Fusion sikhungo emhlabeni. Eyokuqala Fusion ophendulayo

Namuhla, emazweni amaningi iqhaza ocwaningweni Fusion. Abaholi kukhona European Union, i-United States, e-Russia naseJapane, kanti uhlelo China sika, Brazil, Canada, Korea zikhulisa ngokushesha. Ekuqaleni, Fusion sikhungo e-United States ne-Soviet Union iye yahlanganiswa kuya ukwakhiwa kwezikhali zenuzi futhi wahlala imfihlo kuze inkomfa "Atoms Ukuthula 'owawusedolobheni eGeneva ngo-1958. Ngemva kokudalwa kuka-ocwaningweni tokamak Soviet Fusion zenuzi ngawo-1970, sekuyinto "isayensi enkulu". Kodwa izindleko nokuba yinkimbinkimbi amadivayisi liye landa kangangokuthi nokubambisana kukazwelonke kwaba ithuba kuphela ukuba siqhubekele phambili.

Fusion sikhungo emhlabeni

Kusukela ngawo-1970, ekuqaleni ukusetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano Fusion amandla avuselelwe lihlehliselwe iminyaka engu-40. Nokho, kuningi okuye kwenzeka eminyakeni yamuva, okwenza lesi sikhathi angase mfushane.

Yakhelwe tokamaks eziningana, kuhlanganise JET European, British kanye Mast iArmagedoni kokulinganisa Reactor TFTR e Princeton, USA. Yamazwe ngamazwe iphrojekthi Iter okwamanje ngaphansi ukwakhiwa ngo Cadarache, France. Iyoba tokamak ngobukhulu ukuthi izosebenza eminyakeni 2020. Nga-2030, China iyokwakhiwa CFETR, okuzokwenza adlula Iter. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, China uqhuba ucwaningo kwi zokuhlola superconducting tokamak EAST.

Fusion sikhungo olunye uhlobo - stellarators - futhi ethandwa phakathi abacwaningi. Omunye LHD ngobukhulu, bajoyine Japanese National Institute for Fusion ngo-1998. Isetshenziselwa ukucinga ukucushwa okuhamba phambili kazibuthe plasma evalelwe. German Max Planck Institute ngesikhathi kusuka 1988 kuya 2002, olwenziwa ucwaningo Wendelstein 7-NJENGOBA ophendulayo e Garching, futhi manje - at Wendelstein 7-X, ukwakhiwa eyathatha iminyaka engaphezu kuka-19. Enye TJII stellarator eziqhutshwa e Madrid, Spain. E-United States i-Princeton laboratory plasma physics (PPPL), wakha ngowokuqala Fusion zenuzi ophendulayo yalolu hlobo ngo-1951, ngo-2008-ke zamisa ukwakhiwa NCSX ngenxa yokubiza overruns kanye nokuntuleka kwezimali.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, impumelelo okuphawulekayo ucwaningo Fusion inertial. Isakhiwo National Ignition Insiza (NIF) kuwufanele $ 7 bhiliyoni ngesikhathi Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), oxhaswe National Nuclear Security Administration, laqedwa ngo-March 2009, amaFulentshi Laser Mégajoule (LMJ) waqala umsebenzi ngo-Okthoba 2014. Fusion sikhungo usebenzisa lasers zilethwe kungakapheli billionths ambalwa yesibili cishe eziyizigidi ezingu-2 Joules yamandla okukhanya ngosayizi bekuhloswe amamilimitha angu eziningana ukuqala Fusion zenuzi. Injongo eyinhloko yawo NIF futhi LMJ kuyinto ucwaningo ukusekela izinhlelo zenuzi kazwelonke.

Iter

Ngo-1985, iSoviet Union ehlongoza ukuba kwakhiwe isikhungo elilandelayo isizukulwane tokamak kanye yeYurophu, eJapane nase-United States. Umsebenzi lwenziwe ngaphansi kohlelo olubizwa ngokuthi yi IAEA. Esikhathini kusuka 1988 kuya ku-1990 kwathiwa wadala okusalungiswa lokuqala International iArmagedoni kokulinganisa Reactor le Iter, okuyinto lisho futhi "indlela" noma "ukuvakasha" ngesiLatini, ukuze afakazele ukuthi Fusion angakhiqiza amandla angaphezu kuka bumunca. Canada naseKazakhstan uthwebule ingxenye ayengumlamuleli waso Euratom neRussia, ngokulandelana.

Ngemva kweminyaka engu-6 Iter Council ivume lokuqala eziyinkimbinkimbi ophendulayo design esekelwe physics osungulwe futhi ubuchwepheshe kuwufanele $ 6 billion. Khona-US ngesula Consortium, okwaphoqa ukuhlukanisa izindleko futhi ushintshe le phrojekthi. Umphumela waba Iter-ft kuwufanele $ 3 billion., Kodwa ongayifinyelela yokusabela self asekela, kanye nokulinganisela okuhle kwamandla.

