Winter izilimo sokuhlwanyela, ukongiwa tillage, imbangela yokufa

Winter izilimo emikhubeni ukufuya kakhulu kube kulinywe ungakwazi unike isivuno kuze kufinyelele 60-80 kg / ha. Ukuze kuzuzwe imiphumela enjalo, kubalulekile ukuba afeze nokulungiselela seedbed ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ubuchwepheshe ukuthobela izinsuku betshala zisebenzisa elilungile ukuhlwanyelwa indlela okwesikhathi wemboni ethile futhi ukuhlinzeka ukunakekelwa okuhle izitshalo sokukhula kanye nokuvuthwa. Khona-ke ukufa izitshalo ebusika zingancishiswa nemingcele ubuncane.

Umqondo ebusika kanye nasehlobo izitshalo

Winter izilimo - izitshalo yonyaka, okusanhlamvu ngokuvamile wokudla imikhaya. izitshalo abanjalo abangabongiyo inqubo imisebenzi yalo ebalulekile edinga isikhathi overwintering esingaba izinyanga eziningi. Hlwanyela ebusika izitshalo kudingeka bawe, futhi ngemva kokuvuna ebusika. Lezi zinhlobo izitshalo ebusika ukolweni, ibhali kanye rye.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona izitshalo ebusika entwasahlobo isinkwa. Ngokungafani izitshalo ebusika entwasahlobo izitshalo kudingeka ukuhlwanyela entwasahlobo, kuvuna ngonyaka ka ukuhlwanyelwa. Lokhu izitshalo yonyaka zidinga amazinga okushisa aphakeme futhi efudumele entwasahlobo kwelanga. Lezi izitshalo zihlanganisa ukubukwa kwentwasahlobo ukolweni, ibhali, i-rye, i-oats, amabele, nezinye izinhlobo eziningi.

Izinzuzo izitshalo ebusika

Spring futhi ebusika izitshalo kabanzi asetshenziswa kwezolimo, izinhlobonhlobo lezi zitshalo zisetshenziswa izindlela eziqondile zokupha izilwane, ufulawa Milling kanye ukusetshenziswa womuntu olwengeziwe.

Nokho, amafomu ebusika izitshalo ziba igugu kakhulu ngoba abe mass izinzuzo yemvelo:

1. Winter isiko kungaba buthelela ngaphezulu mass ewusizo ngesikhaathi ka ubusika uhlelo strong impande.
2. Ngemva abanolwazi izitshalo ebusika ngokushesha ukuya ukukhula. Basuke kunezimpande ngisemncane kakhulu futhi ngenxa yokuvuthwa ngaphambili.
3. Ukhula izitshalo ebusika akusona isithiyo: bona ngempumelelo ngizifice e ukukhula nokuthuthuka kanye nje minza nabo isisindo sabo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, okutshalwe ekwindla kanye ekuqaleni kokuvuna imvume wehlise amaphaphu umsebenzi wezolimo.

Proper zokutshala isikhathi kwandisa hardiness izitshalo ebusika

Winter izilimo abe okusezingeni eliphezulu frost ukumelana nobusika hardiness. Winter hardiness ivumela lithathelwe isitshalo ukuze ezimweni zasebusika. Ngokuvamile, lokhu impahla incike izinhlobo zezilimo. Nokho, kuya kakhulu ngokuthi isici womuntu: kubalulekile ukulungiselela kahle izitshalo ebusika bese usebenzisa eliphezulu uchwepheshe wezolimo. Hardiness izuzwe ukuqina, ebanjwa ngezigaba ezimbili. Eyokuqala isinyathelo ukuqhutshwa okushisa efudumele bawe degrees 8-15. In the isinyathelo lesibili ekupheleni ekwindla nkathi ababuthakathaka lokushisa abandayo lehliselwa kuze 5 degrees.

Isigaba sokuqala unesibopho ekuqongeleleni anda carbohydrate izitshalo. Ekupheleni isikhathi sokuqala ushukela ahlukahlukene eziqukethwe isiko izikhathi 2-3 ezingaphezu kuka ekuqaleni kwesikhathi. Amakhabhohayidrethi isitshalo izosebenzisa entwasahlobo ukusiza ukukhula kanye nokuthuthuka eqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ushukela ukufeza umsebenzi obalulekile zokuzivikela.

