Inhloko-dolobha ye-Poland. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka inhlokodolobha Poland

Warsaw - dolobha yase-Poland. Kuyinto enkulu kunazo zonke endaweni kanye labantu edolobheni kuleli zwe. Ngemva umlilo lo Wawel Castle Korol Sigizmund Third ngaphambilini ukuhambisa isikhathi sokuhlala kwakhe kuyinto waseWarsaw. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1596. inhlokodolobha lasePoland empeleni idluliselwe edolobheni ecacisiwe. Noma kunjalo, wathola ilungelo elingokomthetho kuphela emva Ukwamukelwa koMthethosisekelo ngo-1791.

idatha etymological

zezilimi eziningi nezazi-mlando bayaqiniseka ukuthi idolobha ukweleta ivelaphi tiphawulo sebuniyo «Warszowa» (noma «Warszewa»), kwakhiwa kusukela igama ngaphambili ezivamile Warcislaw.

Igama sashintshwa kusukela Warszewa e Warszawa ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa lihlotshaniswa izici of mazovian (ke elasakazwa ke ensimini lapho inhloko-dolobha yesimanje yasePoland). Ngakho, unkamisa "a" Sekudlule zibe "e" kulesi sikhundla ngemva ongwaqa ezithambile (inhlanganisela "SZ" yayithambile ngesikhathi). Ngo ngekhulu nanhlanu, inhlanganisela ethile "e" yesibili babephakathi lwesigodi, ngakho abantu abaphethe pronunciation tetemibhalo, kufakwe endaweni yawo izinhlobo "a". Kulokhu, inhloko-dolobha yase-Poland kuyinto Warsaw waziwa ngenxa esikhundleni ifomu etymological ku Hypercorrection.

Kukhona inkolelo ethandwayo yokuthi version Warszawa wabonakala ngenxa ukubusa igama umdobi Wars Mermaid Sawa. Umfanekiso abathandi, njengoba inguqulo olungekho emthethweni, futhi yaba umthombo kumiswa igama inhloko-dolobha.

Le nganekwane ezivamile mayelana isisekelo Warsaw isitjela isikhulu (iNkosi) okuthiwa Casimir. Bedukile ngenkathi ukuzingela, wafika eqhugwaneni ompofu Umdobi ku osebeni Vistula. Elapho, wabona inkazana wayesanda kubeletha ukuze abafana ababili - Varsha futhi Sava. Casimir bavumelana ukuba babe ibhapathizwa amawele futhi ubonge kahle amabutho ngomoya wabo wokungenisa izihambi. imali enikelwe kubo kwakwanele ukuba umakhele indlu eduze kwenye. Okunye abadobi futhi waqala ukwakha maqhugwane zabo kule ndawo. Ngakho-ke kwaba ukuqala enhloko-dolobha yesifundazwe.

izimpawu esemthethweni

Inhloko-dolobha ye-Poland has uphawu lalo. Lokhu mermaid eziphawulwe ngenhla okunzima Sawa. umfanekiso wakhe kungabonwa ngisho izingalo edolobheni. Isikhumbuzo yokudumisa izidalwa wasenganekwaneni efakwe kwi-Market Square.

I elingenamikhono izingalo ungaphakathi ukuma ebhodini French. umbala Ezazimzungezile - abomvu. Ngesikhathi umngcele engenhla kuyinto iribhoni nge isiqubulo ulimi - Silver Cross Order of Merit Military.

Capital ifulege kuyinto panel ehlanganisa ezimbili ububanzi alinganayo emapheshana ka red yellow.

Imininingwane zomlando

Ngokwe abavubukuli atholakele imibhalo yasendulo, ngekhulu leshumi ensimini yedolobha lanamuhla itholakala ezindaweni ezimbalwa, abaluleke kakhulu kwakungabafundi Kamion, Brodno futhi Jazdow. Nokho, izakhiwo lokuqala lokhuni uvele lapha kuphela ekhulwini weshumi nambili netshe - In nane.

isikhathi esisha

Yini inhlokodolobha yase-Poland kwaba maphakathi Mazowiecki Duchy? Warsaw. Ngemva kwalokho, lowo wesifazane wayebhekwa sokuhlala kwakhe of amakhosi asePoland nezikhulu Lithuanian. Kusukela 1791 kuya 1795 lo muzi wawuyinhloko-dolobha e-Commonwealth, kusukela 1807 kuya 1813 - Duchy of Warsaw, kusukela 1815 kuya 1915 - umbuso Polish.

