Yokuziphatha njengoba Isayensi: Definition, isihloko mayelana nokuziphatha, kuncike futhi imisebenzi. Isihloko yokuziphatha ...

Ukutadisha ukuziphatha abantu nobudlelwano bawo nomunye uthatha ngisho izazi zefilosofi zasendulo. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, kwaba khona into ezifana ethos ( "ethos" ngesiGreki lasendulo), okusho ukuthi ukuhlala ndawonye endlini. Kamuva baqala selisho into esitebeleni noma uphawu, letinjenge mlingisi, ngokwezifiso.

Isihloko mayelana nokuziphatha njengoba isigaba zefilosofi, u-Aristotle sasebenzisa lokuqala, wasinikeza a izimfanelo womuntu.

Umlando ukuvela mayelana nokuziphatha

Kakade eminyakeni 2500 edlule zefilosofi omkhulu Uchaze izici eziyisisekelo zokuthambekela kobuntu, ubuntu bakhe nezimfanelo ezingokomoya okubonakalisa abizwa ngokuthi izimfanelo zokuziphatha. Cicero, kokuba bazijwayeze imisebenzi ka-Aristotle, owethulwa entsha elithi "zokuziphatha", onikeza kwenani elifanayo.

Ukuthuthukiswa okwalandela wefilosofi kuye kwaholela lokuthi ithole isiyalo ahlukene - izimiso zokuhle. Isihloko (definition), wafunda ngale isayensi, - zokuziphatha futhi izimiso zokuhle. Kwaphela isikhathi eside lezi zigaba wanika nezindinganiso ezifanayo, kodwa ezinye izazi zefilosofi yabo okhetheke khulu. Ngokwesibonelo, Hegel babekholelwa ukuthi zokuziphatha - ke umbono subjective yokuziphatha nokuziphatha - ukwenza ngokwabo kanye ubuntu babo umgomo.

Kuye izinqubo zomlando ezenzeka emhlabeni, futhi izinguquko ukuthuthukiswa yomphakathi, isihloko kwesimilo njalo washintsha ezikushoyo nokuthi okuqukethwe. Yini kwaba isici abantu bakudala, ukuthola izakhamizi engavamile kwesikhathi classical, futhi zabo izimiso zokuziphatha baye bagxekwa zefilosofi ephakathi.

Doantichnaya izimiso zokuhle

Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba akha isihloko mayelana nokuziphatha njengoba isayensi, kwaba nenkathi ende, okuthiwa "predetikoy".

Omunye abameleli ovelele sikhathi kungenziwa ngokuthi Homer, enezihlabani sesinesethi izimfanelo emihle nemibi. Kodwa umqondo walokho izenzo izimfanelo nokuthi yini cha, wayehlanganyela ingakamiswa kwakhiwa. Noma "Odyssey" noma "i-Iliad" akuzona ezifundisayo, kodwa are hle ukulandisa izenzakalo, abantu, namaqhawe nonkulunkulu, owayephila sikhathi.

Ngokokuqala ngqá amagugu abantu ayisisekelo njengoba ngezinga elithile izimfanelo nezimiso zokuziphatha banikezwe imisebenzi Hesiod, owayehlala ekuqaleni besigaba ikilasi emphakathini. Izimfanelo eyinhloko umuntu wayebheka umsebenzi okahle, ukungathathi ihlangothi kanye semthethweni izenzo njengoba ngesisekelo okuholela ekuthethelelweni ekulondvolota kanye nekusita impahla.

I postulate lokuqala zokuziphatha futhi izimiso zokuhle babe izitatimende zo ezinhlanu endulo:

1. Abadala maqondana (Chilo);
2. ugweme amanga (Cleobulus);
3. Onkulunkulu inkazimulo nangodumo abazali (Solon);
4. sebenzisa ngesilinganiso (Thales);
5. uyayidambisa intukuthelo (Chilo);
6. ukungabi nasimilo - ukushiyeka (Thales).

Lezi zindlela zidinga abantu baziphathe ngendlela ethile, futhi ngenxa yalokho ngowokuqala izindinganiso zokuziphatha ngenxa Abantu bangaleso sikhathi. Yokuziphatha njengoba isihloko isayensi inkinga - isifundo esiphathelene indoda nezimfanelo zakhe, kwaba isakhasa ngaleso sikhathi.