Phakathi Isigaba sesibili isitshalo kwezicubu kukhona amanzi emzimbeni, izinguquko plant cells. It kungokoqobo izinguquko futhi juice kistochny, esiza ukufeza hardiness. Ekuqaleni frost-5 degrees plant cells zimumethe elula izidakamizwa inyuka Osmosis engqamuzaneni. Isiko eside Limimatha amanzi futhi kwandisa izimpande zawo abancela amandla. Ngesikhathi beqeda Isigaba sesibili lukhuni kumaseli ebusika izitshalo kokuba izimo ezidingekile supercooling. compounds eyinkimbinkimbi babizwa wajinge wanamatsela ukuze izinto zibe lula.

Zokuhlwanyela izitshalo ebusika incike izici zezulu of endaweni ethize. Ngo ezisenyakatho isivuno akhiqizwa Agasti, eningizimu - ngo-September noma Okthoba. Isimiso esiyinhloko - ukuvumela izitshalo overwintering ukuqinisa uhlelo impande futhi ibhekane lukhuni esiteji ngokuphepha. Ungagijimeli zokutshala: izitshalo ngeke zisaba kuncike ezihlukahlukene nezifo namagciwane. Nokho, uma belated ebusika izitshalo ngaphambi yesithwathwa awunaso isikhathi ukuthuthukisa uhlelo strong impande futhi ulungiselela ebusika. Kwatholakala ukuthi sokuthuthukiswa evamile futhi ukusungulwa izitshalo idinga okungenani 45-60 izinsuku nge okushisa ngezansi 5 degrees Celsius.

kakolweni ukuhlwanyelwa kufanele kwenziwe ukuhlwanyelwa ngaphambili kakhulu rye. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngemva kokutshala rye namanje kuyaqhubeka kukhula, kuyilapho ukolweni iyeke vele.

Izindlela izitshalo ebusika

Kunezindlela eziningana ukuhlwanyelwa izitshalo ebusika. Ngokuyisisekelo, nawe kudingeka unamathele mthetho: kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa iyunifomu imbewu phezu yonke indawo ensimini. Razbrosnoy ukuhlwanyelwa izitshalo ebusika kudala izimo ezikahle kakhulu ekukhuleni kwamangqamuzana isitshalo ngasinye. Ukuze le ndlela ka zokutshala, idivayisi ekhethekile - a seeder. Nokho, le nqubo kubambezela inqubo ukukhiqizwa yokuhlwanyela, olungaholela okungenani isicelo yayo ekutshaleni mass.

ukuhlwanyelwa Private izitshalo ebusika zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo eziningana kuye ngokuthi ububanzi phakathi imigqa:

• evamile (ububanzi phakathi imigqa 15-18 cm);
• sokuzivivinya avaliwe (ubude nobubanzi phakathi imigqa 7.5-9 cm);
• isiphambano (sokuzivivinya ukunweba crosswise);
• shirokorjadnyj (ububanzi phakathi imigqa 45-90 cm);
• Ziyisivikelo (kushintshana imigqa ububanzi futhi ewumngcingo);
• ezinamachashazi (ngisho ilungiselelo olulodwa imbewu).

Kukhona umbono sikwele-cluster kokuhlwanyela imbewu ezithinta ezisemagumbini kwesikwele.

Ngo womshini oluvame ukusetshenziswa ezivamile zokutshala okuqinile, kodwa sokuzivivinya avaliwe kwezitshalo kubhekwa ezifanele esengeziwe le. Ngenxa umhlabathi compaction ukushayela ogandaganda enkundleni waqala ukuqhuba kwezitshalo ne ububanzi asalile ngenqubo. Usayizi ithrekhi enjalo ilingana 180 noma 140 cm. Le ndlela akusho ukulimaza ingila akusho ona umhlabathi, okuyinto ngcono izimo ezikhulayo izitshalo ebusika.

