Accelerators Linear izinhlayiya icala. Njengoba kuyizinhlayiyana accelerators umsebenzi. Kungani kuyizinhlayiyana accelerators?

Namafutha izinhlayiya icala - idivayisi lapho kwavela khona inhlansi kagesi zama-athomu, noma subatomic sihamba ngesivinini cishe ijubane. Ngesisekelo umsebenzi wakhe kuyadingeka ukwanda kwabo amandla i ensimini kagesi futhi ushintshe trajectory - kazibuthe.

Yiziphi kuyizinhlayiyana accelerators?

Lezi amadivayisi kabanzi ehlukahlukene kanye nezimboni. Kuze kube manje, emhlabeni wonke kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-30 eziyinkulungwane. Ukuze yemvelo ka icala kuyizinhlayiyana accelerators namuhla kuyithuluzi lokusakaza zocwaningo eziyisisekelo isakhiwo ngama-athomu, ubunjalo amabutho enuzi kanye izakhiwo enuzi, musa engeyona engokwemvelo. Lezi zingozi zihlanganisa ama transuranic nezinye izakhi engazinzile.

Nge tube osenyameni isibe kungenzeka ukunquma inkokhiso ecacile. Uzikhokhele kuyizinhlayiyana accelerators zisetshenziselwa ukwenziwa radioisotopes, e esimweni zezimboni, welashwa ngemisebe, ngoba inzalo izinto eziphilayo, futhi ngo Radiocarbon ukuhlaziywa. Amayunithi ngobukhulu asetshenziswa ekutadisheni ekuxhumaneni ayisisekelo.

Isikhathi sempilo izinhlayiya icala at ukuphumula mayelana namafutha lincane ukuthi izinhlayiya yashesha ukuba ngesivinini eduze ngejubane lokukhanya. Lokhu kuqinisekisa lemali elincane iziteshi isikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-CERN osekuzuziwe ukwanda sonke isikhathi sokusebenza muon 0,9994c isivinini izikhathi 29.

Lesi sihloko ubheka ukuthi ngaphakathi ukusebenza kuyizinhlayiyana namafutha, ukukhula kwawo, izinhlobo ezahlukene kanye nezici ezahlukene.

izimiso ukusheshisa

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi hlobo luni icala kuyizinhlayiyana accelerators wazi, zonke zibe izakhi ezivamile. Okokuqala, kumelwe abe umthombo electron kwenzeka kwethelevishini isithombe tube noma ama-electron, ama-proton kanye antiparticles zabo endabeni ukufaka emikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele zonke zibe amasimu kagesi ukusheshisa izinhlayiya namandla kazibuthe ukulawula trajectory yabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, cleaner in the icala kuyizinhlayiyana namafutha (10 ^-11 mm HG. V.), M. E. Ubuningi ubuncane emoyeni asalile, liyadingeka ukuqinisekisa eside ekuphileni isikhathi imishayo. Ekugcineni, wonke ukufaka kumele babe yokubhalisa izindlela, nokubalwa yokukala izinhlayiya ngesivinini esikhulu.

isizukulwane

Electron nama-proton, okusho zivame kakhulu asetshenziswa accelerators, atholakala kuwo wonke izinto, kodwa okokuqala kufanele ukhethe kuzo. Electron ngokuvamile yenziwa ngendlela efanayo e-tube isithombe - idivayisi okuyinto ibizwa ngokuthi "isibhamu". Kuyinto cathode (electrode negative) e cleaner, okuyinto eliwu esimeni lapho ama-electron uqale ukuza off athomu. izinhlayiya iyimbi icala badonseleka anode (electrode HIV) futhi idlule yokuxhuma. I isibhamu ngokwawo elula njengoba namafutha ngoba electron lihamba ngaphansi kwethonya inkambu kagesi. Voltage phakathi cathode futhi anode, ngokuvamile in the uhla 50-150 kV.

