Umqondo zokubusa nokuphatha izinhlobo emthethweni zokuphatha

ososayensi Iningi ucwaningo ukuziphatha komuntu xxi leminyaka ngokuya yayo nokuxhumana nabanye nezwe elingaphandle. Lezi zenzo ezisiza ekuboneni izindlela eziphumelela kakhulu isiqondiso yomphakathi. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le nqubo yokusesha wayeseke waphila iminyaka eminingi ngaphambi impucuko samanje. Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi ngisho ngezikhathi zamaRoma abantu bazi ukuthi "okusungulile" yimpumelelo kakhulu kwezokuhlalisana isiqondiso yezenhlalakahle ilungile. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, lo mqondo akalilahlile amandla ayo.

Kuze kube yimanje, Russian Federation, cishe yonke imisebenzi esibalulekile izakhamuzi kulawulwa kwezinkambiso zomthetho amagatsha ezihlukahlukene isayensi zomthetho. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka, ngokuyinhloko isimo lokufeza yokulawula okwandile ebizela othile ngentando yayo. Nokho, inani elikhulu imibuzo ukuzithiba inqubo osuvele okukhulunywe ngaye esihlokweni, amandla isimo. Igama elithi "isilawuli" ngokwalo anezinye nemithelela kuhle ezithakazelisayo. Njengoba isimo, ke likhona ngokucacile - kokubili zomthetho kanye nama-practical. Isihloko iphatha nomqondo nokuphatha zinhlobo ekukhanyeni efanele umkhakha wezomthetho - umthetho zokuphatha.

Ukuba yizinhlobonhlobo ethemini

Ngaphambi kokucabangela umqondo zokubusa nokuphatha izinhlobo emthethweni zokuphatha, kubalulekile ukuba banake ukwehluka eside nhlobo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningana yizenzo zabantu. Ngakho, impendulo eside inganikelwa ngendlela ehluke kakhulu.

Ngo ifilosofi ukuphathwa siqondwa njengoba umsebenzi ezithile kunoma yiziphi izifundo, enqophe umgomo noma uchungechunge imigomo. Phakathi misebenzi kukhona ushintsho banoma iyiphi into. nomqondo wefilosofi wanika push kokuqala ukuze kwakhiwe le "zakudala" elithi jikelele. Ngakho, ukuphathwa, ngokuyisisekelo, umqondo, izinhlobo okuzokwenziwa okusesihlokweni esithi - kuyinto ethize inqubo control, wokuhlela, ukulungiselela kanye nogqozi oludingekayo ukuthi afeze lezi zinhloso. Ngokuphathelene imininingwane isigaba unikezwa, ke usukela e imvelo elikhulu lempi kanye nezokuphatha.

I ngokucacile of ukulawulwa amasosha amaKhomanisi

kakade Siphawulile yokuthi umqondo zokubusa nokuphatha izinhlobo yezempi babe imininingwane yabo. I Kungashiwo okufanayo mayelana nomthetho wokuphatha. Izici yalesi umkhakha izokwethulwa kamuva kulesi sihloko. Ngokuphathelene ezindabeni zezempi, ukuphathwa, umqondo, izici, izinhlobo zazo kukhonjisiwe ngezansi - a eziyinkimbinkimbi izinyathelo, okuyinto sihlose ukuba iqondise izenzo zokwakheka ngabanye lempi. Kulokhu, izinhlangano ukulawula kufanele sisekele inhlangano kulezi zokwakheka elifanele ezokwenza ukuhlangabezana nezidingo eziyisisekelo ikhono ukuvikela isimo sika.

Ngakho, kukhona izinhlobo eziningana ukulawula ezindabeni ezempi, okuyilezi:

• zonke umyalo nokulawula - yinqubo wokuxhumanisa kanye nokugcina jikelele ukulwa ukulungela kuwo wonke amazinga amabutho isimo.
• ukuphathwa air traffic kuyasiza ezixhumanisa umsebenzi ukuma lempi zezindiza.
• Generation lokulawula kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi ubuyophikisana lempi, lapho amagatsha ahlukene amabutho ahlomile akha elilodwa ehlelekile ukulwa amayunithi.

Ngakho, unikezwa sebhithi encishisiwe, kumele kuphetfwe ukuthi ekuphathweni lempi enezinto eziningi izici isici.

Kuyini Law Administrative?