-Ayihlwanyelayo Oku ukulungiselela umhlabathi emva umusi amasiko

Inhlabathi tillage izitshalo ebusika ezivezwa zjablevoj indlela. Lolu hlobo kuhilela zilima ekwindla kanye 1-2 uyaxebuka. Ukulima emkhakheni kufanele kwenziwe kumuntu ka 20-22 cm. Operation Spring ukujula ubuncane ngaphansi izitshalo ebusika kufanele aqale ngo-sokuvalwa umswakama. Phakathi nale nkathi kuyinto efiselekayo mayelana 4-5 ne cultivations ezinyantisayo noma ngesikhathi ezomile ngu kweqa. Ukutshalwa yokugcina kumelwe zenzeke ngesikhathi ka zokutshala ukujula.

Winter izilimo kudinga isikhathi inhlabathi ekhethekile: zilima usebenzisa ngamakhuba, amahhala kanye skimmers futhi ezinamasondo ringed. Ngemva kokwenza imisebenzi enjalo inhlabathi kufanele kugcinwe endaweni ehlanzekile Uzithukululile ngaphambi kokutshala izitshalo ebusika. Lolu hlobo nokulungiselela seedbed Kwenziwa emva umusi kokumethemba.

ukulungiselela seedbed emva izitshalo nonfallow

Hlakulela inhlabathi emva isitshalo nonfallow kumele kube ngokuhambisana ubuchwepheshe ukutshalwa isivuno odlule. Ngemva spiked zinhlobo evamile ukusebenzisa poluparovoe ukutshalwa enhlabathini, uma izimo umswakama. Umsebenzi kufanele kufake cultivations 2-3. On nenhlabathi ezomile siqhuba cut wokulungiselela, nezikhathi ke eziningana emkhakheni eshayisa ngu kweqa futhi izimo ezihlasimulisayo. Ngemva iqoqo Ezikhula iminyaka eminingi kudingeka bachithe zilima igeja nge coulters, uma inhlabathi umswakama kuyinto ezingeni okwanele.

Uma-ke ensimini kwaze lokhu uphizi, yefilakisi noma ezinye izitshalo grouts esekhulile, kubalulekile ukwenza ukulima, futhi ngaphambi seeding kulinywe ngendlela efanayo njengenjwayelo.

Indlela tillage esincane

Kukhona indlela tillage esincane izitshalo ebusika. Uma le primer icutshungulwe kuya okungenani kungenzeka ukujula ngenkathi kwenziwa nezinye imisebenzi. Lolu hlobo lokucubungula ivumela ukunciphisa isikhathi namandla ukusetshenziswa izocubungulwa, kanye ukunciphisa inani maqembu ngokusebenzisa imishini ensimini. Lokhu kwenza kube ngcono kakhulu izici agrochemical namanzi-ngokomzimba kwenhlabathi.

Ukuqalisa lolu hlobo ukwelashwa usebenzisa imishini ekhethekile kuhlangene disk noma ploskoreznoj izingxenye. Amadivayisi anjalo e pass olulodwa futhi kungaba ukugedlisa level up, bese icwecwe inhlabathi.

Yini kungadalwa kokufa izitshalo ebusika?

I izimbangela zokufa kwezitshalo ebusika ezihlukahlukene. On ukuphila isitshalo kungathinta kokubili izimo zemvelo kanye umonakalo lokukhanda. izimo zemvelo kubangelwa izinguquko okusheshayo e lokushisa, imvula eliphezulu, yesithwathwa eqinile futhi eside, engalulami umswakama futhi amanzi phezu kwenhlabathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isitshalo ebusika kungenziwa ngaphansi izifo fungal.

Esiyiqhwa. Indlela yokuvimbela?

Imbangela evamile yokufa izitshalo ebusika - zeqhwa. Ngenxa ongaphakeme isikhathi eside amafomu lokushisa qhwa plant cells. Ngenxa yalokho, i-cytoplasm iseli uhlala ngaphandle kwamanzi, njengoba amaprotheni libhujiswa. Ukwakheka ice ngaphakathi amaseli has nethonya elilimaza kakhulu umsebenzi impilo izitshalo. entwasahlobo yesithwathwa ikakhulukazi eziyingozi, njengoba isitshalo ebusika zinhlobo ayikwazi ukumelana okushisa aphansi njengo 8-10 degrees ngalesi sikhathi.

