Uyini isithiyo umsindo. Breaking the isithiyo umsindo

Yini sicabange lapho sizwa ibinzana "isithiyo umsindo"? A umkhawulo othile futhi umgoqo, le yokunqoba ka okungase kuthinte kakhulu ukuzwa futhi umuzwa. Ngokuvamile, isithiyo umsindo ezihlobana ekunqotshweni wezasemoyeni futhi umsebenzi umshayeli.

Ukunqoba lo mgoqo uyakwazi kushiya ukuthuthukiswa yizifo ezingamahlalakhona, kuba buhlungu syndromes nokungezwani komzimba. Ingabe lezi ukubukwa ilungile noma zingabantu eyeqisayo esungulwe? Abasenawo isisekelo kuyiqiniso? Uyini isithiyo umsindo? Kanjani futhi kungani kwenzeka? Konke lokhu futhi abanye umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama eyengeziwe, kanye namaqiniso angokomlando ezihlobene nale umqondo, sizozama ukuthola kulesi sihloko.

Lokhu isayensi ongaqondakali - Aerodynamics

Esikhathini isayensi yezinto ezihamba emoyeni iyiqiniso, eklanyelwe ukuchaza izenzakalo ohambisana ukunyakaza
izindiza, kukhona welithi "isithiyo umsindo." Lolu chungechunge imihlola okubangelwa ukunyakaza ezindizeni leSupersonic noma rocket ukuthi ukuhamba ngesivinini eduze ijubane umsindo noma ngaphezulu.

Kuyini Shockwave?

Ngo inqubo ukugeleza leSupersonic emoyeni Umhubhe apharathasi igagasi ukushaqeka. iminonjana yayo kuyabonakala noma ngeso lenyama. Enhlabathini, bazwakalisa emgqeni ophuzi. Beyond the Isigaxa ukushaqeka phambi umugqa ophuzi indiza phansi akuyona ngisho ezwakalayo. Ngesivinini esingeqile sonic, ukugeleza sonic esidlule umzimba obala ukugeleza lokho kusho igagasi ukushaqeka. Kungase kungabi umuntu ukuthi izinsiza ezincike ukuma emzimbeni.

Ukuguqulwa Shockwave

I phambi wave shock, ngezinye izikhathi obizwa ngokuthi wave shock, has a ukushuba kunalokho encane, okuvumela nokho ukulandelela okushintshako flow izakhiwo, wehlise ijubane isihlobo yayo umzimba kanye nokwanda elihambisana e ukucindezela bese igesi lokushisa ukugeleza. I energy kinetic kancane siguqulelwa amandla sangaphakathi igesi. Inani lezi zinguquko incike ukugeleza leSupersonic. Lapho kuqala igagasi ukushaqeka asuka apharathasi, ingcindezi amathonsi ziyancipha, futhi igagasi shock ibe umsindo. Lungafinyelela kumuntu wangaphandle ozwa umsindo ehlukile efana ukuqhuma. Kukholakala ukuthi lokhu kuwubufakazi bokuthi lempumelelo zedivayisi ijubane umsindo, umgoqo umsindo lapho indiza kushiya.

Kwenzekani ngempela?

Okwamanje okuthiwa lokwephula isithiyo umsindo practice limelela ukudlula wave shock nge okwandisa izinjini izindiza nokububula. Umshini manje ngaphambi umsindo ohambisana, ngakho injini hum ungezwakala ngemva kwakhe. Isilinganiselo ijubane ndiza ukuba ijubane umsindo yenziwe yaba khona ngisho ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, kodwa abashayeli bezindiza waphawula izimpawu eziyisixwayiso indiza.

Ngemva kwempi, abaningi abaklami bezindiza nama-pilot bazame ijubane umsindo baphule umgoqo umsindo, kodwa eziningi lemizamo yaphela kabuhlungu. abacwaningi engenathemba wagomela ukuthi lo mkhawulo akunakwenzeka ukushaya. Akukhona kokwazi, kodwa ngendlela yesayensi ukuchaza waphenduka welithi "isithiyo umsindo" futhi ukuthola izindlela ukuyinqoba.

Izincomo etholakala indiza ephephile

izindiza Secure e wave transonic futhi leSupersonic ngenkathi kugwenywa nhlekelele, okuvela kuyo okuyinto incike nemingcele sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza indiza ukuphakama lemifanekiso kukhiqizwa. Ukuguquka kusuka eyodwa ezingeni kwenye ngesivinini kufanele kwenziwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka nokusetshenziswa afterburner, ezosiza ukugwema indiza eside negagasi zone crisis. Wave esibucayi njengoba umqondo weza evela ezokuthutha amanzi. Yasungulwa ngesikhathi traffic nge velocity eduze Isivinini amagagasi phezu kwamanzi. Imininingwane inhlekelele wave kufaka izinga lokukhula nobunzima, futhi uma kungenzeka nje ukuba unqobe lo igagasi crisis ke ungaya imodi ehuquzelayo noma ngokuhambisa phezu kwamanzi.