Manje zama ukuqonda imininingwane umthetho zokuphatha. Kuyinto ngokusebenzisa iphrizimu embonini, sizohlola umqondo zokubusa nokuphatha izinhlobo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le umkhakha omkhulu Russian Federation kuqhathaniswa abasha. Yasungulwa ngonyaka ka-USSR futhi ingxenye yoMbuso Russian - ngukhokho Russia yesimanje. Ekuqaleni, kwaba luyingxenye igatsha amaphoyisa isimiso somthetho sangaleso isimo. Nokho, maqondana ngekhulu xxi, ososayensi batholé ukuthi inqubo yokuphatha, kanye nezinye izindlela kuleli zwe, kungaphansi kwemithetho ezithile ezingokomthetho. Esikhathini ukuhlaziya imininingwane yalolu inqubo nokuphathwa, kwaba sobala ukuthi kuyindaba umthetho zokuphatha, njengoba unezinkolelo izici zomphakathi. Ngakho, emkhakheni wezomthetho kakhulu zishintshe. Kuze kube manje, umthetho zokuphatha isusela ngokunembile kusukela isilawuli ngoba ubhekwa zaba isihloko esivelele ukulawulwa umkhakha. Lokho kusho ukuthi okuqukethwe, izici nezinhlobo lokulawula kungenziwa isehlane, cwaningo kanye ibhekwe sciences zokuphatha.

Ukuphathwa kwamalungelo zokuphatha

Umbono ovamile kanye nezinhlobo ukulawula emthethweni zokuphatha, kuphenyisiswe ososayensi wonke indawo, ngoba udaba ephezulu kuqala eRussia zanamuhla. Kuyinto ngaphakathi kulolu cwaningo umkhakha futhi ingxenye isayensi zomthetho izimpikiswano inkani kakhulu kokuxhumana ukuphila zomphakathi nguhulumeni wombuso. Ngamanye amazwi, izimpikiswano nokuxhumana zikahulumeni kuwo wonke amazinga futhi izakhamuzi kokubili sesisonke futhi ngabanye ningamalungu.

Kuyona inikele konke vyshepredstavlennye ethile, kumele kuphetfwe ukuthi ukuphathwa (umqondo, izici, izinhlobo zazo eboniswe ngezansi) emthethweni zokuphatha - kunezenzo ukuthi kukhona zokulawula ngokwemvelo. Basuke okuhloswe ngaso ukuhlela ukusebenza izinhlelo eyinkimbinkimbi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kanye nekhwalithi yekusebenta esidlule. Kuye izici izinhlelo ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana izinhlobo ezahlukene kanye izinhlobo ukulawula emthethweni zokuphatha.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi wokuphatha embonini has isakhiwo ayo. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba lelisu kahle kakhulu futhi kahle phezu isiqondiso langempela nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana.

Ukwakheka ekuphathweni

Umqondo wezokuBusa ngokuBambisana imibono yayo ehlobene isakhiwo saleli isigaba esithile. Sesikubonile kakade waveza ukuthi sibonga ngokwakhiwa ka ukuphathwa it has ezingeni lelisetulu nekghono e inqubo ukulawulwa nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana. Ngokuvamile, kukhona izakhi ezintathu eziyinhloko kwesakhiwo: into, kuncike nokuqukethwe. Isihloko ukulawula zihlale abantu. Abanye ososayensi benza eziningi izikhonzi neziphathimandla zikahulumeni, okuyinto sibi. Phela, ngisho izitho kahle kwemandla embuso empeleni wakhiwa abantu. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izifundo zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili amakhulu: ngabanye (ngabanye izakhamuzi Russian) kanye collegial (namaqembu omphakathi). Ngaphandle zobudlelwano nomphakathi ukuphathwa into kuyinto uhlelo, isibonelo ukwakheka kwabantu, izimo ezahlukene (ezomnotho, zomthetho kanye m. P.).

Ezithakazelisa kakhulu futhi ezibalulekile element - ukuphathwa kokuqukethwe. It ephawula ubudlelwane iphakethe, okuyinto empeleni ulawulwa ukuqaliswa imisebenzi yokuphathwa. Ngaphezu okuqukethwe izindlela ezithile ezinomthelela lobu buhlobo, njengoba yenziwa nokusetshenziswa izindlela eziqondile futhi amasu. Empeleni, izingxenye ezinkulu of izethulo isigaba zomthetho nezokuphatha - kuba kakhulu "impande" inqubo nokubusa. Kususelwa izinhlobo akhe avelele ezahlukene nokubika esihlokweni Institute.

