IQembu LamaNazi (NSDAP): abaholi hlelo, izimpawu, umlando

EJalimane ngo-1920 ekuqaleni ukhona National Socialist German Workers Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), ngesiRashiya - iQembu LamaNazi, noma NSDAP) ngo-1933 baba iqembu zomthetho kuphela amandla kuleli zwe. Isinqumo se-anti-Hitler womanyano ngemva kokunqotshwa ngo-1945, kwaba ziyoncibilika, le eNuremberg Izilingo ubuholi balo neyaziwayo ubugebengu kanye imibono evamile ayivumelekile ngenxa usongo ekuphileni kwabantu.

ekuqaleni

Ngo-1919 e Munich, ujantshi Fitter Antonom Drekslerom eyasungulwa Party Workers German '(DAP) emsamo weKomidi umsebenzi Yokuthula (Freien Arbeiterausschuss für einen guten Frieden), nayo eyasungulwa Drexler. umeluleki wakhe - Paul Tafel, umqondisi kanye nomholi we-Pan-German League, wanika umqondo sokudalwa kuyinto party ubuzwe ukuthi wencike abasebenzi. Ngaphansi ephikweni WCT kusukela liqala bekulokhu amalungu mayelana 40. Uhlelo we zezombusazwe party wayengakafiki ngokwanele athuthukile.

U-Adolf Hitler bajoyine DAP uchungechunge ngo-September 1919, futhi ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha kwamenyezelwa "Uhlelo amaphuzu amabili nanhlanu, 'kuhilelani negama ushintsho. Manje bagcina beyitholile igama layo ngokuthi iQembu LamaNazi. Hitler yena ekhuphuka kanye innovations National Sokusebenzela ezase zibhaliwe kakade wamemezela ngalesi sikhathi e-Austria. Ukukopisha igama party Austria, uHitler wathi makwenziwe Socialist-Revolutionary Party. Kodwa athonya. Ukufunda wacosha umqondo, ekunciphiseni isifinyezo ukuba "AmaNazi", njengoba igama "sotsi" (Socialists) sase sikhona kakade by Isifaniso.

amaphuzu amabili nanhlanu

Ukuze lolu hlelo kwesibhamu, evunyiwe Februwari 1920, uzoba emfushane.

1. Greater Germany kufanele ukuhlanganisa bonke amaJalimane ethile ensimini yawo.
2. Ukuze sengeta out yonke imigomo ye-Versailles iSivumelwano kuka ukuqinisekisa ilungelo Germany i ubudlelwane isakhiwo ezimele nezinye izizwe.
3. Lebensraum: zidinga indawo eyengeziwe ukukhiqiza ukudla ukuze axazulule yokwanda German.
4. Ubuzwe sivunyiwe ngesisekelo uhlanga. AmaJuda akuzona bamazwe German.
5. Zonke non-amaJalimane kungaba izivakashi.
6. okuthunyelwe Esemthethweni kumele ubambe ezifanele abantu amakhono namandla ekubeni etholakalayo, noma iyiphi cronyism uhlelo akwamukeleki.
7. Isimo iphoqelekile ukuba inikeze izimo zaba khona izakhamuzi. Lapho ukuntuleka kwezinsiza zonke abangezona izakhamizi bayakhishwa kusukela isibalo bahlomule.
8. Ukungena non-amaJalimane e-Germany ukuyeka.
9. Tonkhe takhamiti hhayi kuphela efanele kodwa nangenxa duty iqhaza okhethweni.
10. Esinye nesinye isakhamuzi German has ukusebenza ngenxa okuhle ovamile.
11. ukuthi imali eyenziwa ngokungemthetho sithathiwe.
12. Zonke inzuzo wathola ngezithukuthuku empini, zazithathwa.
13. Ukusungulwa zonke amabhizinisi ezinkulu.
14. Abasebenzi nabasebenzi iqhaza netinzuzo amabhizinisi ezinkulu.
15. impesheni sokuguga kufanele kube okunenhlonipho.
16. Isidingo ukusekela abakhiqizi amancane abahwebi, uthumele kubo bonke izitolo ezinkulu.
17. Izinguquko bomhlaba, ekunqanyulweni kuwukuqagela.
18. Ukuqagela isigwebo sokufa, wonke amacala okuhlukumeza bejeziswa waphakamisela.
19. Ukubuyiselwa komthetho wamaRoma emthethweni German.
20. Ukuhlelwa kabusha kohlelo lwezemfundo eJalimane.
21. ukwesekwa State umama kanye intuthuko yentsha.
22. inkonzo yezempi ayimpoqo, esikhundleni bayibutho kazwelonke professional.
23. Yonke imidiya ezweni kufanele kube kuphela amaJalimane, non-amaJalimane usebenza kubo akuvunyelwe.
24. Inkolo likhululekile, ngaphandle inkolo, okuyizinto eJalimane yingozi. izinto ezibonakalayo Jewish kunqatshelwe.
25. Ukuqinisa kuhulumeni nokuqalisa ngempumelelo umthetho.