AmaSophist futhi zo lasendulo

Kusukela ngekhulu lesi-5 BC emazweni amaningi aqala umkhankaso ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha sciences, ubuciko kanye izakhiwo. Ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi Asizalwa zefilosofi eziningi kangaka, kwakhiwa izikole ezihlukahlukene izitayela, ngonanzelelo izinkinga yomuntu, izimfanelo zakhe ezingokomoya nezokuziphatha.

Into ebaluleke kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi kwakuwukuthola ifilosofi ngezikhwepha yaseGrisi yasendulo, emelelwa izinkomba ezimbili:

1. Amoralisty futhi amaSophist, ophike ekudalweni isibopho sokuba zonke izimfuneko zokuziphatha. Ngokwesibonelo, Protagoras sophist wayekholelwa ukuthi kuncike futhi into kwesimilo - nokuziphatha, non-unomphela, ukushintsha ngaphansi kwethonya isikhathi. It kungokwalabo isigaba isihlobo, kusukela ngamunye abantu esikhathini esithile izisekelo zalo zokuziphatha okuhle.
2. Kwatheleka enjalo izingqondo ezinhle ezifana uSocrates, uPlato, u-Aristotle, owadala kuncike nokuziphatha njengoba isayensi yokuziphatha kanye esingumGreki. Babekholelwa ukuthi ngesisekelo ubuhle kuyinto ngokuvumelana phakathi ingqondo nemizwelo. Ngokombono wabo, ke ayikazeki konkulunkulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kuyindlela okulungile ezenzweni ezimbi.

Kwaba Aristotle ngokuphathelene "Yokuziphatha" yakhe wabe izimfanelo zokuziphatha lomuntu ku 2 izinhlobo:

• zokuziphatha, ukuthi lihlotshaniswa isimo sengqondo kanye Ubumnene;
• dianoetichesky - okubhekisela emhlabathini we-kwengqondo yomuntu futhi nezikwazi ukuthonya izinkanuko ngokusebenzisa isizathu.

Ngokusho Aristotle, nokuziphatha isihloko yokufundisa 3 - emihle kakhulu, izimfanelo ngokuvamile futhi ikakhulukazi, njengoba into cwaningo - indoda. Nguye esethula usebe ukuthi zokuziphatha (isimilo) - The izindawo yokufuna umphefumulo. Waba nomqondo indoda nezihle.

EsingumGreki namaStoyiku

Ngokungafani-Aristotle, esingumGreki ukubeka phambili umbono zokuziphatha, owawuthi oluhle nezinhle iyona kuphela uhlobo yokuphila eholela kuze kwaneliseke izidingo eziyisisekelo futhi izifiso, ngoba siyithola kalula futhi, ngakho-ke, yenze umuntu serene futhi benelisekile.

Ukulandela ejulile emva Aristotle ngokuphathelene ukuthuthukiswa mayelana nokuziphatha kwesokunxele namaStoyiku. Babekholelwa ukuthi yonke izimfanelo (okuhle nokubi) sibekwa umuntu kanye nezwe elingaphandle. Injongo abantu - ukuthuthukisa izinga, kuhlobene nezinga ezinhle futhi kuqedwe ukuthambekela okubi. Laba bameleli be-esivelele kunazo zonke owabhalwa Zeno kwaba eGreece, uSeneca futhi Mark Avrely eRoma.

izimiso zokuhle medieval

Phakathi nale nkathi, isihloko yokuziphatha ukukhuthaza umbhedesho kumKristu, njengoba izwe isibe ilungelo zokuziphatha nezenkolo. Umgomo eliphakeme yomuntu Ephakathi - inkonzo kaNkulunkulu, sahunyushelwa izimfundiso Kristu mayelana nothando ngaye.

Uma izazi zefilosofi zasendulo babekholelwa ukuthi ubuhle - isakhiwo wanoma yimuphi umuntu, futhi umsebenzi wakhe ukuba ngibandise ohlangothini oluhle, ukuba kuvumelane ukuzithuthukisa emhlabeni, ukuthuthukiswa ubuKristu baba isihe saphezulu, uMdali endows abantu noma cha.

