Bani qamba indiza yokuqala

Umuntu uye wafuna njalo avuke emoyeni futhi uzizwe nenkululeko indiza belingana izinyoni. Kusukela imvelo enganikezi abantu amaphiko, amaphupho ngezindiza abangu owawusekelwe ukudalwa izindiza ekhethekile. Indiza yokuqala sidalwe abaqambi eziningana e emakhoneni ezahlukene wonke by nesilinganiso encane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngakho-ke, umnikazi entendeni ngalolu daba namanje hhayi kusungulwa ngokucacile. Umlando usinikeza yokukhetha ezintathu, ukuba ngqo, ngisho contender ezine kokusungulwa indiza: izelamani kusuka USA, u-Alexander Mozhaiskogo abavela eRussia nase-Alberto Santos Dumont waseBrazil.

Ngukhokho abadume kunabo bonke izindiza yesimanje namanje kubhekwa indiza izelamani zakwaWright. Abaqambi kusuka e-United States - Orville futhi Uilbur Rayt wathatha lifika esibhakabhakeni indiza yakho Flyer-1 ekuseni December 17, 1903. Uhambo lokuqala luzoba eyathatha 12 amasekhondi wamboza ibanga zedivayisi 36 kanye amamitha nengxenye, futhi umshayeli wokuqala, ngokulandelana, baba-Orville Wright, ofike ngendiza indiza elele iphiko layo.

Empeleni, kwakungekhona siqu ezindizayo umshini yabo injalo elicwengekileyo, njengoba indiza Ngafaka eduze wesitimela Umhlahlandlela, futhi asheshisa ngosizo a catapult. Kodwa kulokhu ekwakhiweni yayo iye yatholakala ngezincwadi i yangaphakathi omlilo engine, okuyinto yakhiwa abazalwane siqu.

Ukulandela ukuhlola kuqala kulandele uchungechunge Ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha lagibela emoyeni Flyer-2 kanye Flyer-3. In autumn 1905 Bratya Rayt ephethwe ukundiza cishe amakhilomitha amane. Ukuze zonke primitiveness yayo, izindiza zabo kwakusadingeka ilungelo ubizwe izindiza ngoba ayenendawo motors kulawulwa pilot futhi eshukunyiswa imithetho yezinto ezihamba emoyeni. Nokho, chassis like ezindizeni zangakwazi wakhulela emoyeni ngumuntu catapult.

Cishe kanyekanye nabazalwane Wright umkhankaso izindiza zabo emoyeni umsunguli Brazilian Alberto Santos-Dumont. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1906 e-France. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalesi izindiza kwakuwukuthi Wakhumula ngaphandle amadivaysi ezengeziwe, okusho ukuthi kukhona ngokuphelele self ezinezinjini. Le ndiza wokuqala, elibizwa ngokuthi "14-bis» waba chassis non-esikhiphekayo futhi zafinyelela ngamandla ayo kuphela.

Manje-ke kuya kuvama yokuthi ibhanoyi lokuqala kakhulu wayesalokhu ayakhelwe eMelika eRussia iminyaka engamashumi amathathu ngaphambi kokuba indiza zakwaWright yabazalwane. He akha yakhe Mozhajskij engemuva Admiral okwase kuyiminyaka izifundo ezifanele. Its izindiza ibukeke ngesikebhe esincane nge amapayipi eziningana, insika bese ezimbili ezincane umusi injini. Lalibizwa ngokuthi igobolondo aeronautical, futhi igunya lokwenza a izimoto zasemoyeni efanayo Mozhajskij wathola ngo 1881.

Mozhaiskogo isakhiwo akunakubangelwa uhlobo izindiza fuselage, okuyinto baqala lalakhiwe eminyakeni 30 kuphela kamuva ngokugcwele. Umsunguli kwaba isabelomali Friend kakhulu, futhi uhulumeni wafuna ukugqamisa imadlana kanjani ucwaningo futhi uma kungenzeka nhlobo ukuze uhlukanise futhi bayeke zonke ukuthuthukiswa.

Esibhaliwe indiza yokuqala ehlobo lika-1882 eduze Petersburg, ngo -Red Selo. Ngokukhethekile abamenyiwe yiKhomishana ngilugcinile indiza kwendiza, othiwa Mozhajskij aerodinamom. Indiza yokuqala bahlakazeka ku flooring sokhuni, a amamitha ambalwa futhi zafinyelela uya emanzini, iphiko eliphukile.

Ucwaningo lwamuva nje luye lwabonisa ukuthi ngesikhathi aerodyne lwakhiwe ngendlela efanele, kodwa wayentula amandla sokuphehla amandla indiza eside.

Mozhaisk, zokunqoba izinkinga bureaucratic futhi kwezimali kwakuqhubeka ukuthuthukiswa yakhe. Ngo-1890, wafa, ukuthuthukisa ibhizinisi lakhe kwakungekho muntu, futhi iziphathimandla tsarist uncamela bayakhohlwa indiza ngingcwabe izifundo ezinjalo isikhathi eside. Ngisho yakhelwe indiza ngalutho - wathunyelwa ifa Mozhaiskiye eduze Vologda, futhi 1895 kwashiswa khona.

Ngakho ubani nabasunguli ungakwazi kube nokutjheja okuphambili indaba yokugcina? Ngalinye enquma kwayona. Aviation - ikhasi ebaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wesintu, okuyinto adalwe lomtshikatshika abantu abaningi: theoreticians, odokotela, onjiniyela kanye namaphupho. Ngakho-ke, zonke Unelungelo ukuqashelwa futhi inkumbulo.