Umlando ekuphathweni izindiza

Umuntu wokuqala ukufinyelela airspeed leSupersonic umshayeli indiza, - somshayeli American Chak Yeger. impumelelo yakhe imakwe emlandweni Okthoba 14, 1947. Ngo-USSR, umgoqo umsindo yathinteka Disemba 26, 1948 Sokolowski futhi Fedorov, ebiza i fighter abanolwazi.

Komzabalazo izindiza ngowokuqala ukuphula umsindo isithiyo airliner Douglas DC-8 lapho Agasti 21, 1961 zafinyelela ijubane 1.012 M, noma 1262 km / h. Flight lwenzelwe ukuqoqa idatha umklamo iphiko. Phakathi aircrafts irekhodi lomhlaba setha aeroballistic missile hypersonic "umoya-umhlaba ', okuyinto Russian Army. Njengoba lisendaweni ephakeme 31.2 emakhilomitha missile has a phezulu isivinini 6389 km / h.

Eminyakeni engu-50 ngemva kwekhefu umgoqo umsindo emoyeni eyiNgisi Endi Ukusineka wenza impumelelo efanayo ngemoto. Ngo Freefall ngazama ukugqashula irekhodi American Dzho Kittinger, owanqoba ukuphakama 31.5 amakhilomitha. Namuhla, October 14, 2012, uFeliksi Baumgartner ukusetha irekhodi lomhlaba, ngaphandle kosizo ezokuthutha, ukuwa khulula ovela ukuphakama 39 amakhilomitha, breaking isithiyo umsindo. ijubane layo uma igijima lapho sifika 1342,8 amakhilomitha ngehora.

I engavamile kakhulu kokuhlephula isithiyo umsindo

Kuyinto ongaziwa ukucabanga, kodwa kokusungulwa kwezwe yokuqala ukuphula lomkhawulo, isibe isiswebhu abavamile, owasungula yamaShayina yasendulo eminyakeni engaba ngu-7000 edlule. Cishe ngaphambi kokusungulwa izithombe osheshayo ngo-1927, akekho okusolakala ukuthi uchofoze isiswebhu-le - miniature boom sonic. Cijela wave yakha iluphu, futhi ijubane kwandisa kakhulu, okuyinto kuqinisekiswa ngokuchofoza. isithiyo Sound onqotshwa ngokulandelana 1200 isivinini km / h.

Riddle we muzi ophithizelayo

Shono izakhamizi kwamadolobha amancane kukushaqisa ukubona inhlokodolobha okokuqala. Ubuningi ezokuthutha, amakhulu lokuphekiwe nokuzijabulisa zemicimbi kukhona edidayo akhishwe kukhwelana. Ukuqala entwasahlobo inhlokodolobha ngokuvamile kaMbasa kunokuba Mashi isiphepho esikhulu seqhwa edlubulundayo. Ngo-April, kuyinto esibhakabhakeni ecacile, egijima ukusakazwa efihlekile. Abantu bakhathele ebusika kwesikhathi kungase kwandise iwindi ekufezeni ilanga, futhi Ukuvutha umsindo emgwaqweni endlini. Emgwaqweni landindizela izinyoni ngitshiyoza ukucula abaculi hlabelela izinkondlo abafundi bejabule, ingasaphathwa umsindo, isiminyaminya kanye ongaphansi komhlaba. Abasebenzi iminyango yezempilo waphawula ukuthi kokuhlala isikhathi eside edolobheni ophithizelayo kuyingozi empilweni. inhlokodolobha Hum siqukethe zokuthutha,
zezindiza, zezimboni nendlu imisindo. I eziyingozi kakhulu nje umsindo imoto njengoba izindiza fly high ngokwanele, futhi ngomsindo owawenziwa izinkampani ziyoncibilika izakhiwo zabo. I hum njalo izimoto emigwaqweni emikhulu esimatasa kakhulu lidlula kwezinkambiso zonke eyamukelekayo kabili. Njengenhloko-dolobha yalowo amakhefu umgoqo umsindo? Moscow kuyinto ngokuchichima esiyingozi imisindo, ngakho izakhamuzi inhlokodolobha efakwe amafasitela kabili ezicwebezelisiwe ukuze muffle umsindo.

Kanjani Storming umgoqo umsindo?