Izazi edume kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi kukhona u-Augustine waseHippo futhi foma Akvinsky. Ngokusho umyalo wokuqala ekuqaleni ephelele, njengoba wavela kuNkulunkulu. Labo abayobe behlala kwabo kanye inkazimulo lwethu ngoMdali, ambangela ukuba izulu lonke nakanjani esihogweni. Lahlangana eSt Augustine futhi wagomela ngokuthi isigaba ezinjalo, njengoba okubi, abekho. abantu baKhe izimisele nezingelosi, wamuka uMdali ngenxa khona lalo.

Foma Akvinsky waqhubekela phambili, ememezela ukuthi injabulo lapho ukuphila akunakwenzeka - kuba ngesisekelo eHayidese. Ngakho, isihloko kwesimilo Ephakathi wayeshonelwe bexhumene muntu nezimfanelo zakhe, yadedela ibandla emhlabeni nendawo abantu kuyo.

izimiso zokuhle entsha

A round esisha ukuthuthukiswa wefilosofi nasezimisweni zokuziphatha iqala nokunqatshelwa zokuziphatha njengeziyisidala intando yaphezulu, le ndoda eMiyalweni Eyishumi. Ngokwesibonelo, Spinoza wagomela ngokuthi uMdali - ke mbambambamba, imbangela konke, esebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho lalo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi emhlabeni ngaphandle akukho okuhle ngokuphelele futhi okubi, kukhona kuphela ngesimo lapho umuntu enza ngendlela ethile. Kuyinto ukuqonda ukuthi kuyasiza futhi okulimazayo ukuze kulondolozwe ukuphila, inquma ubunjalo abantu nezimfanelo zabo zokuziphatha.

Ngokusho Spinoza, kuncike nezinkinga zokuziphatha - ekutadisheni nobuthakathaka bobuntu futhi izimfanelo ku Ukufuna injabulo, futhi zisekelwe isifiso sokuziphakamisa ukulondolozwa.

U-Immanuel Kant, ngokuphambene nalokho, wayekholelwa ukuthi umnyombo zonke iyona inkululeko yokuzikhethela, oyingxenye duty zokuziphatha. umthetho wakhe wokuqala zokuziphatha, uthi: "Mthetho ukuze uhlale e wena nabanye ngeke bakubone indlela enengqondo ukufeza nenjongo."

Ekuqaleni eyisibambiso kumuntu omubi (Egoism) uphakathi nendawo yonke izenzo kanye nezinhloso. Bona ahlule ke, abantu kufanele abonise inhlonipho okugcwele ungubani kokubili siqu futhi omunye wakho. Lokho kuzoxoxwa mayelana nokuziphatha, Kant wavula kafushane futhi iyatholakala njengoba isayensi zefilosofi, emi ngaphandle kwabanye zezinto eziphilayo yayo, ukudala ifomula umbono nezimiso zokuziphatha zezwe, isimo kanye nezombusazwe.

izimiso zokuhle yesimanje

Ekhulwini lama-20 isihloko mayelana nokuziphatha njengoba isayensi izama izindinganiso okusekelwe okungezona ubudlova futhi inhlonipho ngokuphila. Ukubonakaliswa isiqalo obuhle unmultiplied kubhekwe isikhundla okubi. Ikakhulukazi kahle nganeno bezibona nezimiso zokuziphatha zezwe ngokusebenzisa iphrizimu ezinhle wembula uLeo Tolstoy.

Udlame BANGA ubudlova, andise ubuhlungu nokuhlupheka - kuyinto motif eyinhloko uhlelo lokuziphatha. Iphinde banamathela Gandhi, ezazifuna ukwenza India khulula ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ubudlova. Ngokusho kwakhe, uthando - sikhali esinamandla kakhulu izinto afanayo ngokunemba, kanye nemithetho eyisisekelo emvelweni, njengensimbi adonsela phansi.