ephalamende

Kusukela ngo-Ephreli 1920 Uhlelo lokuqala sikaHitler sezombusazwe baba olusemthethweni, futhi kusukela ngo-1926 zonke izinhlinzeko zalo ezishiwo inviolable. Kusukela ngo-1924 kuya ku-1933 iqembu kwashesha futhi kwaqinisa ngokushesha. ukhetho lwephalamende ukukhombisa ukukhula abavoti German ukuvota njalo ngonyaka.

Uma iQembu LamaNazi yazuza 6.6% kuphela okhethweni, futhi ngo-December, ngisho ngaphansi ngoMeyi ka-1924 - 3% kuphela, kuyilapho ngo-1930 ivoti kwaba 18.3%. Ngo-1932, Abasekeli Sikazwelonke Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni anda kakhulu ngoJulayi ngenxa NSDAP uvotele 37.4%, bese kuthi ekugcineni ngo-March 1933, cishe 44% wamavoti, leli qembu lathola Hitler. Kusukela ngo-1923, congresses sasesiqhutshelwa ka iQembu LamaNazi, sekube eziyishumi, kanti owokugcina uyoba ngo owawuse-1938.

Imibono yamaKhomanisi

Imibono yamaKhomanisi bobushiqela ka Sikazwelonke Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni ihlanganisa izici zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni, ubuhlanga, ubuzwe, kwamaJuda, wobushiqela anti-nobukhomanisi. Yingakho iQembu LamaNazi yamemezela nomgomo walo ekwakheni isimo Aryan ubumsulwa zobuhlanga kanye insimu enkulu, okuyinto has konke okudingayo ukuze inhlalakahle yakho nokuchuma kweminyaka eyinkulungwane kwamaNazi.

Hitler wenza umbiko wokuqala ngaphambi Okthoba 1919 inhlangano. Khona-ke umlando iqembu ekuqaleni nje, futhi izilaleli lalilincane - abantu nekhulu eyodwa kuphela futhi. Kodwa wathumba Ngokuzayo sokudumisa ngokuphelele. Ngomqondo onabile, inkulumo postulates Izinkulumo zakhe zingashintshi nakanye - ukuvela wobushiqela selwenzekile kakade. Ekuqaleni, Hitler watshela ebona indlela enkulu eJalimane futhi izitha zayo wathi: amaJuda Marxists, ngubani Niye nalahla lizwe ukunqoba shí eMpini Yezwe I, futhi ukuhlupheka okwalandela. Khona-ke kwathiwa mayelana kumeshi futhi isikhali German ezizoqeda ubumpofu ezweni. Le mfuneko ukubuya amakoloni naphezu "ngesihluku" iSivumelwano SaseVersailles ukuthi lwaqiniswa ngenhloso unamathisele ezindaweni eziningi ezintsha.

isakhiwo party

Yakhelwe iQembu LamaNazi isimiso indawo, isakhiwo kwaba phezulu. amandla aphelele kanye namandla angenamkhawulo kwakungekaNkulunkulu usihlalo weqembu. Ikhanda lokuqala kusukela ngoJanuwari 1919 kuya ku-February 1920 kwaba intatheli Karl Harrer. Ubizwa bahileleke ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane WCT. Yena salandelwa Anton Drexler, ngonyaka kamuva owaba usihlalo zokuhlonipha iqembu, uma unikezwe izinso ukuba u-Adolf Hitler ngoJulayi 1921.

