Izindaba UmphakathiOsaziwayo

Alphonse Bertillon futhi ngegalelo lakhe ukuthuthukiswa kwezobugebengu

Lokhu engumFulentshi wehlela emlandweni njengoba criminologist abadumile, wadala indlela ekhethekile, owawuthi ukuqashelwa izigebengu kumele kwenzeke ngu yokulinganisa izingxenye ngabanye zomzimba womuntu kanye nenhloko. Alphonse Bertillon - funny abantu abaningi - kwadingeka ukufinyelela izitokisi lapho kwakuhileleke naye yizilinganiso nemingcele ngokomzimba iziboshwa.

Kuye ukuba ahlanganise portrait anthropometric kwakudingeka ngenze 15 izilinganiso. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthola ukuthi yini ubude isithupha noma pinky, ukucacisa ububanzi we ekhanda, ububanzi yasebunzini, nokunye. D. ukuyobayobeka kwakhe kwadabukisa ukumomotheka, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezinenhlamba amahlaya iziboshwa, kodwa akekho ongalindela ukuthi uyofinyelela indoda nondescript enekhanda abacaphuni futhi amadevu nifty - Alphonse Bertillon. Iqhaza yobugebengu ukuthi umuntu empeleni esikhulu kakhulu. Nguye owasungula we indlela ukuhlonza idatha anthropometric, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi okuthiwa ngaye bertilonazhem.

Alphonse Bertillon: Biography, indaba yokuphila

Kudabuka khona criminalist e 1853, April 24, enhloko-dolobha French. Uyise - udokotela odumile noSozibalo Lui Adolf Bertillon. Wayengumuntu ilungu Anthropological Society of Paris, futhi umkhulu, Achilles Giyar - sezibalo ahlonishwe, usosayensi zemvelo, owayaziwa emphakathini yesayensi kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ngelilodwa nje, umfana kwadingeka izakhi zofuzo emangalisayo, kodwa futhi esikoleni noma kule nyuvesi, akazange abe nempumelelo enkulu, waze axoshwe Imperial Lyceum e SaseVersailles. Ngaleso sikhathi amaphuphu Alphonse Bertillon iminyaka eminingi ezulazula emaphandleni French.

uhlamvu

Alphonse Bertillon (esithombeni sakhe ungabona esihlokweni) Ngokungafani umndeni abadumile kwadingeka nakanca- ngesayensi. Wayengumuntu mnyewu, pedantic, ikhuluma, nokungabathembi - umnyewu ejwayelekile. Warehouse ka-waba umlingisi obhuqayo, kwaba bahilizisane kakhulu futhi yenu, namacebo enu, ayengakwenza kungamanyala ngenxa trifle. Kungenxa yokuthi lokhu kwakumelwe ashintshe izikole kathathu. Ekuphileni omdala njengoba kwakunjalo ngaphambili sase sachithwa ngaphandle incazelo ebhange lapho uyise uye wahlela. Bese Alphonse Bertillon yanquma ukushintsha isimo washiya France, uthisha French abahlezi endaweni umndeni ocebile ngesiNgisi. Kodwa ubuhlobo futhi zazingekho lapho, ngakho kwakungasekho okunye kodwa ukubuyela ezweni lawo.

Alphonse futhi ngingazi ukuthi ngingaqhubeka kanjani ukuxhumana nabesifazane, noma ezithakazelisayo ukuchitha isikhathi. Kuye bancishwa ngokuphelele indlebe umculo, kanye abaningi bathi umbono ngobuhle. Umsolwa oneminyaka engu-22 insizwa endala ngabuthelwa Royal Army. Ngokusobala, futhi lapha kwakungelula, ngenxa yokungapheleli kwakhe bahilizisane.

umsebenzi Ukucinga

Ngemva kokufunda iminyaka embalwa, ukushiya inkonzo, Alphonse Bertillon ukukhuthalele ufuna umsebenzi, kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wazama, akakwazanga ukuthola lutho ofanele. Ngaphandle kwalokho, lapho engayitholi imfundo ephakeme, futhi lokhu kube inkimbinkimbi yokusesha. Ekugcineni, le nsizwa wanquma waphinda cela usizo uyise.