Kuze 1947 babungekho ubufakazi kwabantu inhlalakahle abanikeze asebenza nabo ukuthi indiza ngesivinini esingaphezu umsindo. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, breaking isithiyo umsindo kudinga amandla nesibindi ezithile. Phakathi indiza kuba sobala ukuthi asikho isiqinisekiso ukusinda. Ngisho professional umshayeli alinakusho ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ibhere ukuhlaselwa izindiza design izakhi. Akuphelanga mizuzu mingaki, indiza ingase nje liphuke. Kuyini wachaza? Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuhamba Isivinini Subsonic kudala amagagasi acoustic washintsha njengoba imibuthano Lesi sibalo sehle sisuka itshe. isivinini Supersonic ekujabulisayo amagagasi ukushaqeka, futhi emi phansi umuntu ozwa umsindo like ukuqhuma. Ngaphandle-computer anamandla kwakunzima ukuxazulula eziyinkimbinkimbi umehluko zibalo, futhi kwadingeka ukuba ancike ohlabayo onobuhle emoyeni imigudu. Ngezinye izikhathi uma kukhona enganele ukusheshisa indiza ukushaqeka kwegagasi amandla anjalo ezindiza amafasitela yezindlu lapho indiza is flying. Phula umgoqo umsindo ayikwazi wonke umuntu, ngoba ngalesi sikhathi shaking wonke isakhiwo, umonakalo eside bangathola apharathasi obandayo. Ngakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba abashayeli siyimiqemane nokuzinza ngokomzwelo. Uma indiza iya kancane, kodwa isithiyo umsindo unqobe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi umshayeli noma abagibeli kungenzeka ngeke bazizwa emizweni kubuhlungu ngempela. Ikakhulukazi kokunqotshwa isithiyo umsindo Yakhiwa izindiza ucwaningo ngoJanuwari 1946. imishini Ukudala seluqaliwe ngomyalo eMnyango Wezokuvikela, kodwa esikhundleni izikhali ke eyayigcwele imishini yesayensi ukuthi zilandelwa ukusebenza izindlela futhi amathuluzi. Lokhu indiza sasifana yesimanje cruise missile okwakhelwe rocket injini. Ukunqoba indiza ye isithiyo umsindo kwenzeke isivinini 2736 km / h.

ezikhumbuzo ngokomzimba nokukhulunyelwa kabi anqobe ijubane umsindo

Intuthuko sokunqoba isithiyo umsindo ziyaziswa kakhulu namuhla. Ngakho, indiza lapho Chak Yeger okokuqala uye unqobe, manje ukubonisa eNational Air and Space Museum, esemgwaqweni e-Washington. Kodwa nemingcele lobuchwepheshe lokhu yafika nomuntu, kwakungaba into efanele kancane ngaphandle, uquketheni lowo umshayeli. Chak Yeger waya Flight School futhi eyalwiwa eYurophu, ngaphambi kokuba abuyele e-England. ukuxoshwa Akanabo Ubulungisa kusukela indiza awazange ayiphule umoya Jaeger, futhi eye zamukeleka Chief amabutho Europe. Eminyakeni ezisele kuze kube sekupheleni kwempi, Yeager eyayihilelekile 64 combat ohambweni phakathi nalapho adubula phansi 13 izindiza. Ikhaya Chak Yeger babuya elisezingeni likakaputeni. izici zalezi umuzwa kuyamangalisa, ukuzibamba Amazing nokukhuthazela ezimweni ezibucayi wayo. Hhayi kanye Yeager waqopha umlando kundiza yakhe. Umsebenzi wakhe okwalandela ubekade Air Force amayunithi, lapho wayifeza ukuqeqeshwa kwabashayeli bezindiza. Ngigcine Chak Yeger waphula isithiyo womsindo kweminyaka engu-74 ukuthi kwadingeka esenzeka ngalo wamashumi omahlanu ka-ebaleka futhi umlando 1997.

Inxanxathela imisebenzi abadali izindiza

MIG-15 izindiza ezaziwa emhlabeni wonke waqala ukudala okwamanje lapho onjiniyela wabona ukuthi angeke isekelwe kuphela breaking umgoqo umsindo, futhi kufanele ukuxazulula izinkinga ezinzima lobuchwepheshe. Umphumela waba umshini kuphumelela ukuze wema ukuguqulwa yokutholwa emazweni ahlukahlukene. Amahhovisi eziningana ezahlukene design ebandakanyeke uhlobo umncintiswano, lapho umklomelo kwakuyisazi sobunikazi indiza yimpumelelo kakhulu futhi zisebenza kahle. Yakhelwe indiza enamaphiko ishanelwe, kwaba revolution imiklamo yabo. Kuvele kudivayisi ekahle kufanele kube ezinamandla, okusheshayo futhi sikhulu amelana yikuphi ukulimala kusukela ngaphandle. wings Swept ziye zaba ingxenye indiza, eyabasiza ukuba ukukhulisa kathathu ijubane umsindo. Ngaphezu kwalokho izindiza izinga laqhubeka lenyuka, ngenxa ukwanda amandla injini, usebenzisa izinto ezintsha kanye nokwenza nemingcele sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza. Breaking the isithiyo umsindo yenziwe yaba khona futhi ngempela ngisho esontweni, kodwa kancane kuyingozi lokhu akubi, ngakho iyiphi ekstremal kumelwe soberly ukuhlola amandla abo, ngaphambi kokunquma isilingo esinjalo.