Ngokushesha ama-apharathasi party oholwa iPhini sokudumisa. Kusukela ngo-1933 kuya ku-1941, isikhundla yesibili ilawulwa Rudolf Hess, wadala amaNazi Party Chancellery, lawo ngokushesha ngo-1933 kwaholela Martin Bormann, ngo-1941, iye siguqulelwa endlunkulu Party Chancellery. Kusukela ngo-1942, Borman - UNobhala we sokudumisa. Ngo-1945, uHitler wabhala incwadi yefa lapho wamisa iposi iqembu elisha - UNgqongqoshe wabonakala ezindabeni party, okuyinto eyaba ikhanda layo. Bormann wahlala enhloko iQembu LamaNazi eside - ezine izinsuku, phezu wamashumi amathathu April kuze ukusayinwa yokubuyiswa wesibili ka Meyi.

lahlangabetana nayo

Lapho amaNazi Uzame kombuso, lwaseBavaria Commissioner Gustav von Kahr wakhipha isimemezelo esivala National Socialist Party. Nokho, izenzo akusizanga, futhi ukuthandwa emcimbini othile, kwathi sokudumisa wakhula ijubane ezinkulukazi: ngo-1924 amane Reichstag amasekela ingeyamakhosi NSDAP. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amalungu enhlangano zazifihliwe ngaphansi amanye amagama izinhlangano okudalwe kabusha. Lokhu kusebenza futhi eJalimane kanye nomphakathi kazwelonke, uMnuz Julius Streicher, kanye Popular Block kanye National Socialist Liberation Movement, kanye nezinye inombolo eziningi elincane kumalungu aleli qembu.

Ngo-1925, iQembu LamaNazi futhi waphuma isimo wezomthetho, kodwa abaholi bayo abavumelani ku umbuzo luyingxenye Tactical - indlela socialism kakhulu nobuzwe kumele ufakele le ukunyakaza. Ngakho, leli qembu lahlukaniswa laba amaphiko amabili. Zonke 1926 waya uqhekeko futhi kudingeke zilwe ebabayo phakathi sokunene nesobunxele. inkomfa Party in Bamberg kwaba apogee ka kule mpi. Khona-ke, ngo-May 22, 1926, akazange anqobe kuwukuphikisana, Hitler Munich namanje akhethwe umholi wawo. Benze ke ngazwi linye.

Izizathu ukuthandwa nobuNazi

EJalimane, i-kobukhulu bomnotho ku eko ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili kwaba eliphakeme, ukunganeliseki womanyano wakhula ngokukhulu ukushesha. Ngenxa yalokhu, akuzange kube nzima kangaka ohmurit imibono mass zokwazisa ubuzwe kanye nokuthanda impi, bememezela master uhlanga kanye mission zomlando Germany. Isibalo abasekeli kanye nabo ka iQembu LamaNazi yavuleka, edonsa kwababusi izinkulungwane amaNazi nezinkulungwane amabhungu kusukela amakilasi ezahlukene futhi izigodi. Party athuthukiswe ngamandla futhi musa bangafuni amasu populist e abaqashwayo abalandeli abasha.

Ozimele, baba umgogodla iQembu LamaNazi, zazinzima umxhwele: ingxenye enkulu base amalungu kahulumeni yahlakazeka amaqembu paramilitary futhi izinhlangano Veterans '(Pan-German League kanye German Yabantu Union lokucasula kanye nomkhakha wezokuvikela, isibonelo). Ngo-January 1923, engqungqutheleni yaleli qembu, uHitler labetibambile umcimbi umqhele ifulegi NSDAP. Kwakukhona izimpawu amaNazi. Ngemva kokuphela Congress lidlule odwendweni lokuqala ithoshi of SA stormtroopers amawaka, anamakhulu mathandathu. Ekwindla ka iqembu wayevele abantu abangaphezu kuka-55 eziyinkulungwane.

