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Umkhankaso Persian kaPetru 1 (1722-1723). Russian-Persian impi

umkhankaso Persian 1722-1723 GG. Yenzeka engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yesifundazwe eCaucasus naseDagestan. Umgomo yalo iwukuba ukubuyisela umzila edumile evela eNdiya nase-Asia Ephakathi eYurophu.

izimfanelo

Peter alalelwa kakhulu emnothweni kanye ukuhweba. Ngo 1716, wathumela ihlukane Bekovich-Cherkassky e eBukhara futhi Khiva okwakulethwa ngemikhumbi enqamula oLwandle iCaspian. Phakathi bomkhankaso kwakudingekile ukufunda indlela eya kwelaseNdiya, ukuhlola igolide esisemanzini sifinyelela engezansi Amu Darya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo msebenzi wawumkhulu ukuze athonye Emir of eBukhara yabangane, ukuba nabangane futhi Khan ka Khiva lokuba yisakhamuzi Russia. Kodwa lo mkhankaso wokuqala kwakuyinto embi ngokuphelele. Khivan Khan wathonyelwa Bekovich-Cherkasskiy ukuhlakaza lamabutho ke wawela phezu namaqembu, ekubhubhiseni. umkhankaso Persian kaPetru 1, wayebuye ngenxa umyalezo inikezwe ngabameli Israyeli Ori kusukela Syunik Melik. Kuyo babuza Russian Tsar usizo. Peter wathembisa zokunikeza losekelo ngemuva kokuphela belwa Sweden.

Isimo ogwini

Umlando wasePheresiya, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18 kwaphawulwa umsebenzi anda Eastern eCaucasus. Ngenxa yalokho, kuncike yonke indawo elisogwini Dagestan. imikhumbi Persian kulawulwa yoLwandle iCaspian. Nokho, lokhu akuzange abuqede Umbango ababusi bendawo. E Dagestan iphutha mayelana nemibhikisho ebihambisana nodlame. Kancane kancane ngagxila, naseTurkey. Zonke lezi zenzakalo kubo zikhathazeke Russia. Isimo kwaholela ukuhweba ngokusebenzisa Dagestan East. Ngenxa yomsebenzi yasePheresiya empeleni yonke indlela anqamuka. abahwebi Russian balahlekelwa omkhulu. Konke lokho isimo negative kubonakala endaweni yengcebo isimo.

Imbangela osheshayo

Victoriously esanda kuphothula iMpi Northern, Russia Useqale ukulungiselela ngokuthumela amabutho eCaucasus. Isizathu oqondile kwaba ukuphanga ukumshaya abathengisi Russian e Shamakhi. Umhleli kuhlasela waba umnikazi Lezghian Daoud Bey. Agasti 7, 1721 kwafika iviyo wabhubhisa Gostiny Dvor izitolo isiRashiya, washaywa futhi zisakaza onobhala. Lezgins futhi Kumyks baphanga izimpahla elibiza ruble ezingaba yingxenye yesigidi.

ukuqeqeshwa

UMbusi Russian ngafunda ukuthi Shah Tahmasp II egqilazwe Afghan e-dolobha yawo. In the state zezinxushunxushu waqala. Kube ingozi ukuthi abaseTurkey, sibambe isimo, Esigamekweni sokuqala futhi uzovela ngaphambi Russian e yoLwandle iCaspian. Ukuhlehlisa umkhankaso Persian kwakuyingozi kakhulu. Amalungiselelo waqala ebusika. Esikhathini iVolga emzini Yaroslavl, Uglich, Nizhny Novgorod, Tver waqala ukwakhiwa onamawala lwemikhumbi. Ngo 1714-1715 GG. Bekovich-Cherkasskii esikuyi empumalanga nasenyakatho emikhawulweni iCaspian. Ngo 1718-m incazelo futhi wenza Urusov futhi Kozhin, futhi 1719-1720. - Verdun futhi Soimonov. ibalazwe Ngakho jikelele yoLwandle iCaspian kanti kunabasebenzi.