Izinhlobo ezinkulu control emthethweni zokuphatha

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lezi zinhlobo nezici ukuphathwa zihlukaniswa kuphela ngokuhlaziya izinhlobo ezithile kulesi sigaba umthetho zokuphatha. Umkhakha theorists ukubeka imibono eyayisinesikhathi phambili abaningi ngale ndaba iminyaka eminingi. Inkinga eyayibalulekile ukuthi ososayensi babengakwazi eza ukuvumelana mayelana ukuphathwa typology emthethweni zokuphatha. Wahlushwa yokuthi ukuphathwa Empeleni, umqondo kanye nezinhlobo zazo okusesihlokweni esithi kuyinto eyinkimbinkimbi ngempela. Noma kunjalo, typology isisunguliwe kwala maphuzu amane, ongagcini kuze kube yilolu suku. It unikeza lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo ukulawula emthethweni zokuphatha:

• Technical ukulawula uhlobo, okusho nokudidiyela umsebenzi lezinto ngesisekelo imithetho owamukelwa physics, izibalo nokunye. D.
• isilawuli eziphilayo iye ifakwe izindlela ukuthonya labo noma ezinye izinto ekubukeni kwemithetho yemvelo.
• uhlobo Social ingenye ezinzima kakhulu. Timphawu ziboniswa isakhiwo nomthethonqubo izindlela, njengoba izochazwa kamuva.
• Uhlobo ukhiye emthethweni zokuphatha uwuhulumeni. Phakathi ukuhlaziywa, ukhuluma nezindaba ezifana okushiwo isimo, ukuxhumana yezwe kanye nomphakathi, uhulumeni kanye nabantu.

Ngakho, typology ethulwa iyona "ejwayelekile" umthetho yasekhaya zokuphatha. Ukutadisha izakhi zalo ikuvumela ukubona umqondo futhi izinhlobo izinhlobo ukuphathwa, timphawu letitinkhomba hhayi kuphela Institute of ukuphathwa, kodwa futhi wonke isiqondiso zezomthetho umkhakha.

Amafomu ukulawula emthethweni zokuphatha

Umqondo nokulawula izindlela - is atehlukaniseki imigomo empeleni ukwelekelela nomunye. Kodwa kuyofikwa ngokucacile kakhulu ngokusebenzisa ezithile okwethulwa esigabeni sihloko. Of inothi iqiniso lokuthi abantu abaningi ngempela ngokuvamile ukudida imiqondo "izinhlobo" futhi "kwezinhlobo". Kulokhu, kumelwe kukhunjulwe ukuthi kuthiwa okucacisiwe izindlela nezindlela kwethonya ubudlelwane ethize nomphakathi. Uhlobo yena, kuyinto ehlukile target ndawo focus. Umqondo wezokuBusa ngokuBambisana lokuzwakalisa izimvo zayo, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, bona ayahambelana. Ngakho, kusetshenziswe amasu ahlukene ngokuhlangana umthetho zokuphatha bungabonakala, esekelwe definition kwethemu.

Kuze kube yimanje, zokuphatha umthetho theorists egqanyisiwe izinhlobo ezintathu ezisemqoka, okuyi:

• ukuphathwa komphakathi;
• ngokuhlanganyela;
• umndeni.

Njengoba siqonda, umqondo jikelele nokuphathwa kwezinto eziphilayo, okwethulwa ngenhla, kungembula okushiwo kule sikhungo lesisemtsetfweni ethile. Ngakho ke kumele kubhekwe todvwa komunye nomunye. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi siphawula ukuphathwa njengoba isikhungo umthetho zokuphatha, yiSigaba isigaba ihlanganisa hhayi kuphela iqoqo ezithile izindlela namasu, kodwa futhi iziqondiso ezingokomthetho iyunifomu.

ukuphathwa State: imiqondo nezindlela

Umqondo ukuphathwa, izici zayo futhi izinhlobo e iphrizimu umthetho zokuphatha encike ngqo kwi isimo. Empeleni, imboni Administration Institute ungumthombo iziphathimandla eziphakeme kakhulu kuleli zwe. Uhulumeni, esikhundleni salokho, ifakwe izindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu kanye nezimiso womsebenzi we zikahulumeni. Yini Lalimeleleni? Ngakho, okungamele ukuphathwa komphakathi - kuyinto umsebenzi zikahulumeni kanye nezikhulu zabo, okuhloswe ngazo ekwenzeni umgomo inikezwe. Abadlali zaloluhlobo akanandaba imithombo inkambo ekhona, ngoba kuphela kuholele isikhundla salo sangempela ukubulawa fomu.