Ngaphandle electron zonke izinto eziqukethwe proton, kodwa kuphela olulodwa-proton ne-nucleus zenziwe ngama-athomu ye-hydrogen. Ngakho-ke, umthombo kuyizinhlayiyana for proton accelerators kuyinto hydrogen. Kulokhu, igesi is ionized kanye proton zitholakala ngokusebenzisa imbobo. Ngo accelerators esikhulu ngokuvamile proton akhiwa ifomu hydrogen negative ion. Zimelela i-electron ezengeziwe ezivela kuma-atom okuyizinto umkhiqizo igesi ionization diatomic. Kusukela omubi icala hydrogen ion emabangeni kokuqala umsebenzi kulula. Base udlule ucwecwe mncane, iyiphi phuca kubo ka-electron phambi esigabeni sokugcina ukushesha.

ukusheshisa

Njengoba kuyizinhlayiyana accelerators umsebenzi? Isici esiyinhloko salelo zonke wabo emkhakheni kagesi. Isibonelo elula - iyunifomu ensimini static phakathi nekhono kagesi emihle nemibi, elifana nalelo ongagcini phakathi terminals ibhethri kagesi. Le nkambu electron ethwele icala negative echayeke amandla okuyinto oyiqondisayo ukuba abe umngane omuhle. It ngesivinini, futhi uma kukhona noma yini emi endleleni, ukwanda yakhe isivinini namandla. Electron amabombo bezikhali elihle wire noma emoyeni, futhi kungqubuzana athomu ulahlekelwa amandla, kodwa uma zitholakala vacuo ke yashesha njengoba zisondela anode.

Ukungezwani phakathi zokuqala nezokugcina yokuma sichaza electron uthenge kubo amandla. Lapho sidlula umehluko bezikhali 1 V ilingana 1 electron engama-volt angu (ev). Lokhu okulingana 1.6 × 10 ^-19 joule. Amandla of umiyane flying izikhathi isigidintathu ngaphezulu. Ngo kinescope electron kuthiwa yashesha voltage okukhulu kuka-10 kV. accelerators Abaningi ukufinyelela amandla kakhulu kunalokhu kulinganiswa mega, Giga futhi tera-electron-volts.

zinhlobo

Ezinye izinhlobo zokuqala kuyizinhlayiyana accelerators, ezifana Okuphindaphinda voltage kanye generator Van de Graaff generator, usebenzisa njalo ensimini kagesi eyenziwe nekhono kuze kube kwesigidi volts. Njengoba voltages okusezingeni eliphezulu ukusebenza lula. A ehlukile ngaphezulu esisebenzayo yisona isenzo okuphindiwe ababuthakathaka Amasimu kagesi ekhiqizwa nekhono ongaphakeme. Lesi simiso asetshenziswe ezimbili izinhlobo accelerators yesimanje - komugqa futhi eyindilinga (ikakhulukazi cyclotrons futhi synchrotrons). Ukuthuthukiswa kuyizinhlayiyana accelerators, ngamafuphi, bayidlulisele kanye ngokusebenzisa ukulandelana Amasimu kuyashesha, kuyilapho izikhathi cyclically abaningi they nyakazo endleleni isiyingi ngokusebenzisa elincane ensimini kagesi. Kuzo zombili lezi zimo, amandla sokugcina izinhlayiya incike ensimini ingqikithi esenzweni, ukuze "uhlevane" amaningi amancane kunezelwa ndawonye ukunikeza umphumela elihlangene elikhulu elilodwa.

Isakhiwo ukuphindaphinda ukudlala namafutha eqondile ukuze ukhiqize Amasimu kagesi ngendlela yemvelo ukusebenzisa AC, hhayi DC. I izinhlayiya kahle icala kuthiwa yashesha kuya engemihle futhi uthole ugqozi kabusha, uma udlulisa omuhle. Ekusebenteni, voltage ishintshwa ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi i zamandla 1 MeV proton uhamba ngesivinini kakhulu ijubane lokukhanya ka 0,46, wedlula 1.4 m 0.01 ms. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isakhiwo latiphindzako of a amamitha ambalwa eside, amasimu kagesi kufanele ushintshe isiqondiso at a imvamisa okungenani 100 MHz. Ukuthuthukiswa kanye accelerators eyindilinga izinhlayiya ngokuvamile ngibasakaza ne kushintshana kagesi emkhakheni imvamisa kusuka 100 MHz ukuze 3000, t. E. Esikhathini uhla ngamagagasi omsakazo ku-microwave.