izinhlelo

umkhankaso Persian kaPetru 1 bekumele aqale ezivela e-Astrakhan. Wahlela ukuhamba ngasogwini yoLwandle iCaspian. Lapha-ke kuthiwa umuzi walowo Derbent futhi Baku. Ngemva kwalokho, kwakuhlelwe ukuba aye emfuleni. Izikhukhukazi, ukuba kubekwe khona inqaba. Khona-ke indlela baya Tiflis ukusiza Georgians zempi ngokuvukela uMbuso WaseTurkey. Kusuka lapho weqembu lemikhumbi kwaba afika kuqala eRussia. Esimeni lapho kugqashuka impi wavakashelwa nge Vakhtang VI (King of Kartli) kanye ne Astvatsatur mina (WAMAKATOLIKA Armenia). Astrakhan neKazan waba izikhungo ukuqeqeshwa mkhankaso inhlangano. Emlonyeni 80 ensimini sidaliwe 20 Battalion. inani lawo aba yizinkulungwane 22. Abantu. 196 wezikhali izingcezu. Endleleni eya Astrakhan uPetru ivumile ukusekela Kalmyk Khan Ayuka. Ngenxa yalokho we lamabutho wajoyina Kalmyk abakhwele amahhashi ezinkulungwaneni 7. Abantu. Juni 15, 1722 i-emperor efika e-Astrakhan. Lapha wanquma ukuthumela 22,000 Marines phezu kolwandle, futhi abayisikhombisa dragoon regiments (ayizinkulungwane 9 abantu ..) - ezweni kusukela Tsaritsyn. Umyalo wokugcina uMajor General Kropotov. On izwe njengakulolu uDon Cossacks Ukraine bathunyelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, waqasha kwaba 3000 AmaTatar. EKazan Admiralty imikhumbi ezakhiwa (Imininingwane 200) ngenxa 6 th. Amatilosi.

Manifesto ukuze Abantu eCaucasus nasePheresiya

It yanyatheliswa 15 (26) ka-July. Umbhali Lomlayezo waba yiyona Dimitrie Cantemir, owayephezu ehhovisi ekamu. Lokhu isikhulu possessed izilimi zaseMpumalanga, okwamenza wakwazi ukudlala indima ebalulekile emkhankasweni. Cantemir ekhiqizwa obunamaparele zesi-Arabhu, wadala iphrinta ekhethekile. I-Manifesto liye lahunyushelwa Persian, isiTatar-Turkish.

Isigaba sokuqala

umkhankaso Persian waqala kusukela eMoscow. Ukuze luhambe ngokushesha uhlelo intuthuko phezu kwemifula eziguquguqukayo abagwedli zilungiselelwe endleleni. Ekupheleni kuka-May, uPetru efika e Nizhny Novgorod, June 2 - e Kazan, 9 - e Simbirsk, 10 - ukuze Samara, 13 - e Saratov, 15 - 1 Tsaritsyn, 19 - ukuze Astrakhan. 2,06 kusuka Nizhny Novgorod washiya inkantolo nezinhlamvu kanye amasosha. Futhi waya Astrakhan. I mikhumbi yayingamamitha ngo imigqa emihlanu ngokulandelana. Ngo-July 18, yonke imikhumbi olwandle. Chief wafakwa Bala Fedor Matveevich Apraksin. Julayi imikhumbi 20 Ufake yoLwandle iCaspian. Phakathi nesonto Fedor Matveevich Apraksin Court kwaholela ogwini olusentshonalanga. Ngasekuqaleni kuka-August ukuze ujoyine amabutho ibutho Kabardian. They phatha ngu Knyaz Aslan-Bek Murza futhi Cherkassy.

