Zokuxhumana ngezihloko: definition, izici futhi amaqiniso athakazelisayo

A yesayensi theory biogeocoenose sidalwe usosayensi Russian Vladimir Sukachev. Inikeza kwebalingisi olunzulu izinhlelo zemvelo, futhi iveze izinhlobo ezahlukene ekuxhumaneni phakathi izingxenye semvelo: izitshalo, izilwane, ezincane-eziphilayo. isifundo esijulile ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ubudlelwane biotic yayiqhutshelwa omunye ososayensi Russian - V Beklemishev esasibonisa ukuthi izinhlobo ezine kubo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuxhumeka baqonde izinto ezenzekayo - kuba ngemvelo omunye lwezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu kokusebenzisana of izakhiwo engokwemvelo. Bayoba ezodingidwa kulesi sihloko.

Umqondo Consortium

Ngaphambi sibheka umbuzo kanjani izibopho nezokusigcoba akhiwa kule biocenosis, kubalulekile ukuba bajwayelane okushiwo begazi nomqondo Consortium. Libhekisela eside ekhona, ubudlelwano oxhumene eziphilayo eziningana encike uhlobo abantu elikhiqizayo - Consort. The njalo kunazo ihlangabezane eziphilayo kule indima kukhona ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni. Bakhonza njengoba nje nengaphakathi ukuhlinzeka abantu nokuthi nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, ikakhulukazi nge athole ukudla nesivikelo. zezinhlobo Phila isihlobo ukuba inkonsortu endokonsortami kungenzeka, isibonelo, round noma tape worm - worm ezifuywayo futhi abantu. Ekokonsorty - eziphilayo phezu (ngamunye, kukhona umnyombo, isibonelo, sweeper inhlanzi, ahlala umzimba ushaka).

Uma ngezinye izikhathi mbeni inkonsortom, bebizwa ekzokonsortami (isib uju izinyosi ukuqoqa umpe kusuka uhlobo oluthile isitshalo).

Trophic futhi baqonde izinto ezenzekayo ngenxa Consortia ahlukahlukene

Uma ikhenela imelelwa umzimba owodwa, ubizwa ngokuthi umphakathi ngamunye, futhi uma bonke abantu noma abamele zonke izinhlobo ke Consortium ezinjalo ngokuthi sabantu. Trophic kanye nezokuxhumana baqonde izinto ezenzekayo zenzeka ikakhulukazi ngokushesha abantu sinuzialnoy Consortium. Kulokhu, umuntu ecobiomorphs - iqembu eziphilayo Autotrophic izitshalo of yokwakheka ezifanayo futhi izici bokuphila ehlala izimo abiotic efanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iqembu ngokulinganisela umswakama-onothando izitshalo Division gymnosperms isithwathwa - AmaConifers (fir, sonwele larch), likhule endaweni evamile - amafomu olwenzeka endaweni sinuzialnuyu Consortium.

Imisebenzi Beklemisheva

Ukuze uthole incazelo eningiliziwe zonke eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ahlukahlukene ubudlelwano ezivukayo ngaphakathi biogeocoenose inikezwe ilungiselelo kwezendawo zinhlobo isihlobo komunye nomunye, usosayensi Russian Beklemishev isicelo nezokusigcoba zokuxhumana eside. Izibonelo efanekisa kumiswa yabo, sibonise ukuthi abanye eziphilayo kuthinte amanye ngenxa yezinguquko yizici zemvelo. Njengoba usosayensi wathi, umphumela uba uxhumano nezokusigcoba conditioning izici abiotic imvelo, okungukuthi, ekwakhekeni eziphilayo kwezinye izimo ezithile physico-chemical sokuba khona abantu kwenye zilwane. Ngakho, ngo-isayensi yesimanje inkolelo yokungafi izixhumanisi nezokusigcoba Beklemishev kwethulwa. Ngakho angenasawoti biocoenosis - echibini, omunye bangathembela engaphezu kwengu-125 izibonelo ubudlelwano ngezihloko ezihlukene ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni.

Ngokwesibonelo, hlobo dragonfly Luetke izalela amaqanda e iqabunga parenchyma izitshalo kwasemanzini njengezinhlanzi ikhanda lomcibisholo, ophuzi amanzi lily, nezinhlobo ngazinye umcibisholo - engxenyeni engezansi iqabunga udwani izitshalo ezifanayo. izilwane zasemanzini ezihlala igcwele amachibi, ikakhulukazi ukusebenzisa izitshalo njengoba substrate ukuze kulondolozwe amaqanda nokondla izibungu futhi omdala abantu zohlobo olulodwa - izilwane zasemanzini bukhoma ku amaqabunga, sifanamsindvo kanye izimpande izitshalo emanzini - abakhiqizi.

Indima izitshalo kwetinhlavu izixhumanisi nezokusigcoba

flora abameleli ukudala hhayi kuphela timo letisisekelo ukuphila nezinye izinto eziphilayo, kodwa bona ngokwabo ukukhuthalele ukuthonya zici abiotic. Ngakho, sibonga emahlathini enkulukazi kunamahlathi ashisayo laseSiberia uhlalwe lenqwaba eziphilayo kulezi zindawo ngendlela microclimate okhethekile ezadalwa-photosynthesis.