Ngo-2003, e-United States waphinda bajoyine Consortium, futhi China yamemezela isifiso babambe iqhaza kuwo. Ngenxa yalokho, maphakathi no-2005, abalingani bavumelana ukwakhiwa Iter at Cadarache eningizimu yeFrance. EU futhi France wenzé kwesigamu EUR 12.8 billion, ngesikhathi Japan, China, South Korea, i-United States ne-Russia - 10% ngalinye. Japan inikeza izingxenye okusezingeni eliphezulu equkethwe ukufakwa abiza IFMIF 1 bhiliyoni senzelwe izinto test futhi wayenelungelo lokwenqaba sokwakha elandelayo ukuhlolwa ophendulayo. Imali ephelele yale Iter kuhlanganisa ingxenye izindleko ukwakhiwa engu-10 nohhafu - eminyakeni wokusebenza 20. India waba ilungu wesikhombisa zikhonza njengezigqila Iter ngasekupheleni 2005

I ukucwaningwa ukuze uqale ku 2018 nokusetshenziswa hydrogen ukuze ugweme ukusebenza kwawo odonsa. Ukusebenzisa DT-plasma is akulindelekile phambi 2026

Injongo Iter - ukuthuthukisa megawatt 500 (imizuzwana okungenani 400) usebenzisa amandla esingaphansi 50 MW okokufaka ngaphandle ugesi.

Dvuhgigavattnaya Idemo ukuboniswa isitshalo uyoveza emikhulu ukukhiqizwa ugesi ngokugcwele. Demo design lomqondo kuzophothulwa 2017, futhi ukwakhiwa yayo kuzoqala 2024. Qala zizokwenzeka 2033.

JET

Ngo-1978, i-EU (Euratom, neSweden kanye neSwitzerland) usuqalile ilunga European JET iphrojekthi e-UK. JET okwamanje kwekulu yokusebenza tokamak emhlabeni. a ophendulayo okunjalo JT-60 osebenza Japanese National Institute of Fusion, kodwa JET kuphela ingasebenzisa fuel deuterium-tritium.

I ophendulayo wethulwa ngo-1983 futhi kwaba khona ukuhlola kuqala lapho kulawulwa Fusion yenyukliya 16 MW owawuse ngoNovemba 1991 okwesikhathi sesibili 5 MW namandla esitebeleni kuya-plasma deuterium-tritium. ucwaningo Abaningi sezenziwe ukutadisha ezahlukene Ukushisa izifunda namanye amacebo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho ngcono ezimayelana JET ukwandisa umthamo wayo. Mast ophendulayo compact iyakhiwa nge JET futhi Iter kuyingxenye iphrojekthi.

K-STAR

K-STAR - Korean superconducting tokamak iNational Institute for Fusion Studies (NFRI) e Daejeon, okuyinto ezikhiqizwa plasma zayo zokuqala maphakathi no-2008. Lena umshayeli iphrojekthi Iter, okuyinto umphumela esingenakuqhathaniswa sokubambisana kwamazwe omhlaba. engaba Tokamak ka 1.8 m - ophendulayo lokuqala kuqashwa superconducting odonsa Nb3Sn, okufanayo ezizosetshenziselwa ku Iter. Phakathi Esigabeni sokuqala, nokuyinto eyaphela ngo-2012, i-K-STAR kwakumelwe azibonakalise ukusebenza ubuchwepheshe eziyisisekelo futhi ukufeza plasma ishayela isikhathi amasekhondi 20. Esigabeni sesibili (2013-2017) Kwenziwa ukufunda sesimanje yayo pulses eside s-300 e H imodi, futhi kwathatha kakhulu AT-mode. Injongo esigabeni sesithathu (2018-2023) ingafika ukusebenza eliphezulu kanye nokusebenza kahle eside ishayela imodi. Ngo isinyathelo 4 (2023-2025) ziyovivinywa DEMO ubuchwepheshe. Idivayisi ayikwazi ukusebenza tritium DT nophethiloli ukusetshenziswa.

K-DEMO

Yakhelwe ngokubambisana Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) US uMnyango wezaMandla ne-South Korea Institute NFRI, K-DEMO kufanele ukuthi kuyoba isinyathelo esilandelayo yekwakha sikhungo commercial emva Iter, futhi kuyoba ngowokuqala amandla plant okwazi ukukhiqiza amandla grid kagesi, okungukuthi, 1 million kilowatts ukuba emasontweni ambalwa azayo. Ubukhulu bayo kuyoba 6,65 m, futhi ngeke kube module ingubo eyenziwe DEMO phrojekthi. Ministry of Education, iSayensi nobuChwepheshe of Korea ihlele izimali zakhe kuko mayelana won isigidintathu-Korean ($ 941 million).