Endirey

Julayi 27, 1722 kwaba khona kokwehla Agrakhan Gulf. inkosi Russian okokuqala wagibela kwesizathu Dagestan. Ngosuku olufanayo, uPetru wathumela ihlukane eholwa Veterans ukuze uthwebule Endireya. Nokho, endleleni eya ukukhokhela ensungubezini wahlaselwa Kumyks. Lezi zinkomo ababecashe emadwaleni kanye ehlathini. Bakwazi ukucisha yesenzo 2 izikhulu kanye amasosha 80. Nokho, esikwatini obekwe kabusha ngamaqembu ngokushesha futhi waqhubeka ecasula. Isitha, babaleka, kwaba Erdirey zishiswe. Asele ababusi severokumykskie waveza ukuzimisela kwabo ngokugcwele ukukhonza Russian. Agasti 13, amasosha angena ngalo Tarki. Lapha, uPetru wahlangana udumo. Shamhal Aldy Giray wethulwa Russian Tsar sledge, amabutho wathola iwayini, ukudla ifolishi. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, amasosha angena ngalo Utamyshskoe ifa elalisemagcekeni Awukude Derbent. Kube behlaselwa lamabutho 10000th ka Sultan Mahmud. Nokho, Russian ephethwe ukudweba empi abaleka ngenxa ulwa iDemo. Leli dolobhana zasha.

Derbent

I-Russian Tsar kwakuhluke kakhulu wothando kulabo bavumelana sokunikela, futhi kakhulu ezinzima ukuze simelane. Lesi senzo ngokushesha izindaba zasakazekela County. Kule ndaba, Derbent ukumelana azange abe. Agasti 23 umbusi izakhamuzi eziningana ovelele wahlangana Russian kude edolobheni. Zonke wawela emadolweni kaJesu zabo, ngokuletha uPetru okhiye esiliva esangweni. Tsar Russian wathatha umbusi ngelomusa wathembisa ngokuthi ngeke ukuthumela amasosha emzini. Nokho, ukwamukelwa okufudumele ikude bonke abantu, futhi ogxile Shia. Bona esesikhundleni nelungelo, njengoba kwakunjalo nangabaningi kuwumgogodla we Safavid umthetho. Ngo-August 30-Russian wafika wesifunda. Rubas wabeka inqaba eduze ngokushesha insimu okwakuhlala kulo Tabasarans. Ngaphansi kwegunya Petru babebambisene ezigodini eziningi. Izinsuku ezimbalwa wonke umphakathi, okuyinto amanga phakathi kwemifula Belbele Yalama, futhi wathuthela lithobela Russian.

Basabela kanjani iziphathimandla zendawo

izinduna e Dagestan nezimo zengqondo ukuba ukubukeka Russian. Haji Davud ubelokhu silungiselela ukuzivikela. nomfelandawonye wayo Ahmed III futhi Surkhay wazama ukuhlala ezizindeni zawo siqu, ukulinda. Haji Davud Wayazi kahle kamhlophe ukuthi yedwa ngokumelene abahlaseli ngeke ukwazi. Kule ndaba, wayenethemba lokuthi Ahmed III futhi Surkhay ukusiza, ngesikhathi esifanayo uzama ukuthuthukisa elala contender esemqoka ye Tsar Russian - abaseTurkey.

Ukugcwaliswa isigaba sokuqala

umkhankaso Persian wasikisela ngokujoyina hhayi kuphela e Dagestan, kodwa futhi cishe zonke Transcaucasia. ibutho Russian waqala ukulungiselela lokukhushulwa kuya eningizimu. Empeleni, ingxenye enkulu yokuqala ukuvakasha wayephezu. Qhubeka indlela iziphepho uvinjelwe olwandle, okwakwenza kube nzima ukuze bayise ukudla. inkosi Russian kwesokunxele isikaniso ngaphansi uColonel Juncker e Derbent, waya Russia ngezinyawo. Endleleni kusukela emfuleni. Sulak wabeka inqaba. ONgcwele. Cross ukuvikela emngceleni. Ngakho, uPetru namabutho akhe phezu kwamanzi e-Astrakhan. Ngemva kokuhamba kwakhe, umyalo amabutho eCaucasus wayiswa uMajor General Matiushkin.

