HomelinessIngaphakathi design

Utshwala lokushisa: ekuhlaziyeni abakhiqizi engcono onobuhle

Manje zonke ezaziwayo utshwala thermometer. Njengoba basebesukuma, yiziphi ezinye izinhlobo zomculo akhona njengamanje kanye ziberegiselwa kanjani?

Prototype izinga lokushisa yesimanje

Kukholakala ukuthi uyise wayengumGreki thermometer uGalileo Galiley. Ekupheleni kwekhulu XVI, edala abanye usesimweni ithuluzi okuthiwa thermoscope yesimanje. Sasiphathelene Isigaxa kanye ingilazi tube, futhi kwakuhloselwe ukunquma ukuthi izinguquko lokushisa lamanzi. Scale kule divayisi wayengekho. Ngakho-ke, ukuze uthole ukuthi singakanani kushintshile, kwakungenakwenzeka.

Khona-ke kudivayisi ngcono, wengeza isikali lobuhlalu, emoyeni isuswe, Intaba-ibhola waphenduka phezulu. Ekugcineni, amanzi yathathelwa indawo inkulumo ethi ETHYL utshwala. Kwaba Florentine Torricelli. Lokhu emisha ukuvumele ukuba afeze izilinganiso sezulu umnkantsha. Emva amanzi phakathi okokuqandisa akugcini nje wathutha eduze esikalini. Ngokwakhe ekuqhumeni ingilazi isitsha watheleka phakathi labhidlika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, utshwala thermometer kwaba esizimele umfutho womoya. Amalungu ambalwa kwamaningi ubudala thermometer Florentine ezisekhona futhi kule uGalileo Museum.

Division abangu imali kwi tube ukufuthelana koqweqwe lwawo, inqwaba omhlophe, omunye abamnyama. Ngokuvamile ububanzi wayevela -10 kuya +40. I tube ligcwele utshwala bese livalwa nge wax. Utshwala thermometer eyodwa master yabonisa nezindinganiso ezifanayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile. Kodwa uhlukanisa master ngasinye zazihlukile. Lapho sizama ukwehlukana isikali waba yizicucu 100 nokuningi ukuze ukubaluleka efanayo kuhlulekile.

Gcwalisa mercury thermometer yasungulwa G. Fahrenheit. Wabanikeza esikalini kuphoyinti okokuqandisa brine, 32 degrees Celsius ngaphansi kwezinga, degrees 96 - lokushisa komzimba, 212 umnkantsha amanzi. Lokhu thermometer esetshenziswa kwaze kwaba maphakathi nawo XX leminyaka, futhi e-United States iyaqhubeka ukusebenzisa namuhla.

Ukuthuthukiswa lokushisa

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVIII Gilyom Amontons ukushintsha uhlelo nesilinganiso. I engumFulentshi owasungula thermometer utshwala, ulandele izinguquko emoyeni kuyaqina, indiva ingcindezi. Kulokhu, esikalini bekulokhu zero lokushisa, manje ebizwa ngokuthi zero ngokuphelele. Elinye iphuzu njalo e-thermometer uye abilayo iphuzu yamanzi. Kodwa engumFulentshi owasungula utshwala izinga lokushisa, akazange abheke kwethonya umfutho womoya phezu abilayo amanzi.

Ngokubukeka kwaba idolo USiphon barometer evulekile phezulu. Ngezansi kwaba isixazululo of umanyolo, futhi phezu uwoyela. Ethangini kokuvalelwa.

Scale lokushisa izilinganiso

Lokhu lisebenze akuyona okufana kakhulu yesimanje thermometer umoya ukukala lokushisa. Ngalesi sikhathi, ososayensi abaningi wasebenza phezu kwendalo nokuthuthukiswa onobuhle akhona.

Okuthuthukisiwe kudivayisi omunye engumFulentshi. Utshwala thermometer Reaumur waba ukuziphilisa degrees 0 kuya ku-80. Iqhwa selincibilikile at 0 degrees, futhi amanzi abilisiwe at 80. Waqaphela ukuthi mercury nophuzo oludakayo ekwandiseni ngetindlela letehlukene, ngenxa isikali for thermometer akufanele kube okufanayo. Kodwa ama-thermometer lakhe ibingamashumi enkulu futhi ungakhululekile ukusebenzisa.

Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XVIII kuya kweleshumi XX eziningi ezibaluleke zenziwe. Swede Anders Tselsy ncamashi kuchazwe ukuvala abacaphuni zero, kanye okokuqandisa yayo - iphuzu 100 Kwatholakala ukuthi lokushisa iqhwa abilayo kuphela incike umfutho womoya, umnkantsha ke akuphazamisi. Ngakho-ke, lo division wawusegunjini ncamashi.

idatha eqondile ku ukuthi ngubani uphendulé isikali "ekhanda layo" akukho. Abanye bathi wenze uqobo Celsius. Abanye abacwaningi udumo ekushintsheni isiqondiso yemakhono Carl Onomusa noma Morten Shtremer.

usosayensi oyiNgisi Kelvin (Vilyam Tomson) idale ngokuphelele lokushisa isikali kusuka zero ngokuphelele kulesi silinganiso Celsius kuyinto -273,15 degrees.

Ekhulwini XVIII utshwala thermometer ziye esakazwa e-Europe. Baqala ukuthengisa kanye nezinye izimpahla. Nakuba esikalini lokushisa laziwa 19. Ngakho, M. Lomonosov ahlinzekwa yakhe, ne-150, futhi Lambert - esikalini ukwehlukana 375, ngalinye elikwazi zazilingana a senkulungwane ukunwetshwa emoyeni.