Indlela eyinhloko ukuqaliswa ukuphathwa komphakathi, njengoba umthetho, kubaluleke kakhulu. Lokhu akusona isimanga uma ukucabangela iqiniso kokuba ilungelo ngobulukhuni imperious, okuyinto sinikezwe isimo egameni kwezitho zawo eziyinhloko. Abanye ososayensi ngokuvamile udumo ekusebentiseni emizimbeni nokubusa kwamandla esiphezulu. Lo mbono ngokuyinhloko zamanga. Ngoba amandla zokwahlulela zomthetho nazo emanotsi ezabo inqubo ukulawulwa umphakathi. Kwezinye izimo, amandla okushaya imithetho kubaluleke ngaphezu kwamanye amagatsha, ngoba isishayamthetho Russian Federation babe phambili kunayo.

izimiso nokubusa

Concept, okuqukethwe kanye izinhlobo isimo ohlangothini ukulawula kuthiwa kwahambisana khona ezinye zezimiso lapho le misebenzi empeleni kwenziwe. Kuze kube manje, ke kwakhiwa amaqembu amane enkulu izimiso of zokuphatha umthetho theory, okuyilezi:

• Yomthetho. Lesi sici ihlanganisa imiqondo umthetho nokuhleleka, kanye eziseqhulwini amalungelo nenkululeko yomuntu isakhamuzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela zomthetho usungula isimiso igunya soMthethosisekelo indawo isigaba sabefundisi izenzo zomthetho futhi lonke uhlelo lomthetho.
• izimiso Political - kuyinto ingxenye enkulu umbono eningiliziwe emayelana nemfundiso kaZiqu zombusazwe incarnation. Kuze kube manje, i-Russia ngokuya ukuthambekela yokuthi uhulumeni ukhona ukukhulisa ukugcwaliseka umbono weningi. Indlelanchubo yekusebentisa zezombusazwe empeleni umbhikisho kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo ukucwaswa, ukwephula inkululeko yokukhuluma kanye nokunye. N.
• Indlela Yokuphatha kuqinisa izimiso Ukuphumelela, ukusebenza ngefanelo yokuphathwa komphakathi.
• Isethi lokugcina "iqembu izimiso doggie", olwakhiwa e isazi-Polish XX leminyaka Pshechem doggie. I engavamile weqembu ukuthi kuhlanganiswe eziningi izimiso kuqhathaniswa olufanayo lomkhakha wezokuphatha kahulumeni. Ngakho, kwakha isikhundla esisodwa ukuthi uhulumeni kufanele abe "elula" abantu. Ngeke kwephule amalungelo izakhamuzi esimweni esithile, kodwa kunalokho, kufanele sisekele futhi abenzele. Ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kufanele uboniswe ikakhulukazi impilo zesizwe kanye inhlalakahle inqubomgomo angaphandle.

Siye ngaphambilini waveza ukuthi okuqukethwe, izici izinhlobo state control ohlangothini kuncike phezu Izimiso ezingenhla. Empeleni, kwaba sibonga lezi zimiso zeBhayibheli imisebenzi uhulumeni Russian Federation has ezingeni esiphezulu ukusebenza kahle kule inqubo ukulawulwa nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana. Kuyadingeka ukuba acabangele yokuthi umqondo, izinhlobo, ukulawula imisebenzi emthethweni zokuphatha ngezindlela eziningi 'ukwakha "isimo sokuqala umkhakha kanye nesibhedlela.

ukuphathwa Social emthethweni zokuphatha

ukubukwa Specific emkhakheni zokuphatha ukuphathwa komphakathi. It has izici ezilandelayo:

• Lens ukukhonza njalo abantu, okungukuthi umphakathi.
• Konke ukusebenzelana okuhilela zingaveli inqubo nokuphathwa yezenhlalakahle dispositive, nature kwezomthetho.
• Lolu hlobo lwe-control kusekelwe igunya ngentando yomuntu, hhayi lokho okushiwo isimo esinamandla.
• Izifundo ngokuvamile avele iningi labantu futhi zakha band. Ngokuqondene iziphathimandla, isakhiwo ukuphathwa komphakathi isihloko ekhethekile.

Ngakho, ngesisekelo izici singaphetha ngokuthi, ngokungafani kuya isimo, kuphakama ukuphathwa komphakathi phakathi izakhamuzi nokuxhumana. Kulokhu, iziphathimandla kuphela kwezinye izimo, ukudlala "ukusekela" indima.

isiphetho

Ngakho-ke, umqondo wokuphathwa nezinhlobo zawo kuvezwe okwesikhashana kulesi sihloko. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi inkinga yendima izakhamizi kanye neziphathimandla ekuhleleni ukuphathwa kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo luyindawo ebalulekile yokutadisha kokubili ngaphakathi kohlaka lwesikhungo elimelelwe kanye nomthetho wokuphatha ngokujwayelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutadisha ubudlelwane bomthetho obuphathekayo kuyadingeka ekuhleleni umsebenzi osebenzayo wezinhlangano zikahulumeni, kodwa lokhu akusiyo okukhulunywe ngakho kulesi sihloko.