IMpumalanga

umshayeli Chinese superconducting ngcono tokamak (IMpumalanga) e-Institute of Physics e China Hefee wadala hydrogen plasma lokushisa kwezigidi ezingu-50 ° C futhi wawugcina ukuba i-102 ngemizuzwana.

TFTR

I-American laboratory PPPL zokuhlola iArmagedoni ophendulayo TFTR wasebenza kusukela ngo-1982 kuya ku-1997. Ngo-December 1993, waba TFTR tokamak lokuqala kazibuthe, okwakwenza ucwaningo olunzulu nge-plasma yegazi deuterium-tritium. Esikhathini esilandelayo, ophendulayo ekhiqizwa irekhodi kuyilapho elawulwa amandla 10.7 MW, futhi ngo-1995, irekhodi lokushisa yafinyelelwa igesi ionized ukuba 510 kwezigidi ezingu ° C. Nokho, ukufakwa ayiphumelelanga amandla Breakeven Fusion, kodwa ngempumelelo wagcwalisa umgomo ukuklama ihadiwe, okwenza neqhaza elikhulu Iter.

LHD

LHD ku-Japanese National Institute for Fusion zenuzi Toki, Gifu Prefecture, kwaba stellarator esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ukuqala ophendulayo Fusion senzeka ngo-1998, futhi usibonise izinga plasma ayeboshiwe, ifaniswe nezinye ukufaka ezinkulu. It yathinteka 13.5 Kev ion lokushisa (abangaba yizigidi ezingu-160 ° C) kanye namandla ka 1,44 MJ.

Wendelstein 7-X

Ngemva kokushikashikeka unyaka wonke ukuhlolwa, kuqalwe sekudlule isikhathi 2015, izinga lokushisa helium ngesikhathi esifushane ifinyelele 1 million ° C. Ngo-2016 I-ophendulayo iArmagedoni nge-plasma-hydrogen usebenzisa 2 MW, izinga lokushisa safinyelela izigidi ezingu-80 ° C ingxenye yesine yomzuzwana. W7-X stellarator iyona enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni futhi kuhlelwe ukuba ukusebenza okuqhubekayo 30 amaminithi. Lokho okwakudingeka ukuze kukhokhwe ophendulayo zaba € 1 bhiliyoni.

NIF

National Ignition Insiza (NIF) e yaqedwa ngoMashi 2009, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) ngonyaka. Ukusebenzisa laser yayo imishayo 192, i-NIF uyakwazi sokugxila amandla izikhathi 60 ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi laser kwesimiso sangaphambili.

Fusion Cold

Ngo-March 1989, abacwaningi ababili, American Stenli Pons noMartin Fleischmann waseBrithani ongazazi izindlela, uthi umkhankaso elula ideskithophu Fusion abandayo ophendulayo, ezisebenza emazingeni okushisa okuvamile. Inqubo sasihlanganisa electrolysis yamanzi esindayo usebenzisa electrode palladium lapho deuterium nuclei abangu bagxila nge high density. Abacwaningi baye bame kwelokuthi ukhiqiza ukushisa, okuyinto zingachazwa kuphela ngokuya izinqubo zenuzi, kanye kwakukhona imikhiqizo uhlangothi zamagama, kuhlanganise-helium, tritium futhi neutrons. Nokho, ezinye experimenters kuhlulekile ukwenza le nakho. Iningi wezesayensi akakholelwa ukuthi Fusion abandayo sikhungo zingokoqobo.

Low-amandla ukusabela yenuzi

Iqalwa izimangalo "Fusion abandayo" ucwaningo kwaqhubeka ensimini energy ongaphakeme ukusabela zenuzi, nabanye ukwesekwa enokwehla, kodwa ayizange yamukelwe kabanzi incazelo ngokwesayensi. Ngokusobala, ekuxhumaneni enuzi (hhayi amandla eqinile, njengasezulwini ubungako bokudlulisa noma zamagama) asetshenziselwa ukwakha futhi ukuthunjwa neutrons. Ukuhlolwa zihlanganisa Ukungena hydrogen noma deuterium ngokusebenzisa embhedeni kulethe futhi ukusabela nge metal. Abacwaningi ukubika waphawula amandla ukukhululwa. The main isibonelo esiwusizo zisabela kanjani hydrogen ne powder nickel nokushisa, inani okuyinto mkhulu kunezinhliziyo anikeze noma iluphi ukusabela zamakhemikhali.