Igagasi kagesi luyinhlanganisela Amasimu oscillating kagesi kazibuthe oscillating at engele unelungelo nomunye. Iphuzu eliyinhloko ukuze ulungise wave namafutha ukuze ngesikhathi sokufika izinhlayiya emkhakheni kagesi iqondiswa ngokuhambisana Vector ukushesha. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokusebenzisa wave emi - inhlanganisela amagagasi e-oluyi endaweni avaliwe, amaza omsindo e isitho ipayipi. I samuntu esikhundleni ngokushesha ezihambayo electron kabani velocities esondela ngejubane lokukhanya, kwakusondela igagasi wokujikeleza.

autophasing

Umphumela ebalulekile yokusheshisa i kushintshana ensimini kagesi kuyinto "isigaba ukuzinza". Kokunye oscillation umjikelezo kushintshana ensimini sidlula zero kusukela seqiwe emuva kuqanda, ke Sehlile ubuncane antante zero. Ngakho, sidlule kabili ngokusebenzisa ukubaluleka adingekayo ukushesha. Uma nezinhlayiya kabani Isivinini inyuka, iza ekuseni kakhulu, ngeke isebenze ensimini amandla anele, futhi push kuyoba ababuthakathaka. Lapho isifinyelele endaweni elandelayo, isivivinyo sekwephuzile futhi nomthelela omkhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, self-ukwehlukaniswa izigaba kwenzeka, izinhlayiya kuzoba isigaba nge nenye inkambu esifundeni kuyashesha. Omunye umphumela iyona uwafake ngesikhathi akha ihlule kunokuba ukusakaza okuqhubekayo.

I isiqondiso ugongolo

Indima ebalulekile indlela imisebenzi kanye nezinhlayiya namafutha, ukudlala namandla kazibuthe, njengoba zingashintsha ohlangothini ukunyakaza kwabo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ingasetshenziswa "eguqa" ugongolo endleleni isiyingi, ngakho ngokuphindaphindiwe badabula kwesigaba efanayo kuyashesha. Endabeni elula, ku nezinhlayiya icala ezihambayo engela ilungelo isiqondiso eyohlobo kazibuthe amakhulu, a vector amandla perpendicular kokubili lokuya kwaso, futhi ensimini. Lokhu kubangela ugongolo ukuhambisa endleleni isiyingi perpendicular ensimini, ize iphume wensimu yayo yesenzo noma ezinye amandla iqala isinyathelo ngalo. Lo mphumela isetshenziswa accelerators eyindilinga efana synchrotron futhi cyclotron. Encwadini cyclotron, emkhakheni njalo kuveza uzibuthe ezinkulu. Izinhlayiyana nge yokwanda kokungabi namandla abo Ukuhanjiswa spirally nibonakala yashesha ne revolution ngamunye. I amahlule synchrotron ukuhamba indandatho engaba njalo, futhi insimu eyenziwe electromagnets emhlabeni inyuka indandatho njengoba izinhlayiya ngesivinini esikhulu. I odonsa ukuhlinzeka "eguqa", amelela dipoles nge enyakatho nezingongolo eningizimu, izimisele simise ukhamba ukuze uvumelanise izophela therebetween.

Eyesibili umsebenzi ebalulekile electromagnets ukugxila imishayo ukuze mincane ngakho nobunamandla ngangokunokwenzeka. Ifomu olula uzibuthe ngokugxila - nezinti ezine (ezimbili enyakatho futhi ezimbili eningizimu) elise okuphambene nomunye. Zenza ngihlehlise izinhlayiyana ukuze isikhungo kwelinye direction, kodwa ubavumele ukuba lusatshalaliswe e-perpendicular. Quadrupole odonsa ukugxila ugongolo nendawo, okuvumela ukuba ahambe ungagxilanga thwi. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kumelwe zisetshenziswe ngambili. Ukuze uthole esinembile ngokugxila nazo asetshenziswa odonsa ezingcono nge inani elikhulu izingongolo (6 no 8).

