Yini iyisilondolozi zemibhalo yesandla eBaghdad? Iminyaka Engu-khona kanye nencazelo into

Isitoreji Yesandla e Baghdad, ebizwa nangokuthi "Indlu Yenhlakanipho." Lesi sikhungo yasungulwa lapha ezinsukwini zakuqala izinkolo eziningi-Eastern - Islam, kodwa sagcina sihlale hhayi isikhathi eside kangaka. Ekuqaleni, ososayensi abaye beza lapha abavela emazweni ehlukene, owayenganikela ukuwudlulisela Baghdad, ulwazi oluthile emkhakheni wesayensi. Zayishiya lapha impumelelo yawo, eyayiqhutshwa eqoqwe ezincwadini athukulule-leaf isitoreji eyengeziwe. Phakathi nezimpi njalo ezenzeka phakathi kwemibuso ngaleso sikhathi, kuba engcebweni enkulu kakhulu yolwazi wabhujiswa, bonke yesandla yasendulo, ongqondongqondo ihlanganiswe iphonswe oMfula iTigrisi.

prehistory

Ekhulwini lesi-8, amakhosi Abbasid wagumbuqela isinqumo ngesikhathi we Umayyads, abusa ezweni owawuthandwa kakhulu eMesophothamiya. amandla Capital ngaleso sikhathi phakathi komuzi Mecca, okuyinto kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso isiphephelo of the Prophet Muhammad futhi bonke abalandeli bakhe. Amandla entsha, okumenza ngokuwina, ethutha ikomkhulu iBaghdad, futhi ukuthi njengoba eqala ukukhuluphala phambi kwamehlo ethu edolobheni. Inhloso esemqoka kwaba ukwenza Abbasid yeBaghdad "okusha Alexandria". Ngoba lapha laqala ukuletha yabo esuka kulo lonke elaseYurophu futhi Asia, imisebenzi zefilosofi ahlukahlukene, ososayensi, zezibalo kanye nabacwaningi. Ngakho kwamiswa uhlobo Igumbi lemibhalo yesandla e Baghdad, okuyinto isikhathi esithile equkethwe isethi lelula miqulu nezingcezwana eyesikhumba idwetshwa izilimi ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise efile.

Izinyathelo zokuqala nokumisa

Umuntu owasungula le "Indlu Yokuhlakanipha", okuyinto ngolimi lwendabuko ngokuthi "Bayt al-Hikma", indaba al-Ma'mūn, abakhuluma iqiniso ngokuphelele, futhi anqoba leli dolobha yeBaghdad. Ngo isiphephelo nalo lonke ulwazi, waqasha ososayensi engcono abahumushi eMesophothamiya abasebenza lapho imini nobusuku. Bona kwabonakala imibhalo yesandla yasendulo, ihlanganiswe yizazi zefilosofi kanye zezibalo kusukela e-Indiya, Greece, Italy naseSpain. Ngezinye izikhathi uhlangabezana okufakiwe adalwe izizwe ngonya aseNyakatho Yurophu. umsebenzi wabo ukuthi bahumushe lezi idatha ku-Arabhu, ngawo babhekana lolungenamaphutsa. Ngakho-Al-Mamun uvele umtapo eyayinegama wokwazi izizwe nomhlaba ophucukile ngaleso sikhathi.

Development of the House of Ukuhlakanipha

Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, egatsheni ejabulisa kakhulu isayensi ngaleso sikhathi kwaba Tibalo kanye nebudlelwane lobukhona zonke izibopho eziphuma kuso eyala - ukufunda izinkanyezi, Metaphysics, i-chemistry, njll, ngoba Indlu Yenhlakanipho wasebenza ngaphansi kokuqondisa izibalo engcono - .. Al-Khwarizmi, owaqondisa futhi poduchival zonke ezinye Ongoti . Njengoba bonke ososayensi baqala ukusebenza ndawonye, onalo zemibhalo yesandla eBaghdad yaphenduka yangempela ucwaningo centre. Kube zathathwa amafomula entsha, osayizi abasanda kuzalwa nomumo. Ukuze izazi zezinkanyezi wavula eziningi amathuba ngemva zitholwa yezizwe ezihlukahlukene ulwazi abangu kuqhathaniswa.

Ngesisekelo salokho ipumelelo nososayensi Arab sekwakhiwe?

codex ngalinye, okuyinto yawela Indlu Yenhlakanipho, yaba kuncike Ukutadisha ngokucophelela ngoba ama-Arabhu. Bahlanganyela wencike imisebenzi enjalo abalobi ezidumile classical njengoba Diophantus wase-Alexandria, u-Aristotle, Euclid, uPtolemy, uHippocrates uDioscorides, uGalen nabanye. Izimpumelelo wokuqala ososayensi nezazi zefilosofi ezine anike amandla Arabhu ukwenza eqa omkhulu wezibalo nesayensi yokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi. Zazakhiwe logarithms futhi algebraic ukubala uhlelo, izinqubo ezihlukahlukene weJiyomethri amafomula ukubala izindawo futhi imiqulu. Futhi, kuyinto usosayensi Arab uyasho nale ukutholakala njengendlela inchubekelembili - a zezibalo kanye weJiyomethri. Esikhathini esizayo, esekelwe ulwazi nokuhlangenwe nakho labetibambile lapha wezibalo umsuka e-Europe, esiphila kuso manje zisebenzisa. Njengoba kule minyaka zo emithathu lasendulo, kusekelwe okwatholakala imithi yabo entsha Arab yasungulwa.

Intuthuko emkhakheni yezinkanyezi

Igumbi lemibhalo yesandla e Baghdad ibuye ibe entsha isikhala Observatory. Umfutho isifundo mayelana nezinto zasemkhathini sekwaziwa kuyinto lasendulo, futhi ososayensi Indian abaye baba phambili umbono wokuthi Umhlaba ifana nokuthile kanye meridians. Kuyinto endaweni yabadla izambane likaPondo yeBaghdad, Abacwaningi abangama-Arabhu ukusebenza ngalezi imisebenzi yokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi, kwenziwa umzamo ukukala ubude i arc 1 degree Meridian. Lo mcimbi ube yimpumelelo, kusukela zonke izibalo kukahle.

Ukubhujiswa Indlu Yenhlakanipho

Mongol-Tatar ijoka, eyaqala ngekhulu le-13, akuyona wasindisa nabaseMesophothamiya. Ngo 1258, February 12, onalo wendawo enkulu yase-imibhalo yesandla kuye eyayicekeleke phansi ngokuphelele ibutho ngaphansi kobuholi Hulagu Khan. Abaningi ososayensi ezasebenza lapha babulawa, abanye benziwa iziboshwa, umuntu wakwazi ukuphunyuka, ukuthatha ezinye zalezo imibhalo yesandla ababelapho naye. Bonke abawa ezandleni amaMongol womele igazi, ayebhalwa ashisiwe noma baminza amanzi oMfula iTigrisi. Kukhona inkolelo yokuthi ososayensi abathile, ngubani wakwazi ukubaleka Baghdad ngesikhathi, bazinza Istanbul, eye wakwazi yini ukusebenzisa ulwazi lwabo futhi abanike impilo entsha.