UPyotr Chaadaev - umbhali waseRussia, isazi sefilosofi sazi

UPyotr Yakovlevich Chaadaev abafundi njalo ukwazi kabanzi kusaba njengoba umngani nola ka Pushkin, imbongi omkhulu anikela abanye izinkondlo zakhe ezinkulu. Lezi geniuses ababili bahlangana ehlobo lika-1816 emcimbini e Karamzin. Aleksandr Pushkin ngenkathi unyaka nesikhombisa ubudala namanje esikoleni esiphakeme, amabili nantathu uPetru Chaadaev ngalesi sikhathi kwaba brilliant ukulwa isikhulu, iphunga neziqhumane empini Borodino nokuhlanganyela angaphandle nomkhankaso wempi. UPetru yena waze Ekuphileni Guards Hussar Regiment esiteshini Tsarskoye Selo. Yenza nabangane kakade esikhathini esingengakanani kamuva, lapho Pushkin iziqu ezifundweni zakhe ngesikhathi Lyceum.

Chaadaev Petr Yakovlevich futhi Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin

Chaadayev wathola imfundo yekhethelo, wayenesibopho ingqondo kokuvamile ke ukuthonywa kumiswa umbono into eziyibonayo imbongi abasha. Babefanele eziningi izingxoxo smart kanye nezinkulumo-mpikiswano eshubile, ekugcineni zonke zehla eRussia autocratic nazo zonke nobuthaka bayo - ukuntuleka inkululeko, serfdom, umkhathi esindayo nesinyathelayo lanqoba yonke indawo ngaleso sikhathi. Lomhlaba wobaba nabo Freethinkers nganoma yisiphi isikhathi babekulungele nikela "umphefumulo ipheshulwa kwakhe kakhulu '(' Ukuze Chaadaev", 1818).

Babuye akavunyelwe ziphumule, bahlunyelelwe umcabango yefilosofi nokulotshwa kwalo. umngane wabo mutual Ya. I. Saburov wathi Chaadayev nomphumela omangalisayo Pushkin kumzwise bacabanga ngokujulile zefilosofi. Peter Y. waba omunye abangane abaseduze baka-Alexander, ngisho ezimpini ngokufaka isicelo uguquko yesigwebo sakhe lapho ewa umusa nenkosi. Ngakho-ke mina ekudingisweni, kuqala eSiberia noma sezindela Solovetsky, Nokho, umphumela ongalindelekile kwaba isixhumanisi eningizimu ne isevisi yokuhumusha e eBessarabia.

Ukubuyiselwa emuva fortune

Ubungane phakathi osaziwayo ezimbili waqhubeka izinhlamvu, lapho Pushkin ngokuvamile wavuma ukuthi ubungane bakhe Chaadayev indawo injabulo futhi ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba umuntu athande umphefumulo wakhe ezibandayo imbongi. Ngo 1821, u-Alexander ezahlukweni kuye izinkondlo zakhe, "Ezweni lapho Ngikhohlwe izinkathazo eminyakeni eyedlule ..." "Yini ukungabaza abandayo?" (1824). Konke lokhu okudaliwe Uyi liwubufakazi intshiseko Pushkin ukuba umngane wakhe osekhulile futhi umeluleki, asibiza umthandazi bezikhwepha zabo engqondo.

Chaadaev wayesethubeni lokuthola umsebenzi brilliant, kodwa nangemva kwako Semenov ibutho wesula (njengoba uPetru Y. wabonakaliswa isikhundla sakhe ukuphikiswa). Emibili eyalandela ayihlala lutho, bese kwesokunxele ukulungisa impilo yabo e-Europe, futhi lokhu wamsindisa lapho Disemba isiphepho. Zonke Eminyakeni eyalandela, waba zahlukumezeka engqondweni, obumbi esiqine ezingokomoya, ukwa ezinzima kubangelwa ngokoqobo kwemvelo esidumazayo. Yena njalo wacabanga yini isiphetho Russia. Zonke izikhulu eziphakeme kunazo zonke, izikhulu nabefundisi wabiza ukufumbathisa, abangenalwazi, izigqila ezimbi kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo isigqila.

Ekuqaleni kuka ekwindla 1826 eMoscow cishe kanyekanye wabuyela Alexander Pushkin futhi Petr Chaadaev. Abangane ahlangana umngane mutual yakhe S. A. Sobolevskogo, lapho imbongi yayisazi zonke inkondlo yakhe "Boris Godunov" bese babevakashele lo salon UZenaida Volkonsky. Ngemva kwesikhashana, Pushkin awunika umngane wakhe uPetru, lo msebenzi omkhulu ka.

Peter Chaadaev: "Izinhlamvu Philosophical"

Eminyakeni 1829-1830 nge ukugxeka komphakathi okuwele Nikolaev isikhulumi Russian futhi wabhala adumile "Izincwadi Philosophical" yakhe. Eyokuqala i-eseyi, incwadi nguPetru Chaadaev, Pushkin, khona imbongi eshiwo ngayo encwadini ayibhalela umngane phakathi ehlobo 1831. Ishicilele kakade 1836 ku "isibonakude", kuyilapho A. I. Gertsen wabhala ukuthi lo mcimbi wadutshulwa kwamenyezwa ukuthi ebusuku amnyama.