Njengoba amandla ukwanda kuyizinhlayiyana, amandla kazibuthe amakhulu, wayewaqondisa iyakhula. Lokhu kugcina ugongolo ku trajectory efanayo. I izaqheqhe is busuka esiyingini yanda a amandla oyifunayo ngaphambi kokuthi uyazithulela elisetshenziswa ucwaningo. Ukuhoxiswa kwesimangalo se-ibangelwa electromagnets zazo isebenze ibenze izinhlayiya ezivela iringi synchrotron.

ukushayisana

Uzikhokhele kuyizinhlayiyana accelerators kusetshenziswa imithi kanye nezimboni, ikakhulukazi ukukhiqiza ugodo, ukulungela inhloso ethize, isib, ngemisebe noma ion yenzeka. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinhlayiya kusetshenzisiwe isikhathi esisodwa. Kwenzeka okufanayo ka accelerators yasetshenziswa ocwaningweni eziyisisekelo iminyaka eminingi. Kodwa ikhala ezakhiwa ngo-1970, lapho imishayo amabili afundwa oluyi futhi kungqubuzana emhlabeni wesifunda. Inzuzo enkulu izinhlelo ezifana wukuthi engozini amandla okuqondile izinhlayiyana ukuze amandla ukuxhumana phakathi kwazo samaqanda. Lokhu sihlukile kwenzekani lapho ugongolo ishayisa izithombe umile, kuleso simo kakhulu amandla iya wokwehla impahla target iragela phambili, ngokuhambisana isimiso ukulondolozwa umfutho.

Eminye imishini ngaphakathi ngemishayo zingashayisani zakhiwa namasongo amabili, intersecting ezindaweni ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, lapho lalikhona oluyi, izinhlayiya yohlobo olufanayo. Okuningi ezivamile Collider kuyizinhlayiyana-antiparticle. Antiparticle has icala okuphambene izinhlayiya okuhlobene. Ngokwesibonelo, positron, is kahle icala, futhi ama-electron - omubi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inkambu ngesivinini electron, le positron kubambezela, ezihambayo ohlangothini olufanayo. Kodwa uma uhamba yokugcina kolunye uhlangothi, ke ukuphuthumisa. Ngokufanayo, i-electron ezihambayo ngokusebenzisa kazibuthe intando ensimini ijika kwesokunxele, kanye positron - kwesokudla. Kodwa uma positron iphokophele phambili, khona-ke indlela yakhe ngeke qhubeka hlanhlatha ngakwesokudla, kodwa ijika efanayo ukuthi i-electron. Nokho, lokhu kusho ukuthi izinhlayiya Ungahambisa ngokusebenzisa indandatho we synchrotron odonsa efanayo futhi asheshisa ngu amasimu efanayo kagesi e oluyi. Kuleli Isimiso wadala colliders eminingi yamandla zingashayisani imishayo, t. Ukuze. I sidinga indandatho namafutha kuphela.

Beam ku synchrotron asibahambeli ngokuqhubekayo futhi bafakwe 'Clumps. " Zingaba ngamasentimitha ambalwa ubude nesilinganiso esisodwa sokweshumi we milimitha ububanzi, futhi zakha ^{12 Okthoba} izinhlayiya. Lokhu kwabantu aphansi, ngoba ubukhulu ukwaziswa okunjalo iqukethe mayelana ^{23 Okthoba} ama-athomu. Ngakho-ke, lapho imishayo zingashayisani aphambana, kukhona kuphela okungenzeka ezincane ukuthi izinhlayiya bazothini nomunye. Ngo umkhuba amahlule uqhubeke ukuhambahamba esiyingini sibonane. cleaner eNkulu namafutha izinhlayiya icala (10 ^-11 mm HG. V.) Ingabe kudingeka ukuze izinhlayiya kungaba aluka amahora amaningi ngaphandle ukushayisana molecule emoyeni. Ngakho-ke, iringi ubizwa nangokuthi ezuziwe, ngoba imishayo empeleni egcinwe therein amahora ambalwa.