Rasht

Ukuwa 1722 ngowokuqala esifundazweni Gilan ezisengozini umsebenzi Afghan. Ufake Popular esivumelwaneni imfihlo nge abaseTurkey. Umbusi wesifundazwe waphendukela usizo Russian. Matyushkin wanquma kuvimbe isitha. Kwanele ngokushesha uzilungiselele imikhumbi 14 ukuthi wathatha 2 Ibutho ngezibhamu ezingontuluntulu. Novemba 4 imikhumbi aphume Astrakhan futhi ngemva kwenyanga wangena Anzali. Small kokufika emzini Rasht sathathwa ngaphandle kokulwa. Ngonyaka olandelayo, entwasahlobo ka Guilan wathunyelwa inzuzo inani ayizinkulungwane 2. Abantu. Amasosha asolwandle nge 24 izibhamu. Basuke elaliholwa uMajor General Levashov. Ndawonye, amabutho Russian matasa sonke isifundazwe. Ngakho-ke kwamiswa ukulawula sesihlasela ingxenye eseningizimu ye ogwini iCaspian Sea.

Baku

Omunye Derbent Russian Czar ithunyelwa emzini uLieutenant Lunin nge isimemo sokunikela. Nokho, Baku ukuthonywa Daud Beg ejenti. Azizange zivunyelwe ukuba zihlangane zibe edolobheni Lunin futhi benqaba ngosizo Russian. Juni 20, 1773 Matyushkin salibangisa Baku ezivela e-Astrakhan. Julayi 28 amabutho bangena emzini. Amandla, ababahlangabezayo Matiushkin unikezwe izikhiye esangweni. Emva kokuthatha edolobheni, amabutho elise 2 caravanserais futhi osungulwe ukulawula zonke amaphuzu abalulekile zamasu. Ukuba izindaba wathola ukuthi Sultan Mohammed Hussein Bey wayelokhu exhumana Haji Dawood, Matyushkin beyalwa ukuba nimbambe. Ngemva kwalokho, abafowabo kanye nempahla ethunyelwe Astrakhan. Derge Quli Beg wamiswa ka Baku. Wayelethwa waphakanyiselwa esikhundleni esiphezulu sombutho. Njengoba Usigaxamabhande waqokwa Prince Baryatinsky. Umkhankaso 1723 uye wavumela ukuba ziyombamba cishe lonke ugu yoLwandle iCaspian. Lokhu, kungadala sina ukuba izikhundla Haji Dawood. Ukulahlekelwa esifundazweni iCaspian, empeleni walahlekelwa ikhono lakhe amdale geqe futhi enamandla ensimini ka Lezgistan futhi Shirvan. Haji Davud kwaba ngaleso sikhathi e-yisakhamuzi Turkish. Abazange uneminye kuye ukwesekwa, ngoba babematasa isinqumo izinkinga zabo.

Imiphumela

umkhankaso Persian waphumelela kakhulu uhulumeni waseRussia. Kwakuthinta empeleni esungulwe ukulawula Umkhawulo wama-Eastern eCaucasus. I impumelelo yebutho Russian kanye ehlasela amasosha WaseTurkey ophoqelelwe yasePheresiya asayine isivumelwano sokuthula. Waboshwa e Petersburg. Ngokuhambisana Isivumelwano 12 (23) ngo-September 1723, kuze kube-Russian wasuka izindawo ezinkulu. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona esifundazweni Shirvan Astrabad, Mazandaran, Gilan. Iyiselwe Tsar Russian futhi Rasht, Derbent, Baku. Nokho, kusukela phambili ngo ngumgogodla eCaucasus, ke kwadingeka ukuba uyekwe. Lokhu kwakubangelwa yokuthi ehlobo lika-1723 on ensimini kwezinhloko zamaviyo WaseTurkey oyifakile. Bona ezibhuqiwe Georgia, asentshonalanga ye Azerbaijan yesimanje kanye Armenia. Ngo-1724, ne Porte sasayinwa waseConstantinople sivumelwano. Ngokusho kwakhe, lo mbusi neyaziwayo yokufuna umbuso Russian ku iCaspian esifundeni neRussia, esikhundleni salokho, - kwesokudla yayo endaweni Western eCaucasus. Kamuva elala-Turks sawohloka kakhulu. Ukuze uvimbele impi entsha uhulumeni waseRussia is abanesifiso umfelandawonye yasePheresiya, wabuyela kuye yonke indawo Littoral laseGanja indatshana kanye Rasht inkontileka.