Namuhla, emazweni amaningi aye aqaphela ukuthi izimiso ayemelene nobudlova unika imiphumela ngempumelelo ngaphezulu isinqumo izingxabano, nakuba ngeke kubhekwe yekwentiwa. Uneziqu amafomu amabili bekhalaza: non-nokubambisana nokungalaleli civil.

nezimiso zokuziphatha

Omunye izisekelo izindinganiso zokuziphatha zanamuhla ifilosofi Alberta Shveytsera - umsunguli izimiso inhlonipho ngokuphila. umqondo waso kwakuyindishi ukuhlonipha yimuphi ukuphila ngaphandle ukukucaza kube usizo, eliphezulu kakhulu noma eliphansi, ezibalulekile noma ungento yalutho.

Nokho, wavuma ukuthi ngenxa yezimo abantu kungasindisa ukuphila kwakho, ukuthatha kude yomunye. Emongweni ifilosofi yakhe yokuzikhethela abaqaphela umuntu ecaleni obereganiya ukuphila, uma isimo sivuma, futhi hhayi okungenangqondo sokuhoxisa. Lezi zindlela eziyinhloko ukuvimbela okubi Schweitzer kubhekwe kutihluphekisa, intethelelo futhi inkonzo kubantu.

Kuleli zwe lanamuhla lokuziphatha njengoba isayensi akusho balawule imithetho yokuziphatha, nakuhlolayo bese uhlela izimiso ezivamile kanye namazinga, nekucondza zokuziphatha kanye nekubaluleka kwalo emphilweni kokubili ngamunye kanye nomphakathi wonkana.

Umqondo zokuziphatha

Ukuziphatha (zokuziphatha) - into usikompilo nenhlalo, esiyingxenye ubunjalo eliyisisekelo lwesintu. Wonke umsebenzi womuntu kusekelwe izimiso zokuhle, eyaziwako umphakathi abahlala kuwo.

Ulwazi imithetho yokuziphatha kanye nokuziphatha ngendlela esiza abantu ukuzivumelanisa phakathi kwabanye. Ukuziphatha - kuba njalo okungekho zemithwalo yemfanelo yendoda ngezenzo zakhe.

izimfanelo zokuziphatha futhi ezingokomoya wakhulela kusukela ebuntwaneni. Kusukela theory, sibonga izenzo ezinhle ngayo abanye, ziba ezicini zokuphila futhi kwansuku yokuba khona komuntu, futhi ukwephulwa babo abalahliwe nguwonkewonke.

izinjongo izimiso zokuhle

Njengoba izimiso zokuhle ukuhlola okushiwo zokuziphatha nendawo yawo emphakathini, ke wenza imisebenzi elandelayo:

• uchaza zokuziphatha kusukela emlandweni ukwakheka lasendulo imigomo kanye nemithetho ehambisana emphakathini wanamuhla;
• Inikeza incazelo zokuziphatha ngokombono futhi "izinto" ukukhetha kwayo "efanele";
• Ifundisa abantu ayisisekelo izimiso zokuziphatha, inikeza ulwazi lokuhle lokubi, ukuze sihlakulele kusiza ekukhetheni aqonda "ukuphila okuhle."

Nale isayensi, kokuhlaziywa lokumukelekako nezenzo zomuntu kanye nobuhlobo babo yakhiwe okugxile ukuqonda, izuzwe kuhle kumbe kubi.

izinhlobo zokuziphatha

Emphakathini wanamuhla, imisebenzi abantu babevela ezindleleni eziningi zokuphila kuhlobene eduze, ngakho isihloko Ukubuyekeza nokuziphatha kanye uhlola izinhlobo zayo ezihlukahlukene:

• izimiso zokuhle umndeni amadili ubuhlobo phakathi kwabantu emshadweni;
• nokuziphatha kwezamabhizinisi - kwezinkambiso imithetho ibhizinisi;
• ubudlelwano Corporate ukuhlola in the team;
• lokuziphatha lifundisa bese etadisha ukuziphatha kwabantu basemsebenzini.

Namuhla, emazweni amaningi bamukele imithetho nezimiso zokuziphatha noma oluphathelene naye lowo sentambo, ukubulawa kwesiguli kanye ukufakelwa kwezitho. Njengoba umphakathi wesintu aqhubeka aguquka nalo iyaguquguquka futhi izimiso zokuhle.