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, Lui Bertilonu ukuhlela indodana yakhe emaphoyiseni Prefecture laseParis esikhundleni sokuba umabhalane umsizi. Ngakho, Bertillon ngo-1879 kwaba imvelo amaphoyisa.

umsebenzi

Lapho Alphonse Kwakuqala ngqa ehhovisi ukuhlonza izinsalela, ngadumala kakhulu, njengoba stultifying futhi cishe lutho okwabonakala kuye ngomsebenzi wakhe esikhathini esizayo. Okuxakayo nje it is hhayi kuphela samhlukanisa umsebenzi, kodwa kunalokho, baphoqwa ukuba uzindle inkinga wobuchwepheshe kwezobugebengu wenza yesimanje. Abasebenzi eMnyangweni wakhe ngezinye izikhathi chwaneka imizamo nozakwethu ukushintsha into, futhi ayikwazanga nokuyicabanga ukuthi phambi kwabo umsunguli indlela entsha - Alphonse Bertillon. Forensics ngesandla sakhe ukukhanya ngaleso sikhathi kwadingeka eziningi kuyaqhubeka.

imibono emisha

Nsuku zonke, abasebenzi eMnyangweni wakhe wakuloba wahlola amakhulu ezinkulungwane amakhadi kwachazwa abantu abake ukuhileleka ebugebengwini. Nokho, wazalwa wakhulela phakathi zezibalo Bertillon wazizwa emsebenzini wakhe ukuthi kukhona okungalungile, ukuthi akukho systematization, okungase kusize emisebenzini yayo. Futhi, ukukhumbula nemingcele anthropometric, waqala gauging izitho ezithile emzimbeni futhi wasola ukuthi idatha kugcwalisa lemibuzo, okuyinto avuleka ku izigebengu.

Ukwazi Biography of the indoda, cishe akunakwenzeka akholelwe ukuthi ukhona umsunguli enkathini entsha e yobugebengu. Ngemva indlela yakhe ezihlongozwayo lwemukelwa futhi iye yatha- ezihlokweni cindezela uvele enezihloko elikhulu - "ngqondongqondo isiFulentshi Alphonse Bertillon futhi inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela ukuhlonza yisisu wobulungisa '," Mana njalo, indlela "bertilonazh" - okukhulu kunakho konke nalokho okutholwe ngekhulu le-19 " .

indlela

Ngesikhathi lapho Bertillon wadala indlela yokuziphatha yayingahambisani ithuba isithombe noma fingerprinting - ekuboneni ngabanye ngokuhambisana zeminwe. Njengoba ulwazi mayelana izigebengu kungukuthi systematized, ikhadi baloba ezinye ulwazi imelelwa isithombe ngamazwi. Nokho, le ncazelo esifanelana izinkulungwane eziningi zabantu, ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba khona cishe akukho ulwazi idatha yabo anthropometric.

Alphonse wayeqonda ukuthi uyisithutha ukuqopha izici ebusweni uhlobo ephezulu nephansi, thick-mncane. kubaluleke kakhulu ukubhala kwifomu ukuphakama enembile, ububanzi ehlombe, izingalo obuphelele kuze kalula, nokunye. D. Lokho ukwenza yizilinganiso kwemigomo umuntu, okuyizinto njalo. Futhi ukuhlonza esikhathini esizayo akufanele sigxile esicini esisodwa noma ezimbili imingcele, futhi 14-15. Amathuba iphutha ngokwenza kanjalo siyobe lincane. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, A. Bertillon wathola ukuthi inhlanganisela imingcele nane njengezinga lokukhula, engenhla obuphelele umzimba, ikhanda selilonke kanye nobude, ubude ezandleni nasezinyaweni, kanye ngamunye iminwe, nokunye. E. Mature ithuba womuntu zenzakalo ilingana 1 laya ezigidini ezingu-250.

ukuqhutshwa komsebenzi

Yiqiniso, isiphakamiso sakhe ku ukusungulwa portrait anthropometric sathathwa nge uhlamvu kasawoti. Nokho, wanikwa ithuba isebenze kule futhi ukufakazela ekulenzeni libe namandla. Osebenza nabo bahlekisa ngendlela wathatha wokulinganisa esandleni, uqhathanisa izithombe ebusweni izigebengu, alinganise ibanga phakathi kwamehlo, ubude nobubanzi kwekhala kanye nekhala ibhuloho futhi t. D.

Khona-ke iziphathimandla wathola imvume ngobuchwepheshe kanye ngokuvakashela ezitokisini, obmerivaya baboshwe. Yiqiniso, isikhathi ngasinye lapho wathola abanye amahlaya sebaceous ngu iziboshwa, kodwa akazange unake futhi zakhipha waya umgomo wakhe.