ukubhalisa

Uzikhokhele kuyizinhlayiyana accelerators e iningi angakwazi ukubhalisa kwenzeka uma izinhlayiya hit ilitshe noma nezinye ugodo, ezihambayo kolunye uhlangothi. Ngo ngamapayipi ithelevishini isithombe, ama-electron kusukela isibhamu ukuze ashaye esibukweni phosphor phezu kwangaphakathi futhi ihlaba umkhosi ukukhanya, okuyinto kanjalo idale isithombe ngobulili. Ngo accelerators imitshina ezikhethekile ezifana basabela izinhlayiya zihlakazeke, kodwa ngokuvamile yakhelwe ukudala yezinzwa ukuthi zingaphendulwa zibe yizindawo yokuhlanganela idatha kwikhompyutha kanye ukuhlaziywa kusetshenziswa izimiso ze-computer. icala kuphela izakhi ukukhiqiza yezinzwa edabula impahla, isibonelo ngokwakha ionization noma excitation-athomu, futhi kungatholakala ngqo. I izinhlayiya kokungathathi hlangothi ezifana neutrons noma izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya kungatholakala ngokungaqondile ngokusebenzisa ukuziphatha izinhlayiya icala ukuthi ziyahamba.

Kukhona imitshina eziningi ezikhethekile. Ezinye zazo, ezifana esiphikisayo Geiger, ukubala kuyizinhlayiyana kanye nezinye izinto, isib, zokuqopha amathrekhi noma Isivinini nesilinganiso amandla. imitshina Modern ngobukhulu nobuchwepheshe, ziyahlukahluka kusuka kumadivayisi amancane icala kuhambisane emakamelweni ezinkulu ezigcwele igesi-izintambo lapho ukuthola amathrekhi ionized ezivezwa izinhlayiya icala.

indaba

Uzikhokhele kuyizinhlayiyana accelerators ikakhulu zenzelwe izifundo we izakhiwo nuclei-athomu nezinhlayiyana aphansi. Kusukela kuvulwa physics British Ernest 'uRutherford ngo-1919, ukusabela nucleus nitrogen ne-kuyizinhlayiyana-alpha, zonke ucwaningo emkhakheni wesayensi yenuzi kuya ku-1932 Kwakuseshwa nge-helium nuclei, ezikhishwe ukubola zemvelo enemisebe. Yemvelo-alpha-izinhlayiya abe energy kinetic 8 MeV, kodwa 'uRutherford wayekholelwa ukuthi kumelwe ukuba eyayenziwe yashesha amanani ngisho ephakeme ukuqapha ukubola nuclei esindayo bona. Ngesikhathi kwakubonakala kunzima. Nokho, ukubala kwenziwa ngo-1928 Georgiem Gamovym (e-University of Gottingen, eJalimane), wabonisa ukuthi ion ingasetshenziswa amandla ephansi kakhulu, futhi lokhu okuyinto eye yavusa imizamo ukwakha izakhiwo enikeza ugodo ukwanele Nuclear Research.

Eminye imicimbi kwalesi sikhathi wabonisa izimiso lapho icala kuyizinhlayiyana accelerators zakhelwe kuze kube yilolu suku. I ucwaningo lokuqala ophumelele ion eyayenziwe yashesha yayiqhutshelwa Cockroft futhi Walton ngo-1932 eCambridge University. Ngokusebenzisa Okuphindaphinda voltage, proton kuthiwa yashesha ku 710 Kev, futhi wabonisa ukuthi yokugcina ukuxubana lithium ukwakha izinhlayiya ezimbili-alpha. Ngo-1931, ngesikhathi i-Princeton University eNew Jersey, Robert Van de Graaff ibhande electrostatic eyakhelwe generator kuqala ephezulu ezingaba khona. Voltage Okuphindaphinda Cockcroft-Walton ugesi kanye Van de Graaff generator isasetshenziswa njengoba imithombo yamandla ezikhungweni zokuphehla accelerators.