Ukuvimbela ukulahleka izitshalo ebusika ngenxa yabo umnkantsha ngaphandle, kumele okuhlwanyelayo izinhlobo frost ukumelana kuphela bazivumelanisa ethile kwezitshalo esifundeni, noma nomhlaba windbreaks.

Damping-off. Indlela yokuvimbela?

Enye imbangela evamile ukufa izitshalo ebusika - Damping-off. Lokhu kwenzeka uma iqhwa kwenhlabathi akusho ancibilike isikhathi eside, kanye okokuqandisa ngokwengxenye kwenhlabathi. Ingxenye-okokuqandisa inhlabathi noma ukwakheka ice uqweqwe phezu izitshalo ebusika yaqhuma ngaphansi kwethonya ukukhanya, kodwa kwelanga abakwazi ukungena kuqweqwe obandayo. Lapho Damping-off izitshalo ebusika bafe bengenalwazi ukukhanya eqhweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, attenuated izakhi ukuntula, iqhwa isikhunta izitshalo abagulayo.

Izitshalo azizange zithinteke ngu Damping-off, kufanele ohlangene inhlabathi ezinamasondo, uma wawa iqhwa ekuseni. Kuyadingeka ukuba ugweme nitrogen Umanyolo futhi betshala ekuseni. Esimeni nezimvula ezinkulu kuyadingeka ukuze kunonophisa luhlelo ukuncibilika, ziba ngcono eqhweni.

Waterlogging. Izindlela emzabalazweni

Waterlogging njengoba esinye isizathu ngokufa izitshalo, ngokuvamile kwenzeka ezindaweni ezisezansi zobumba nenhlabathi noma ezindaweni lapho amanzi ngokuvamile aqoqana. Izitshalo ziyafa ngenxa zokuphefumula ukwehluleka izinqubo: imali ngokweqile carbohydrate ukuze isekele ukuphila. Ngo 2 amaviki e mibandela izitshalo ziyafa ngokuphelele. Ukuze ugweme emiphumeleni elimazayo amanzi angadingeki lokufeza isivuno izinhlobo ukumelana yizikhukhula kanye kungenzeka ukwenza ukususwa umswakama zanqwabelana.

Ngokuvamile, izitshalo ziyafa ngenxa kumiswa ice soma. I esiyingozi kakhulu ngenxa yokuphila izitshalo uqweqwe okusobala. Kumiswa It is ngesikhathi ncibilika, lapho amanzi elicibilikile iqina ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi. Ice ungakheka kokubili e-surface umhlabathi futhi ngaphakathi enhliziyweni yakhe. Izitshalo babambeke ice. Ukwakha uqweqwe ice Akuphazamisanga izitshalo, kubalulekile ukuba alibhubhise, ngokwengxenye noma ngokuphelele.

Ukuze asindise izitshalo emzimbeni futhi ugweme ezinye izinkinga ezinkulu ukukhula nezitshalo zidinga isikhathi ukuhlakulela inhlabathi bese usebenzisa titibonelo letinkhulu tekuvumelana entwasahlobo.

Ukufa ezifweni ebusika kanye izinambuzane

Ukuvimbela ukubhujiswa izitshalo zasebusika kusukela izifo kanye izinambuzane, imisebenzi efana edingekayo ukuze afeze ngesikhathi esifaneleyo

• ukugwema waterlogging futhi Damping-off izinqubo;
• etch imbewu ngaphambi kokutshala;
• ukuqhuba ukwelashwa kokuvimbela izitshalo nge imithi yokubulala izinambuzane ubuncane okuhlushwa;
• Custom Scan vuno ukulawula kwezitshalo nempilo;
• ebukhoneni umonakalo omkhulu ezilimweni izinambuzane noma izifo ukuhlola ingozi ukusabalala nomonakalo nokulahlekelwa izitshalo;
• kuncike degree of ingozi ukucubungula izitshalo lokuhlushwa edingekayo zinambuzane.

Imiphumela

Spring futhi ebusika izitshalo kufanele zingatshalwa besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe olunzulu. Kuncono, ngokusekelwe ngokwesayensi indlela ukutshalwa okusanhlamvu kuzovumela ezithela eliphezulu inzuzo esiphezulu.