Izindaba UmphakathiInqubomgomo

Uyini ophikisana nenqubo kahulumeni? Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela ophikisana nenqubo kahulumeni e-USSR

Esikhathini izinsuku eSoviet Union akulona sonke isibalo sabantu kwaba uhulumeni sasivumela zamanje. Eyamukelwayo ngokuthi abantu akazange ayisekele nendlela ukubukwa zezombusazwe yabanye abantu, futhi uhulumeni wamaSoviet. Kwakumelwe ardent bangi wobukhomanisi nengenawo iphathwa nabo bonke abangamthandi ngandlela-thile wathinta. Futhi, uhulumeni waseSoviet Union ayengeke akushalazelele eyamukelwayo. eyamukelwayo Soviet obala wamemezela iphuzu lakhe lezombusazwe umbono. Ngezinye izikhathi basuke zenziwe izinhlangano lonke ngomshoshaphansi. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, iziphathimandla beshushiswa abaphikisi bombuso ngumthetho.

"Abaphikisi bombuso Political"

eyamukelwayo aseSoviet nhlobo. Noma ubani wabaphatha, lalingabulawa kalula thumela ukuxhumana, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho ukudubula. Nokho, abaphikisi bombuso komhlaba yathatha kuphela kuze kube sekupheleni 50s. Kusukela ngo-1960 futhi kuze kube ngo-1980, le nhlangano ophikisana nenqubo kahulumeni waba inzuzo eside esiteji emphakathini. Igama elithi "ophikisana nenqubo kahulumeni zezombusazwe" zilethwe uhulumeni asemrarweni. Lokhu akusona isimanga, ngoba unolwazi umphakathi imibono yabo cishe endaweni evulekile.

Maphakathi nawo-1960 ukuthi "ophikisana nenqubo kahulumeni" kwakuvele kwaziwa cishe zonke izakhamuzi, hhayi kuphela e-USSR, kodwa futhi phesheya. Eyamukelwayo basakaza amapheshana, izincwadi imfihlo futhi evulekile izinkampani eziningi, emaphephandabeni ngisho ezinkantolo wombuso. nabo bazama ngangokunokwenzeka, bese uthumela anekhono lokundiza nelokubamba ukumemezela sikhona ngenxa kwamanye amazwe emhlabeni.

Isimo kukahulumeni nabantu abaphikisana

Ngakho-ke yini ngokuthi "ophikisana nenqubo kahulumeni", futhi avele lapho leli gama? It wangena ukusetshenziswa ekuqaleni 60 ukuze ubheke ukunyakaza emelene nohulumeni. Futhi babevame ukusebenzisa igama elithi "ophikisana nenqubo kahulumeni zezombusazwe", kodwa ekuqaleni lalisetshenziswa kwamanye amazwe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokwabo eyamukelwayo e zeSoviet Union, baqala ukuzibiza ngokuthi.

Ngezinye izikhathi, uhulumeni kwakunezilwi eyamukelwayo ezigebengu Okuyınqo, ehilelekile izenzo zobuphekula, ezifana ukuqhuma eMoscow ngonyaka lama-77. Nokho, lokhu akunjalo. Njenganoma iyiphi inhlangano, abaphikisi bombuso babe imithetho yabo, singasho imithetho. Ungakhetha ebaluleke kakhulu kubo: "Ungasebenzisi ubudlova," "emphakathini isenzo", "Ukuvikelwa amalungelo abantu nenkululeko" futhi "Ukuhambisana Imithetho".

Umsebenzi oyinhloko we ukunyakaza ophikisana nenqubo kahulumeni

Injongo eyinhloko ye-eyamukelwayo kwaba ukwazisa izakhamuzi ukuthi uhlelo lamaKhomanisi isibe akusebenzi futhi esikhundleni ngezindinganiso kumelwe isuke zomhlaba osentshonalanga. Umsebenti wabo benza ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kodwa kwakuye ukushicilelwa izincwadi kanye amapheshana. ngezinye izikhathi eyamukelwayo eqoqwe ngamaqembu futhi ukuboniswa olwenziwa.

Siyini "ophikisana nenqubo kahulumeni" kwakuvele kwaziwa cishe emhlabeni wonke, futhi kuphela eSoviet Union base ulinganiswa abashokobezi. Avame akabizanga eyamukelwayo, kodwa umane "ezimelene namaSoviet" futhi "izakhi ezimelene namaSoviet". Empeleni, abaphikisi bombuso abaningi ngaleyo ndlela engizizwa ngayo, ngokuvamile aye abizwa amthukile kwencazelo "ophikisana nenqubo kahulumeni".