It libhekene lokushisa ngokunethezeka kanye nomswakama elilungile. Lokhu kuba nomphumela omuhle empilweni ezincelisayo, izinyoni nezinambuzane - abakhileyo jungle ezishisayo ehlathini. uxhumano ngezihloko, izibonelo esesiye sacabangela ngenhla, basikisela ukuthi badlala indima enkulu zemvelo, kanye nokusebenzisana trophic.

Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo e-biocenosis Arctic

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo izixhumanisi nezokusigcoba kungaholela ngenkathi ngitadisha eziyinkimbinkimbi yemvelo ye-Arctic. Entwasahlobo kuya emathafeni naseziqhingini zase-Arctic Ocean izimpukane lenqwaba ulwandle izinyoni: guillemot, eiders, guillemot. Zenza inyoni amakoloni. Ngesikhathi amaqanda-laying (ngasekupheleni kuka-May - ekuqaleni kuka June) izinyoni kungene amawa, ehlezi Amashalofu okubeka angenalutho basondelene kakhulu nomunye. Omakhelwane Waterfowl kukhona izilwane ezidla ezinye ezivamile - isikhova esimhlophe.

Abenzi kuphela ukondla guillemot zabo futhi murres, kodwa futhi uvikele yonke indawo Waterfowl lokushutheka ekuhlaselweni izimpungushe nezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye. uxhumano ngezihloko, izibonelo esesiye sacabangela ngenhla, laba kanjani nesandla ukusinda kwabantu zinhlobo ezahlukene abahlala izimo ezedlulele zezulu zone Arctic.

Izici kumiswa ubudlelwane nezokusigcoba biocenosis ehlathini

B. Beklemisheva study liye kungase kutholakale ukuthi ngesisekelo ubudlelwano nezokusigcoba phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ukushintsha kwemigomo khona abantu zohlobo olulodwa ngenxa yomsebenzi eziphilayo nokuthi nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Ngokwesibonelo, izindawo zikaphayini laseSiberia (umsedari laseSiberia) bakhangwa izakhamuzi eziningi ehlathini: izingwejeje, Chipmunk, Sable futhi, yebo, zinhlobo ezahlukene zezinyoni. Omunye wabo - the nutcracker. Nabantu zinhlobo egqamile nge eside futhi ngensimbi uqhwaku izinyoni. Zidla on zikaphayini nuts futhi uwugcine ngaphansi ungqimba ehlathini moss. Ukukhohlwa ngalezi zimpahla, izinyoni kunomthelela ekusakazekeni kwezinhlobo eyigugu kakhulu - umsedari laseSiberia.

Izinhlobo ubudlelwano eziphilayo emahlathini lezihlahla

Safunda uxhumano ngokwezihloko, izibonelo kumiswa okuyinto sesibuyekeze e eziphilayo e-Arctic ehlathini, kuyobe akuphelele uma singakhathali ukuthola iqiniso lokuthi lezi ubudlelwano ungaba value ezimbi. Ngakho, emahlathini-oak uhlalwe Hymenoptera encane - nenyongo iminyovu. sisila nabesifazane wayo ibhoboze isikhumba amahlamvu-oki, * injected singene parenchyma neqanda. Izibungu ukuthi amabhu kuwo inike ngamathe, kukhona ngaphansi okuyinto ekwandeni okungavamile ishidi, ngokuthi "nenyongo". Kuyo isibungu ivikelwe kahle uyokulwa nezitha eziningi, kodwa lesi sitshalo ngokwayo kunciphisa umsebenzi photosynthesis njengoba amahlamvu zithonywa izibungu we inkathazo.

zokuxhumana Nezokusigcoba ezenzeka phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo - hydrobionts

Isibonelo esimangalisayo ekuxhumaneni, lezi ososayensi Russian Beklemishev - ngokwezihloko, singasebenza njengesisekelo esiqinile sokufinyelela msebenzi obalulekile ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi, igama "cleaner" phezu kobuso indikimba ezinkulu zasemanzini ukuphila - oshaka nemikhomo. Ngokwesibonelo, lolu hlobo njengoba wrasse, noma izinhlobo ezithile nezimfanzi zasolwandle kukhona abahlengikazi izakhamuzi eziningi ezilwandle ezifudumele. Ushaka isikhumba ngokuvamile ezilimele nemikhomo yisinanakazana ezilwane ezingenamgogodla, isib, sandhoppers, isopods. Ukudla kwabo, izinto zokuhlanza londoloza "amaklayenti" zabo ngenxa yezifo ezithathelwanayo kubangelwa pathogenic isikhumba ziphila ngezinto esimila kuzo. Ngakho zenye bangase bafinyelele nabantu nokuthi nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane hhayi kuphela ukuxhumana ukudla, kodwa futhi kuthinte umzimba walo, kanye imisebenzi ebalulekile.

Kufinyeta singasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi uxhumano ngokwezihloko, izibonelo, kanye kumiswa okuyinto sibuyekeze kulesi sihloko unikeze izinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ezihlukahlukene kokusebenzisana - kokubili nenkhulumombiko phakathi kwabantu zinhlobo ezahlukene kuleli zemvelo - biocenoses.