Ekhulwini XVIII kuphawulwa ezitholakele eziphawuleka emkhakheni sokudalwa nokwenziwa ngcono Instrumentation, okufaka utshwala thermometer.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu XX baqala ukuvela, izinkomba entsha futhi amathuluzi okusekelwe ezimisweni ezahlukene isinyathelo.

izinhlobo thermometer

  • Liquid.
  • Mechanical bahlinza isimiso esifanayo, kodwa esikhundleni sokusebenzisa uketshezi strip bimetallic noma Kuvunguza.
  • metal Electronic esetshenziswa ushintsho ukumelana ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa. Njengoba lisetshenziswe-platinum wire umqhubi noma Plating ku sobumba. Yalinganisa ukusuka -200 ° C kuya 850 ° C.
  • spectrum Optical esekelwe ezingeni yokushintsha noma ezinye nemingcele. Lezi zihlanganisa infrared Izikali izinga lokushisa komzimba ezisebenza ngaphandle kwabantu.
  • Manometer, ukunwetshwa thermometer, pyrometric, thermoelectric.

thermometer Technical

Lezi zihlanganisa amadivayisi esekelwe zonke izinhlobo izilinganiso. Basuke izimpawu i nezimo landa imibandela yokusetshenziswa. Kuyinto wezolimo, futhi vibration-Ukuvaleleka nizkogradusnye spetskamer imikhiqizo uwoyela laboratory. Zisetshenziswa ukufakwa ngendlela piping, amathangi ezahlukene zamakhemikhali ukudla izimboni, ikakhulu ushukela isithombo sebhitrudi ukucubungula.

Sebenzisa kubo, futhi sasivame ukuyiqhubela emizini yabathile ukuqapha lokushisa ezikhundleni ezehlukene.

Zingaba mpo emincane. Igama kuncike hlobo Ezansi: it ngqo noma yomumo.

Isimiso ezisebenza we lobuchwepheshe utshwala thermometer kusekelwe eqinisweni ukuthi ikhambi zokusebenza yandisa noma unciphe ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa.

Ngaphambi kokuba uthenge lo mshini wokulinganisa kuyadingeka ukuba bajwayelane nezici zayo.

Technical utshwala thermometer kungenzeka ukukala lokushisa kusuka -70 ° C kuya 600 ° C.

Utshwala thermometer ukuze degrees 100 asifanele ukuwafaka. Ngakho, le jam kubhekwa ngomumo lapho lokushisa yayo ifinyelela 106 ° C. Siza ukukala utshwala yayo thermometer lokulondolozwa TK-1 iliTK 110 esimweni metal.

ukugcwalisa thermometer

thermometer Liquid esetshenziswa uyogcwala mercury kanye notshwala. Kodwa mercury evala ayingozi kakhulu emzimbeni. Basuke kwakhiwa, uma seqa izinga lokushisa. Ngakho manje, mercury thermometer azisetshenziswa.

thermometer Outdoor

Manje big emgwaqweni utshwala thermometer sekuthandwa. Ubude yabo ongafinyelela 80 cm nokuningi. Abakwazi ukuhlobisa izindonga ehhovisi, esitolo noma ebhange. Uhlaka ngokhuni oluyigugu, plastic noma insimbi ubukeka ocebile futhi original. Scale egwadle Ceramic ezimangelengele futhi eqotho.

Okunjalo utshwala thermometer izinyathelo izinga lokushisa ngaphandle kusuka -53 ° C kuya 51 ° C.

Thermometer "amagilebhisi eshiya" izinkampani German TFA Dostmann GmbH wenziwe bensimbi. Ingasetshenziselwa njengenhlangano kwangaphandle nangekhatsi. Ubude 385 cm.

inkampani German kusengathiwa Moller-Therm GmbH. Zenziwa high thermometer ingaphakathi. Iwaranti kubo - iminyaka 2.

kuvame kakhulu ukuba kusetshenziswe okuzenzela thermometer ongaphandle ezincane. Banamathele iwindi noma Velcro ukuze izingxenye lokhuni kwamafasitela neminyango nge ngezikulufo. Popular ongaphandle double Emaceleni Velcro utshwala thermometer nge esikalini, okuyinto kungabonwa ngefasitela ingilazi. Phela, ukuze wazi izinga lokushisa emgwaqeni, akudingeki ukuba ashiye efulethini. Omunye umakhi - Penosil (Russia).

Kukhona amamodeli izindlu plastic.

Ukulinganisa lokushisa lamanzi

Utshwala lokushisa kungaba ukukala izinga lokushisa lamanzi kuleli okugeza usana ukugeza. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kumele kube zapapayan ecaleni plastic.

Abantu abaningi bayazibuza ukuthi utshwala lokushisa ukukala izinga lokushisa kwamanzi, okuyinto amathumba? Cha, ngoba utshwala amathumba ezingeni lokushisa ngaphansana amanzi. Kodwa kukhona thermometer uphawu ngokukhethekile futhi ulinganiswe ngawo ukukwenza. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kotshwala thermometer ukuze degrees 100 Celsius. Futhi okushisa sub-zero ke esifanelana kangcono ukwedlula mercury. Ngemva mercury zilimaze at 39 degrees Celsius. Nakuba utshwala bungase ukukala izinga lokushisa degrees 70 Celsius.

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