Phakathi nomsebenzi zeminyaka 1939-1944 liye hit kanzima ezweni Poland. Capital - Warsaw - labhujiswa ekuhlaseleni German. City ezikhishwe 17/01/1945, phakathi impumelelo operation Vistula-Oder.

Ekupheleni 2 Umhlaba inhlokodolobha Poland ubelokhu alulame. Nokho, kuphela Umzila Royal, Old and Amadolobha amasha lakhiwa ifomu yayo yomlando.

Amadolobha amakhulu aseYurophu ngawo-nesishiyagalolunye ngasekupheleni - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili besihambisana nesiminyaminya izakhiwo obukhulu. It akazange ugcine ukuze uthuthukise inhlanzeko kwezindlu ngokuhambisana ngemibono Uhlelo imodi prokommunistov futhi imibono yesimanjemanje.

Iningi edolobheni sashintshwa kakhulu. Warsaw ishintshile hhayi kuphela i ezisemadolobheni kodwa futhi ngokoMthetho yezakhiwo.

sezulu

Warsaw kuyinto ngokulinganisela sezulu yezwekazi kanye nehlobo ezinomswakama nobusika obungabandi. Yesithwathwa ngezansi degrees nanhlanu ukushisa ngaphezu amathathu - a rarity. Autumn ngokuvamile efudumele futhi elibala, entwasahlobo ngokuvamile iza kancane kancane. Imvula yaminyaka yonke 530 amamilimitha angu ngokwesilinganiso.

division zokuphatha

Kusukela ngo-2002, inhloko-dolobha yase-Poland - a County ukuthi siqukethe isigodi esisodwa. Lesi sakamuva, esikhundleni salokho, ihlukaniswe ngezigodi nesishiyagalombili (Dzielnica).

Nasi iSikhulu Samaphoyisa

Kuze 1833, Warsaw wayengomunye walaba iminyango yamaphoyisa abaphathi-dolobha kamasipala, is run by umongameli wezwe. Wamashumi amabili ka-June (wesibili ngoJulayi ngokuvumelana ikhalenda ubudala) konyaka wakhishwa koMthethonqubo amaPolish oPhethe umbuso. Ngokusho kwale dokhumenti, amaPhoyisa Executive wahlukana zokuphatha kanye wadlulela ethile ye-Vice-President yenhloko-dolobha, okuyinto kamuva phathelana ngokusemthethweni eyaziwa ngokuthi Warsaw iSikhulu Samaphoyisa.

labantu

Phezu kwemvelo kanye nokwanda kwenani varshavtsev eside zathonywa yokuthi umuzi wawuyigolide omunye okuthunyelwe zesiteji ku-mgwaqo yemizila yohwebo futhi ukuthuthelwa Trans-European. Lena nomthelela obalulekile inombolo kanye nokusungulwa ngokobuhlanga izakhamuzi zendawo ezinazo. Ngaphambi kokuba abe maphakathi Warsaw njengoba umkhakha isevisi kanye labantu ikakhulukazi lalinabashumayeli bathengisi. Ngokusho ukubalwa kwabantu 1897, 34% abantu bakuleli batholakale babengamaJuda (219,000 ka 638,000). Ukuxuba bezizwe, imibono kanye nokunyakaza kwaholela eqinisweni ukuthi kukhona igama lolungakahleleki yenhloko-dolobha. Poland sesiye saziwa ngokuba layo "Paris Okwesibili" - Warsaw.

City izakhiwo

Warsaw Modern siyinhlanganisela izitayela eziningi ezahlukene yezakhiwo. Lokhu kungenxa umlando nzima kokubili emaphandleni nasemadolobheni. izinguquko kwabo kwenzé inqubo yokutakula ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili. Isikhungo esingokomlando inhlokodolobha - iRoyal Palace - abuyiselwe kuze kube manje. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi le ndawo bubalwa UNESCO Site. Kuyaqapheleka njengoba samuntu ukwakhiwa kabusha inqubo olunzulu wabhubhisa lesikhumbuzo mlando.