Ilungiselela ukuthatha umhlaba

Ngo-February 1925 isiqalo futhi sinqatshiwe ukushicilela iphephandaba lokuqala - uhlaka iQembu LamaNazi - "Volkischer Beobachter". Khona-ke Hitler wenza omunye zigqila zakhe yimpumelelo kakhulu - eceleni kwakhe wathutha Goebbels, ngubani wasungula "Angrif" magazini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, NSDAP waba nethuba ukuhumusha izifundo zabo theory ne "National Socialist nyangazonke". Ngo-July 1926, ngesikhathi Weimar iCongress of iQembu LamaNazi, uHitler wanquma ukushintsha amaqhinga party.

Esikhundleni izindlela zobuphekula umzabalazo wokulwa betembusave, watusa ukumpintsha zonke izakhiwo zokuphatha, abaqokelwe Reichstag futhi kuleli ephalamende isimo. Kwakufanele kwenziwe, yebo, ngaphandle kokuba usivumele aphume emehlweni umgomo oyinhloko - wokuqeda kobuKhomanisi ebukezwe izinqumo Versailles Treaty.

inhlokodolobha ukukhuliswa

Zonke izinhlobo namacebo Hitler wakwazi kuthakazelise Uhlelo NSDAP eJalimane, izibalo ezibaluleke kakhulu zezimali nezezimboni. Party Trust futhi wajoyina ezinhlwini zayo abaphathi ezifana Wilhelm Kappler, Emil Kirdorf, umhleli exchange iphephandaba Walther Funk, Usihlalo Reichsbank Yalmar Shaht, futhi abaningi kulabo, ngaphezu ubulungu ayo kuyinto PR kuhle abantu, bangeniswe Isikhwama party izindodla zemali. Inkinga buqina, abangasebenzi wakhula angalawuleki, Social Democrats akazange ayithethelele ithemba abantu. amaqembu amaningi yokuxhumana abalahlekelwa phansi, ifofobaliswa kakhulu izisekelo khona kwabo.

abakhiqizi ezincane bangazama, isola uhulumeni wentando yabantu sezinkinga zabo. Abaningi babona indlela yokuphuma yalesi simo, kuphela ukuze uqinise amandla kuhulumeni iqembu elilodwa. Lezi zimfuneko futhi ngokuzithandela wajoyina kubaphathi bebhange, lapho osomabhizinisi emikhulu, zixhaswe NSDAP emikhankasweni yokhetho. Zonke ezihlobene nale party futhi nawo nezifiso Hitler isizwe-ububanzi futhi siqu. Ukuze abacebile, kwaba isithiyo ngokuyinhloko protivokommunistichesky. Ngo-July 1932 imiphumela yokuqala amenyezelwa: izihlalo 230 okhethweni Reichstag ngokumelene 133 Social Democrats namaKhomanisi 89.

iyunithi

Njengengxenye party ngo-1944, kwakunabamemezeli ayisishiyagalolunye Angeschlossene Verbände - adjoint Izinyunyana, eziyisikhombisa Gliederungen der Partei - kwehlukana party nezinhlangano ezine. Izinyunyana ukuthi bajoyine iQembu LamaNazi, eyakhiwa abameli, othisha, izisebenzi zombuso, odokotela, ochwepheshe, inyunyana azosiza abayizisulu zempi, inyunyana inhlalakahle social yezabasebenzi phambi kanyenamadlelandawonye ukuzivikela. Bebesendle isakhiwo iqembu izinhlangano ezizimele kanye namalungelo omthetho kanye nempahla.