Umgomo we komugqa namafutha resonant kwaboniswa uRolf Wideroe ngo-1928 Rhine-Westphalian Technical University e Aachen, eJalimane, wasebenzisa okusezingeni eliphezulu AC voltage ukusheshisa sodium ne-potassium ion ukuze amandla okweqa izikhathi ezimbili ukubatshela. Ngo-1931 e-United States Ernest Lourens nomsizi wakhe uDavide Sloan wase-University of California, eBerkeley, wasebenzisa Amasimu ephezulu imvamisa ukusheshisa mercury ion ukuze amandla olukhulu kunalolu 1.2 MeV. Lo msebenzi is kwahambisana namafutha izinhlayiya esindayo icala Wideroe, kodwa imishayo ion azilona usizo ucwaningo zenuzi.

Magnetic resonance namafutha noma cyclotron, uJesu wazalwa ukuguqulwa ukufakwa Lawrence Wideroe. Student Lawrence Livingston wabonisa isimiso cyclotron ngo-1931, okwenza ion nge zamandla 80 Kev. Ngo-1932, Lawrence futhi Livingston yamemezela ukusheshisa proton aze abe ngaphezu kuka-1 MeV. Kamuva ngabo-1930, amandla cyclotrons safinyelela ku-25 MeV, kanye Van de Graaff - mayelana 4 MeV. Ngo-1940, Donald Kerst, ukusebenzisa imiphumela izibalo ngokucophelela emzileni isakhiwo uzibuthe, ezakhiwe e-University of Illinois, le betatron lokuqala, la mandla kazibuthe lokungeniswa electron namafutha.

physics Zanamuhla: kuyizinhlayiyana accelerators

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II kwakukhona ukuthuthuka ngokushesha kulesi isayensi kuyashesha izinhlayiyana ukuze amandla aphezulu. Yaqala Edwin McMillan at Berkeley futhi uVladimir Veksler eMoscow. Ngo-1945, bobabili ngokuzimela komunye nomunye akuchaze isimiso isigaba ukuzinza. Lo mqondo inikeza izindlela zokuhlale uzungeza esitebeleni izinhlayiya in a namafutha isiyingi owasusa imikhawulo amandla i-proton ne wasiza udale i-magnetic resonance accelerators (synchrotrons) I-electron. Autophasing, ukuqaliswa isimiso isigaba ukuzinza, kwaqinisekiswa emva ukwakhiwa synchrocyclotron elincane e-University of California kanye synchrotron eNgilandi. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, owokuqala proton komugqa namafutha resonant yadalwa. Lomgomo isetshenziswa bonke proton synchrotrons ezinkulu ezakhiwe kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.

Ngo-1947, uWilliam Hansen, at Stanford University e-California, ezakhiwe ngowokuqala electron komugqa namafutha e-wave wokujikeleza, okuyinto esetshenziswa microwave ubuchwepheshe okuyinto zenzelwe radar ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili.

Intuthuko Kulezi cwaningo Lwenziwe ngokwandisa amandla proton, okwaholela ukwakhiwa accelerators amakhudlwana. Lena akuyona ephezulu yokukhiqiza izindleko uzibuthe omkhulu indandatho kuyekisiwe. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke ukala azungeze 40,000 amathani. Izindlela ngenxa yokwanda amandla ngaphandle usayizi umshini ukukhula zahlolelwa cishe ngo-1952 godu Livingstone, Courant futhi Snyder a su kushintshana ngokugxila (ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi eqinile ngokugxila). Synchrotrons abasebenza ngalolu isimiso, sebenzisa odonsa izikhathi 100 ezincane kunangaphambili. Ezinjalo ngokugxila isetshenziswa bonke synchrotrons yesimanje.

Ngo-1956 Kerst waqaphela ukuthi uma amasede amabili izinhlayiya agcinwayo ku omise intersecting, ungakwazi watch kubo etholana phezulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwalesi umqondo edingekayo ekuqongeleleni yashesha imishayo ngemijikelezo, ngokuthi ezuziwe. Lobu buchwepheshe lifinyelele amandla esiphezulu nokuxhumana izinhlayiya.