Aleksandr Isaevich uSolzhenitsyn

Omunye amalungu kunazo asebenzayo bale nhlangano wabo kwakungu-Aleksandr Isaevich uSolzhenitsyn. Umuntu ophikisana nenqubo kahulumeni wazalwa ngo-1918. Aleksandr Isaevich kwaba emphakathini eyamukelwayo ezingaphezu kweyodwa eyishumi. Wayengomunye nabaphikisi vocal kakhulu isimiso samaSoviet namandla Soviet. Singasho, uSolzhenitsyn wayengomunye walabo abangobhongoza ukunyakaza ophikisana nenqubo kahulumeni.

isiphetho ophikisana nenqubo kahulumeni

Phakathi kwempi yezwe yesibili, waya phambili ukhushuliwe elisezingeni likakaputeni. Nokho, akazange azamukele eziningi izenzo uStalin. Ngisho ngesikhathi sempi, wahola ingxoxo nomngane, okuyinto ngokhahlo wagxeka Iosifa Vissarionovicha. Ingabe wena a ophikisana nenqubo kahulumeni kumadokhumenti amaphepha lapho eqhathanisa umbuso kukaStalin nge serfdom. Ngokusho idokhumenti kwabasebenzi nesithakazelo "Smersh". Ngemva yophenyo waqala ngenxa okuyinto uSolzhenitsyn waboshwa. Wayelethwa bancishwa isikhundla likakaputeni, futhi Ngasekupheleni kuka-1945 wagwetshwa.

Ekugcineni, u-Aleksandr Isaevich wachitha cishe iminyaka engu-8. Ngo-1953, wadedelwa. Nokho, ngisho nangemva esiphethweni ebengalidluliselanga washintsha umbono nesimo sakhe sengqondo ukuze umbuso wamaSoviet. Cishe, kuphela uSolzhenitsyn wayeqiniseka ngokuthi eyamukelwayo eSoviet Union, abantu bakuthola kunzima.

Bokuhlukaniswa ilungelo ukuze sokushicilela zomthetho

Aleksandr Isaevich bukhicite izihloko eziningi futhi isebenza ku-umbuso wamaSoviet. Nokho, nge obhekwe uBrezhnev, yena waba ophucwa ilungelo sokushicilela zomthetho amarekhodi. Kamuva, i-KGB, abakwasidlodlo babaphuca uSolzhenitsyn wonke amadokhumenti yakhe, eyayinekheli inkulumo-ze emelene ngempela namaSoviet, kodwa ngisho nangemva kwalokho uSolzhenitsyn awuzange ngiyeke nemisebenzi yabo. Waba bahileleke ukunyakaza komphakathi, kanye ukusebenza. Aleksandr Isaevich wayezama ukuba adlulisele kuwo wonke umuntu ukuthi "ophikisana nenqubo kahulumeni". Mayelana lezi zenzakalo, uhulumeni wamaSoviet awuzange waqala ukuba ngiziqonde uSolzhenitsyn njengoba isitha ezibucayi isimo.

Ngemva amabhuku-Alexander sebededeliwe e-United States ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe, waxoshwa eSoviet Writers 'Society. USolzhenitsyn ngokumelene yangempela Imininingwane impi eSoviet Union yayiqhuma. ukunyakaza futhi limelene namaSoviet e-USSR iziphathimandla ezingasho ungathandi. Ngakho, phakathi nawo-1970 kwi iseluleko leKomiti Central we CPSU waphoselwa umbuzo umsebenzi uSolzhenitsyn sika. Ekupheleni kuka-Congress, kwanqunywa ukuba ambophe. Ngemva kwalokho, Februwari 12 1974 ngonyaka uSolzhenitsyn waboshwa futhi bancishwa yisakhamuzi yakhe Soviet, futhi kamuva waxoshwa eU.SSR eJalimane. KGB mathupha wambamba indiza. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbili, isimemezelo eyakhishwa ukuphucwa futhi ukubhujiswa kwayo yonke imibhalo, izihloko kanye nanoma yimuphi izincwadi ezimelene namaSoviet. Zonke izindaba zangaphakathi kweSoviet Union manje labizwa ngokuthi "imfihlo."

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