isiphetho

Peter ngesikhathi esifanele uhlaziyo umkhankaso wakhe. Impumelelo yakhe waqinisekisa inombolo ezanele abantu, imikhumbi kanye nezibhamu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Tsar Russian wakwazi acele ukusekela omakhelwane. Bona besabela ngokushesha isicelo sakhe. Ngokwesibonelo, amabutho Russian abangu agcwaliswa izimpi Kabardian, ababeqashwe AmaTatar. Kunalokho ukuqeqeshwa ehlelekile wathatha indawo ukushaywa. Kwathatha lonke akuyona isikhathi esiningi. Okubaluleke kakhulu emkhankasweni esinalo imikhumbi. Bona ziqiniseke ukuthi zinamanzi ungaphazanyiswa amalungiselelo. Lokunye lokubaluleke ngalokulinganako kwakungamadodana aqondisa Russian futhi amasu. Njengoba sazi ukuthi indawo ezingajwayelekile, bakwazi ukulawula cishe yonke insimu yabo. izinkinga Big angabakhulula Russian nabaseTurkey. Bona waba nengcindezi enamandla ku Haji Dawood. Yena, wathonya Umphakathi nabanye ababusi. Noma kunjalo, ngisho lokhu ayikwazanga ukuvimbela ukuqaliswa kwezinhlelo uPetru wehlelwe yini. Ukube bekungekhona ukuthi izivunguvungu autumn yoLwandle iCaspian, kungenzeka wayeyoba baye bathuthuka nakakhulu. Nokho, kwanqunywa ukuba ubuyele. izindawo kunjalo elawulwa babe amasosha Russian. Kwatholakala izinqaba eziningana. Ngo emadolobheni ekuphathweni izikhulu Russian ayekhona. Ensimini ka Eastern eCaucasus ngesikhathi Ukuhamba uPetru eRussia kwakungekho isiphetho esisodwa engalawuliwe. Lesi simo nzima kwabanye bezintaba Ukungenzi lutho oMfelandawonye. Ezinye zazo kungenzeka sibekezelele ukumelana, kodwa ikhumbula ukungalingani amabutho ayethanda sokunikela. Iningi kwakulwelwa ngaphandle zokuchitha igazi noma nokulahlekelwa ezincane ohlangothini Russian. Lokhu kubangelwe yokuthi ababusi bendawo ukuziphatha uPetru nokuzithoba ezaziwayo. Uma esho ukuthi wayengeke ukuthumela amasosha ku ozinikela umuzi wabo siqu, khona-ke wayengeke agcine isithembiso. Kodwa kunzima ngokwanele ukuba angamelana Russian wathola. Iphuzu eliyinhloko kwaba ukuthunjwa Baku. Nge umsebenzi Russian komuzi olawule cishe lonke ugu. Kwakuwusuku lekahle futsi ngobukhulu kokuquleka. Ngaphansi kwesimo ukunqoba yamuva eMpini Northern, impumelelo emkhankasweni Persian ngisho igqanyiswe ngokwengeziwe Tsar Russian. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi kuleli zwe lo mbusi waphishekela kabusha asebenzayo eqala isimo Europeanization. Konke lokhu ndawonye ukwenze Russia izwe elinamandla ngempela, okuyinto iqhaza ubudlelwane angaphandle baba saziso. Peter ukushaywa East Transcaucasia ukuqinisekisa ukuhweba unimpeded e abathengisi Russian. Kubo, imigwaqo eminingi yayimincane, evulekile futhi, abasaphili athwale ukulahlekelwa. Futhi agcwaliswa le umcebo wasebukhosini. Isiphathamandla ezisele amakhanda nezinqaba waqhubeka ekhonza khona kuze basayine izivumelwano entsha ngo-1732 futhi 1735. Lezi zivumelwano Kwakudingeka uPetru ukuze akhulule ukungezwani ku imingcele futhi isize ekunqandeni izingxabano ne abaseTurkey.

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