Isikhathi ngasinye wayeqiniseka ngokunemba bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe: usayizi izingxenye 5 umzimba azifani ngesikhathi esifanayo. Kakade nigqoke isandla ubufakazi ukusekela inkolelo yakhe, wambeka phambi kwabo iziphathimandla zakhe ukuthuthukiswa. Kodwa-ke kwakudingekile ukuba ahlele konke, kwaba ezikahle ukusebenzisa idatha ekuhlonzeni izigebengu. Yiqiniso, futhi kwadingeka abhekane nalawo Alphonse Bertillon.

Isethulo wekugcina indlela yakhe kwakufanele athathe indawo kuphela ngemva wakubeka konke emashalofini, futhi bazokwazi ukusebenzisa lonke forensic zwe.

systematization

Uma izilinganiso baye baqoqa, kwakudingekile ukudala inkomba yekhadi lapho kungenzeka ukuba kalula ukuthola iphrofayela oyifunayo.

Ngokusho Bertillon ithiyori, uma usebenzisa ifayela ikhadi amaphrofayli 90 000 kungaba kwasekuqaleni ukurekhoda njengoba isici esiyinhloko ubude ekhanda, bese zonke izinhlobo zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko. Kulokhu, umuntu ngamunye kufanele 30 000 amakhadi.

Khona-ke, uma supply yesibili ipharamitha ezifana ububanzi ikhanda, ngesisekelo le ndlela, iyunithi kuyodingeka amaqembu 9, ngamunye okuyinto amakhadi 10,000.

Uma usebenzisa 11 imingcele, ibhokisi ngalinye ngeke amaphrofayli 10-12 kuphela. Konke lokhu waletha nemantshi enkulu amaphoyisa French lobugebengu, uMnu Surete. Nokho, lokho kwakunzima ukuqonda izibalo elingapheli ezisohlwini amakholomu ekuqaleni, futhi wameluleka ukuba angabe kungaphazamisa noma yimuphi umbhedo. Nokho, u-Alfonso akazange adikile wayezama okusemandleni akhe ukuba ukufakazela ngokunemba bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe. Bese wanikwa sesivivinyo sezinyanga ezingu-3.

Ubufakazi kusebenta theory

Yiqiniso, ithuba lokubonisa bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe izinyanga ezithile ezintathu zisezincane kakhulu, kodwa u-Alfonso lucky. Wayefanele abone ulwazi okungenani eyodwa wobulelesi lawo bekuqukethwe ifayela iKhabhinethi yayo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi lowo okonile kumelwe ukube uzenzile ubugebengu yezinyanga ezintathu nedatha Bertillon lokungavalelwa ngamaphoyisa.

Ukuze injabulo olukhulu Alphonsus Kulokhu wethulwa isikhathi sezinsuku ezingu-80, ngemva wayesephelelwe ithemba. Wakwazi ukufakazela umbono wakhe, futhi ngokushesha uqokelwe we French lwezemisebenzi yamaphoyisa ukuhlonza. Ke kwabakho ephezulu iphrofayela icala "Ravachol" owanikhipha udumo hhayi kuphela eFrance, kodwa kulo lonke elaseYurophu. uhlelo forensic ngokuthi ungungqondongqondo, yena kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso iqhawe lesizwe. Nokho, "sibonga" a bomoya esabekayo ababeholwa bakubo babemzonda. Kodwa kwakungegazi Alphonse Bertillon!

Fingerprinting, okuyinto yasungulwa kamuva, kwatholakala ukuthi esinembile, futhi kuphela ngemva kokuba uhlelo lwaso isingeniso bertilonazh esebohlile ubala.

Alphonse Bertillon: Incwadi

Ngo 1893, u-Alfonso yanyatheliswa izinzuzo ososayensi izinsalela, okuyinto wabiza "Ukufundiswa ku okuwuphawu izinhlelo". Umbhali unikezwa therein amapulani labo amathuluzi okuyinto zazidingeka besafunda, kanye imidwebo, lapho amasu yokulinganisa kwesitho somzimba babebhekwa.

Iphinde onikezela ngemihlahlandlela amaphoyisa, okubhalisa, kuba njani nakutlhogeka lemibuzo. Phela, ngalesi sikhathi kwase kukhona by A. Bertillon signaliticheskoy ukuqopha indlela owawuthi lobugebengu abangu izithombe usebenzisa imethrikhi ekhethekile ikhamera amafomu 3: kwiphrofayli, frontal (1/7 of usayizi woqobo) kanye yobude obugcwele (1/20 nat. amagugu). Lezi zithombe sasinezimiso ezizofakwa namaphrofayela wabantu, kanye ubugebengu futhi wathola elinde uhlu Bertillon.

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