Inhlangano yezepolitiki baseJalimane amayunithi: Hitler, SS (wevikeleko), kusho iSA (phepho troopers), amantombazane Izinyunyana isiJalimane, osolwazi nabafundi, abesifazane (NS-Frauenschaft), ngomshini Corps. Izinhlangano ukuthi bajoyine inhlangano kwe-Adolf Hitler, abangu aminyene, kodwa hhayi elikhulu kakhulu, kuba: Inkampani Culture, Union of imikhaya emikhulu emphakathini German (Deutscher Gemeindetag) kanye "Nomsebenzi abesifazane German" (Das Deutsche Frauenwerk).

division zokuphatha

IJalimane yahlukaniswa yaba yizingxenye amathathu nantathu Gaue - endaweni party, coinciding ne nezizinda. Inani lawo landa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi: ngo-1941, Gow kwaba kakade 43 plus inhlangano amazwe NSDAP. Gau ihlukaniswe ngezigodi, kanti labo - on amagatsha endawo, njll - kanye amabhlogo cell. Ngo block yahlanganiswa ukuze izindlu 60.

party iyunithi ngalinye yenhlangano eliholwa Gauleiter, krayslyayter nokunye okunjalo. Enhlabathini zadalwa, ngokulandelana, we-apharathasi ezombangazwe, izikhulu zabo timphawu, isikhundla kanye shape, okuyinto ukuhlobisa izimpawu amaNazi. Umbala buttonholes bakhomba ubulungu kanye isikhundla ngaphakathi enhlanganweni.

amagatsha

NSDAP ukulalela amalungu hhayi kuphela zabo party, kodwa iqembu nababesizana eJalimane futhi emazweni matasa kuwo. E-Italy, kuze 1943 , Benito uMussolini kwaholela National wamaFascist Party (okukholakala ukuthi iwumthombo wobushiqela kwakukhona nje), khona-ke yaphenduka Republican wamaFascist Party. ESpain, kukhona bathembele ngokuphelele phezu NSDAP phalange Spanish.

Futhi yayisebenza izinhlangano ezifanayo Slovakia, Romania, Croatia, Hungary, eCzechoslovakia, eNetherlands, Norway. Futhi Belgium naseDenmark babe ngomqondo ongokoqobo lamahhovisi NSDAP insimu yayo, ngisho izimpawu amaNazi luqondane cishe ngokuphelele. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi zonke lezi uthi, lapho wadala iQembu LamaNazi, bahlanganyela seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili ohlangothini eJalimane, futhi ekuthunjweni Soviet babe abameleli abaningi kuzo zonke kula mazwe.

kokunqotshwa

Sokunikela kwemibandela 1945 abuqede ngesihluku kunazo zonke izinhlangothi eyake yaba khona yisintu. NSDAP hhayi ziyoncibilika kuphela kodwa futhi emhlabeni uvinjelwe, impahla uyabanjwa ngokugcwele, ngecala futhi wabulawa nababengobhongoza balokho kuvukela. Nokho, iningi lamalungu party namanje wakwazi ukubaleka siye eNingizimu Melika, umbusi Spanish Franco besizwa ngale ngokunikeza imikhumbi, kanye nemixhaso.

Isinqumo se-sokusebenzisana anti-undlovukayiphikiswa Germany zabhekana ngokugcwele inqubo denazification, amalungu e-NSDAP zahlolwa ukuthi azinazo yini ngokukhethekile: ukukhishwa ukuphathwa noma esikoleni - kuba yimali encane kakhulu ukukhokhela ngalokho ayekwenzile ezweni wobushiqela.

ngemva kwempi

EJalimane ngo-1964, wobushiqela baphakamisé ikhanda lakhe futhi. Kwakubonakala Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands - iNational Democratic Party of Germany, eye kahle ngokwayo ibe ngundlalifa NSDAP. Ngokokuqala ngqá kusukela eMkhandlwini Wesibili neMpi Yezwe, neo-amaNazi wasondela Bundestag - 4.3% okhethweni 1969. Kuze NPD eJalimane babeyizibonelo imfundo yobuNazi banamuhla nezinye, ama-Socialist kwamaNazi Party Remer, isibonelo, kodwa ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kwaba nemiphumela emikhulu, akukho noyedwa wabo izuzwe ezingeni sikahulumeni.