KumiswaImfundo yesibili nezikole

Uyini igesi emsipheni? Usizo lokuqala for igesi elinobuthi

Ngo ukuvela indoda obekulokhu kudingeka ukuba zizibonakalise layo khona. izitha zakhe zase izimo zokuphila ezinzima, carnivores esikhulu nokuthi into embi le ezinye izidalwa ezihlakaniphile. Ukuze simelane ukushisa abandayo futhi, abantu bafunda ukwakha amakhaya futhi wenze izingubo, futhi banqobe izilwane ezidla ezinye kanye nezitha ezihlakaniphile - ikhono ngcono ukubulala. Umzamo wokuqala ukusebenzisa organic ezinobuthi angabhekwa nge anobuthi imicibisholo okulinganiswa. Kodwa abantu kwakunganele; kube kubonakala ngokuthi hit inombolo maximal zezitha, futhi yasungulwa emsipheni igesi.

Kuyini lokhu?

Nerve amagesi - iqembu chemical impi ejenti, anabamemezeli organophosphorus kwakwakhe (organophosphates futhi Fos FOV). Ingqikithi kuyinto anobuthi kakhulu. Izindawo ezingaba ke ehlelelwe ukuyisebenzisa njengendlela isikhali uyaca. Nokho, okuhlangenwe nakho ekusebenziseni zamakhemikhali ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala isikhali iye yabangela nesiphepho bekhalaza emphakathini. Nakuba ukwakhiwa isikhathi kade lingaphansi kuyingozi ukwedlula yesimanje emsipheni igesi. AmaJalimane wasebenzisa okokuqala njengoba ezinobuthi izidakamizwa chloro. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II-ke kwenziwa umsebenzi lapho kuvezwa sarin igesi. simo sengqondo sikaKhayini esiyingozi ibambezelekile, kodwa hhayi ngokuphelele kuye wenqaba.

Ezinye amaqiniso kusukela umlando

Eyokuqala eqoshiwe ngokusemthethweni chemical kuhlasela kwenzeka ngo-1915 (April). Kodwa umlando wazama ubuthi mass nge gas ngaphambili. Lokhu kushiwo encwadini yezindaba zemihla ngemihla China lasendulo futhi imibhalo egciniwe yesazi-Ephakathi.

Organophosphorus compounds Ayekulungele ngo-1846 yi-French wemithi Louis Jacques thenar. Ngo-1934 kakade, usokhemisi German Gerhard Shradar uzama ukuthuthukisa zinambuzane ngempumelelo isicelo organophosphorus ejenti ukuvimba isimiso sezinzwa izinambuzane. Ngo-1936, ngokuhamba ucwaningo, kwaba igesi ezinzwa - umhlambi. Ngo-1937, usosayensi kwenzeka ukuba ngaphansi kwethonya iconsi imfuyo yayo futhi sathola ukuthi ezinobuthi ezingaba yingozi kubantu. Ngemva kwalokho waphoqeleka ukuba nokubika kuvulwa umNyango wezokuVikela.

Ngo-1938, Schrader neqembu labasizi synthesize le sarin emsipheni igesi. ukusebenza Owayemphethe enkomeni by izikhathi 10. Ngo-1944, i-German R. Kuhn kwemiqondo ngisho igesi enobuthi kakhulu - Soman. Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, bakhula enkompolo eziyingozi kakhulu - cyclosarin.

Sebenzisa ukuthuthukiswa zamakhemikhali, eJalimane lobuNazi, noma akazange alinge, noma akazange abe nesikhathi. Kodwa ucwaningo ku lokuhlushwa ekamu iziboshwa yayiqhutshelwa futhi kuchazwe.

Sarin igesi. Ikakhulukazi umthelela emzimbeni womuntu

Isimiso sezinzwa kuhlelwe kangangokuthi amangqamuzana zalo ahlukanisiwe elinye kwelinye ibanga microscopically encane. Kodwa ngisho nalokhu yincane ngokwanele ukuze uphazamisa ezinzwa amaza, okuyinto bekwi balamuli ukudluliswa ukweqa ibanga jitters esakaza amaseli aseduze yemisipha. Into ebaluleke kakhulu kule nqubo ubhekwa acetylcholine. It kuyalinqoba ibanga kubangela ukusikwa amaseli kwemisipha, kanye ngalesosikhathi phephetha apetilholinesterazoy.

