kakhulu yophenyo, abameleli abasemthethweni boMbuso wasePoland bathi abazange bathole iziphetho ezengeziwe ezivela ochwepheshe abaphenya ngalolu daba.

Uhlangothi lwamaPoland lwakhipha ngokusemthethweni ukuthi izibalo ezingu-650 ziqoqwe ngokuphathelene nenhlekelele, enemvelo evulekile, kanye nemikhiqizo engu-120 etholakalayo kwimbuthano encane, okungukuthi, imfihlo ephezulu.

Isiphetho esiphelele

Isiphetho esisemthethweni asikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi singenasici. Empeleni, akukho ukuvumelanisa ngokuthi ukufa kukaLech Kaczynski kwenzeka kanjani. Ngokungangabazeki, umuntu kufanele athambekele embonweni ukuthi le nhlekelele yenzeke ngendlela engahleliwe futhi ayizange ithwale ukuphikiswa kwezombusazwe. Ukuhlaziywa kwemithombo eminingi nemibono akusho ukuthi noma yikuphi lapho kungase kube khona isimo sezombusazwe esimweni esenzeke. Yebo, okuningi okungenakuqondakala. Indiza eyingqayizivele nabantu bokuqala bombuso, ukwenqaba esikhumulweni sezindiza, ukugibela ukuphoqelelwa esiteshini esikhumulweni sezindiza esingalindelwe ... Kodwa ngemva kwakho konke, le nhlekelele iyinto enjalo, hhayi ejwayelekile. Ubani owaziyo, mhlawumbe yileyo ndlela izinkanyezi ezahlangana ngalo lelo hora esibhakabhakeni. Sizolinda ngo-Ephreli 10 ...