Ngezikhathi amaPolish Yabantu Republic emzini kukhona izakhiwo eziningi e isitayela umbuso kaStalin. Ezinye izakhiwo abalulekile usubuyiselwe liwile Poland. Namuhla, ubungcweti omuzi is ngokuya kulekelelwa izikhungo ibhizinisi lesimanje namabhilidi.

uhlelo isikebhe

Metropolitan ezokuthutha zomphakathi inethiwekhi ifinyelele ezingeni lelisetulu ukuthuthukiswa. Sikhanyisiwe inani elikhulu yemizila ibhasi. Ezokuthutha ngokuqinile ithobela schedule. Ngezikhathi amabhasi nge phansi ongaphakeme ye-lula izivakashi ekhubazekile.

Umuzi usebenza kwelinye igatsha esitimeleni, eziningi tram imizila. Amathikithi esihamba angathengwa at zinsiza eziteshini noma umshayeli, futhi wonke enemisebenzi, lehlukaniswe uhlobo imoto hhayi lwenziwa. Enhloko-dolobha, ibhayisikili sokuqasha inethiwekhi ithuthukiswe.

Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka inhlokodolobha Poland

Ngaphambili, umuzi omkhulu kuleli zwe kwakubhekwa Krakow. Futhi ngisho igama layo ngokugcwele olusemthethweni - Capital komuzi wasebukhosini wase-Krakow - usikhumbuza lokhu. Kuze ngekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili, kwakukhona ezihlalweni zobukhosi bethwele nemiqhele bonke ababusi Polish.

Hindsight

Krakow is eseduze kuleyo nsimu, lapho k. EWisła iba imikhumbi. Ngenxa isikhundla salo ezindawo leli dolobha eyanda ngokushesha isikhundla salo futhi yaceba. Boleslav Hrabry eyasungulwa kwesitulo Episcopal ngo-1000. Ukubala ekusekelweni izikhulu Silesian futhi wazizwa ukubaluleka kwalo, e 1311 Krakow amaJalimane wahlela ivukela Vladislava Lokotka. Ukuvukela ukuthi ukuyiveza ngokushesha lezi zihlubuki efanayo elahlekile zonke amalungelo kanye nezinzuzo.

Okushiwo Krakow eqala ukukhuluphala ekhulwini weshumi nane. Ngo 1319 umbusi wamanje - Vladislav Okokuqala indololwane - wathutha esendaweni yakhe (ngaphambili kwakunjalo Gniezno). Phakathi nokubusa Kazimira Velikogo emzini ezakhiwa izakhiwo ezintsha, ziye zasungula izindawo ezifana ukuhweba kanye nemisebenzi yezandla. Ngo-February 1386 e-dolobha yase-Poland Jagiello wabhapathizwa. Kube nabo babeba lomshado wakhe nge Jadwiga.

Lapho iziphathimandla zaziba Jagiellonians, Krakow ekugcineni waqinisa isikhundla umuzi omkhulu embusweni. Isibalo abakhileyo liye landa ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu.

Yini inhlokodolobha yase-Poland kwaba ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha? Ngo 1596 isihloko zokuhlonipha lisuswe kusuka Krakow ukuze Warsaw. Inhlalakahle lidolobha kanye abacebe kuyinto kancane kodwa ngokuqinisekile zicekela phansi ekuhlaseleni izitha. Ngo 1787 abantu Krakow kwakungu abantu esingaphansi lishumi lamawaka.

IKHULU lamashumi amabili

Kuze kube ngo-1918, Krakow kwaba engaphansi koMbuso Wase-Austro-Hungarian. , Ka-1939-1945. Kuyinto isikhathi nezinezinhlekelele kakhulu emlandweni we-dolobha. abahlali amaNazi ihlelwe Krakow ghetto, lapho babanjwa kakhulu amaJuda ahlala ikakhulukazi Kazimierz wesifunda. Abamele le ubuzwe waphakamisela ngizoqothulwa abasemakamu okuhlushwa sase- Auschwitz futhi Plaszow.