Isenzo ezinzwa igesi kusekelwe ukuhlukumeza inqubo eqhekeza acetylcholine. Imisipha amaseli siqhubeke shwabanisa, amangqamuzana ezinzwa sijabulile, isicanucanu, Ukudlikizela kanye nokukhubazeka, ethwele ukufa.

igesi Nerve Ayinambala futhi ayinaphunga. Okumangazayo ukuthi, kodwa isimo engokwemvelo wokuhlanganisa uketshezi. Sarin njengoba Soman, futhi tabun, kusinda kunakho amanzi, kunzima kakhulu oncibilikayo lipids futhi ezihogelwayo, abilayo-150 ° C (isizukulwane esilandelayo yamagesi - at 300 ° C). Leli qembu yonke ezinobuthi zisho anobuthi, ophikelelayo, kunzima ukuchaza futhi kunzima ekukhombeni uhlobo ngqo.

Ukuvuleka ngamangqamuzana ezinzwa igesi

Negesi cartridges - izindlela ezitholakalayo sivikeleke. Nokho, nerve igesi namakani ungalithengisi yonke ngoba kuyingozi kakhulu. Ngisho ngemithamo emincane kakhulu, kungabangela umonakalo phezu izindawo ezinkulu. Negesi bafike bachitha amabhakede anendle egcwele teargas noma pepper ecasulayo ezizihluphayo. Lezi izinto ungambulali futhi abangele evutha, edwengula, ukukhwehlela kanye nezinkinga iso. Konke lezi zimpawu zingezesikhashana.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amagesi emsipheni - usongo ngqo esintwini, basaqhubeka yini nokutadisha, synthesize futhi zisebenza ngokungemthetho. Ngakho, ngo-1988 Saddam Huseyn ahlasela umuzi Halabadzha bephonsa amabhomu ne sarin futhi tabun. It zabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-15 eziyinkulungwane. Man nezakhamuzi.

Ngo-1995, Tokyo kwaba Ukuhlasela kwamaphekula usebenzisa sarin. Negesi wayengekho ifomu aerosol, ke batheleka ongaphansi komhlaba izimoto. Khona-ke abantu 13 bashonile, kodwa Babengathi izinkulungwane 10. Amacala ubuthi ezinzima.

Ukusiza

Nerve amagesi zibizwa izikhali zamakhemikhali uyaca. abantu abathintekayo kuleli cala kudingeka usizo kokulashwa okusheshayo. Yini odinga ukukwazi ukusiza umuntu enenkinga ezinobuthi eziqukethwe negesi Izinzwa?

I-oda usizo lokuqala:

  • Ukuze kungabikho enye kulimaze umgudu wokuphefumula, isisulu badinga ukugqoka buso igesi.
  • Ukwethulwa kuyindlela yokuvimbela, okuyinto aqede isisulu. Lokhu zokukhwabanisa kudingeka kwenziwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Umjovo tube usebenzisa isipetu ezigcwele umuthi othize. Faka izidakamizwa intramuscularly. I isipetu kufanele irekhodwe ku izingubo isisulu kwabanye abantu, ekubasizeni, ukwazi ukuthi lo muntu usengenile kakade kuyindlela yokuvimbela.
  • Lolu ketshezi iyi-anti-gas iphakethe ethize. Kufanele kusetshenziswe njengendlela sanitizing wadalula ezingxenyeni zesikhumba ezithintekayo.
  • Ngenxa daba wokuphuthuma kufanele kwenziwe esiphuthumayo isisulu endaweni ethintekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanele iqaphe isimo isisulu bese ufaka kabusha uma kwenzeka ukuwohloka ikhambi ukuvimbela okuvela kuyo nokuquleka.
  • Lapho igesi aerosol spray futhi siba izingubo kungangcoli. Njengoba nje umuntu wakhishwa ezindaweni ezithintekile, kunesidingo esiphuthumayo ukulishintsha. Imibhangqwana ndaba ekuqhubekeni izingubo, kungathinta isikhumba umgudu wokuphefumula.
  • umuntu afakwe emishinini yokuphefumula kungadinga abathintekayo uma yasetshenziswa ngokumelene amagesi ezifana carbon monoxide noma sarin.

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