By amaviyo Okokuqala Ukrainian Front, ngo-January 1945 edolobheni yakhululwa abahlaseli. I nanye Agasti ngawo lowo nyaka esigingqwe Kraków pogrom. Phakathi inhlekelele yezombangazwe ngo-1968 isidlulile umkhankaso anti-lwamaSemite. Ngenxa yalezi ngentuthuko, iningi lamaJuda, abasinda ekuQothulweni Kwesizwe kwesokunxele Poland.

isikhungo samasiko

Libizwa ngokuthini idorobha elakhiwe of Poland manje? Umuzi eyinhloko yezwe - Warsaw. Nokho, amakhulu ambalwa eminyaka edlule, isihloko zokuhlonipha kwakungekaNkulunkulu Krakow. Yingakho lo dilobho namanje ngokuthi inhliziyo isiko Polish. isikhungo yayo mlando ukuba kubhubhe namunye phakathi ukubaleka we amabutho aseJalimane ngo-1945. Nokho, ngenxa operation eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yamasosha eyenziwa amabutho Army kweSoviet futhi amaqembu ukumelana Polish, idolobha ngasinda.

I ezimbili eziyinhloko ezikhangayo Krakow zitholakala Wawel Hill. Eyokuqala wabo - Cathedral of Wawel Cathedral. Lena lamathempeli ohlonishwa kakhulu zaleli zwe. Ngaphambili, eyenziwa wokugcotshwa nababusi yokungcwaba Polish. Eyesibili isakhiwo ezithakazelisayo phezu kwegquma - Royal Castle. Wake kwaba yokuhlala Jagiellonian, Piast Vasa. Ekuqaleni le nqaba kwaba isakhiwo esincanyana kunalokho sibonise ukuthobeka endleleni isitayela Romanesque. Kamuva, wakhushulelwa kabusha, ukunwetshwa. Yingakho anakho izici isici Amathrendi yezakhiwo lezinkathi zomlando eziningi.

Ekhatsi Krakow, a amasonto amaningi amakhulu. Imibhalo emidala kunayo yonke - St Mary (Mariana). Kwaziwa kahle kamhlophe ngoba Gothic ingilazi yayo engenakuqhathaniswa ibala. Ekuqaleni, lesi sakhiwo ezenziwe ngokhuni. Ekhulwini nantathu endaweni yayo lakhiwa entsha - isitayela Romanesque, kodwa labhujiswa ngokuphelele ngesikhathi omunye kuphangwa we AmaTatar. Ibandla kabusha ekhulwini nane, futhi kakade isitayela Gothic.

Enye kukhangana ezimayini zikasawoti edumile emhlabeni abizwa ngokuthi "Magnum Sal". Basuke etholakala amakhilomitha angaba eziyishumi kusukela Krakow - edolobheni Velichko. Noma ungavakashela esiyingqayizivele Salt Museum.

Adume Krakow isikhungo lwemfundo ephakeme - Jagiellonian University. Isitifiketi esikhishiwe ngesisekelo yalo Casimir II ngo-May 1364. Emnyango liqoshwe isiqubulo elandelayo: "Ingqondo uwina amandla". Lesi sikole saba wabhaliswa zinkanyiso eziningi isayensi emhlabeni. Phakathi kwabo, avame ukusho Nikolaya Kopernika - sezinkanyezi nesazi sezibalo kwesikhathi Renaissance, nombhali uhlelo heliocentric zomhlaba; Stanislaw Lem - umlobi odumile izindaba kumnandi; John Paul II kwelabagcotshwa Ubusisiwe.

Ekuqaleni lenzeka amandla nanye, zazo eziyisishiyagalombili jurisprudential, ezimbili yezokwelapha futhi omunye ubuciko ovulekile. UMnyango emfundisweni weza kamuva, lapho imvume ka uPapa. University eliholwa Chancellor zombuso Polish. yemisebenzi yakhe ihlanganisa ukunakekela imisebenzi nokuthuthukiswa lesikhungo.

isiphetho

Ngenhla siye wabheka kungani nalapho ukushintsha igama yenhloko-dolobha. Poland is by emadolobheni amaningi asendulo aziwa, kodwa kwenzeka Krakow futhi Warsaw tibheke main nokuzwa zomlando, futhi abanye babo ngisho kufakwe UNESCO.