Pushkin wanquma ukuba baphendule futhi wabhala incwadi ephendula umbhali, nokuthi uhlala engathunyelwe. Kuyo ethi ukugxekwa Chaadaeva ngokuphathelene nokuphila yomphakathi Russian, ngezindlela eziningi ogxile kweqiniso nokuthi wayebuye ingajabule yokuthi emhlabeni uya, kodwa Pushkin uyafunga ukuhlonipha ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bekungeke kukushintshe ezweni lenkaba yabo futhi wayengafuni Ngingathanda banomlando ehlukile kunaleyo umlando wokhokho bakhe, othumele noNkulunkulu.

Ngenxa yalokho, "Telescope" yavalwa, umhleli N. I. Nadezhdina wadingiselwa eSiberia, futhi Chaadaev limenyezelwe lokusangana, wafaka ngaphansi kweso lwezokwelapha kanye amaphoyisa njalo. Chaadaev njalo baziswa Pushkin njengoba umngane wakhe omkhulu, wayeziqhenya ke, ngiyalazisa ubungane babo futhi Pushkin ngokuthi "ngqondongqondo ngomusa." Eminyakeni eyalandela, nakuba baqhubeka behlangana e Moscow, kodwa ukuthi wangaphambili ukusondelana friendly esephumile.

biography

Peter Chaadaev, ogama biography uvezwa sihloko, wayevela emndenini ocebile esihle emgqeni komama kwaba umzukulu mlando academician M. M. Scherbatova. Wazalwa ngo-May 27, 1794 futhi yintandane ekuseni, kwashona ubaba wakhe ngosuku ngemva kokuzalwa kwakhe, + futhi unina - e 1797.

UPetru kanye umfowabo Michael wazithathela kusukela le Nizhny Novgorod esifundeni kwezemfundo e anti eMoscow - Inkosazana Anna Mihaylovna Scherbatova. Umlondolozi nabantwana baba umyeni wakhe - Prince D. M. Scherbatov. Babehlala Isiliva Lane, phezu Arbat, eduze St Nicholas Isonto Jawlensky.

umsebenzi

Eminyakeni 1807-1811 ubehambele khona izinkulumo eMoscow University, kwaba abangane nge A. S. Griboedovym Decembrist N. I. Turgenevym, I. D. Yakushkinym nabanye. It ahluke hhayi kuphela ingqondo futhi imikhuba yezwe engenza, kodwa futhi nedumela Dandy, futhi muhle. Ngo 1812, wakhonza e-Semenov ke e Akhtyrka hussar ibutho. Waba khona Battle of Borodino, nangemva kwempi saqala ukukhonza senkantolo yasebukhosini futhi ngo-1819 wathola isikhundla sokuba ukaputeni.

Ngemva isiphithiphithi ku Semenov ibutho ukuthi incwadi yokwesula kwakhe, futhi ngo-1821 yena wajoyina i-Society of the Decembrists ngo-1823 waya kude. Elapho waqala ukuya ezifundweni isazi sefilosofi Schelling, wadela ubungane naye futhi yabukezwa imibono yakhe kwezimiso nesimo sengqondo.

ihlazo

Ekubuyeleni kwakhe iRussia ngo 1826, Peter Chaadaev wahlala cishe ngo kude. Waqala lapho-ke yena ubhale adumile "Izincwadi Philosophical" wayo, esasiseShushani eziyisishiyagalombili kuphela. incwadi yakhe yokugcina ngemva ukuyiprinta ku "Telescope" e-1836, kuzoxoxwa ngakho njalo ekhaya ngalokujulile. Okwakushiwo ke ukuthi iRussia alishiye izwe ekuthuthukiseni impucuko abantu Russian - lena igebe ngendlela enengqondo ukuba khona abantu. WaseHerzen kwaba omunye ambalwa ezasekela iziphetho wesazi sefilosofi mayelana Russian ezimbi. Chaadayev ezivele kule ulaka iziphathimandla, futhi wayenethemba uzwakalise uhlanya.

ukusabela okunjalo iziphathimandla kanye ukulahlwa ngazwilinye zomphakathi Chaadaeva baphoqeleka ukuba aphinde acabange imibono yabo, futhi ngemva konyaka ebhala "Ukuxolisa we Madman", lapho kukhona kakade nombono oqhakaze okwengeziwe ikusasa Russia.

iminyaka yakhe yokugcina aphila izitaladi zaseNew Basman nesizotha kakhulu futhi wodwa kanjani, nakuba umphakathi eMoscow ivela kuye freak kungavamile, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, nolimi lwakhe abukhali, abaningi besaba kakhulu.

Chaadayev wafa April 14, 1856, wembelwa e- emathuneni we Donskoy Monastery eMoscow.

IziNyathelo wefilosofi

Yena ngokwakhe ngokuthi "kuyifilosofi yobuKristu." nefilosofi Petra Chaadaeva kungaba ngokuqondile okungacacile, akunakwenzeka ukuba ngokugcwele ukufunda kuphela omunye imisebenzi yakhe. Lokhu kudinga ukutadisha uhla egcwele imibhalo yakhe futhi ukuxhumana yangasese. Ngemva nje wathola ukuthi into eyinhloko isikhundla sakhe waba yalelozwe zenkolo ukuthi akuyona okungaphansi kwenkululeko ubuKatolika, zamaProthestani-Orthodox. Ngokombono imfundiso umKristu ongashadile wayefuna ukunikeza ngokuhumusha okusha zonke isiko zomlando nefilosofi. izifundo zakhe zenkolo zefilosofi wayekholelwa inkolo esizayo, eklanyelwe izinhliziyo oshisekayo futhi eshaweni ngokujulile, futhi asishayisani ne zenkolo izinkolo. Lapha uyofana Tolstogo Lva Nikolaevicha, ngubani ngendlela efanayo kunzima kakhulu futhi ngokudabukisayo wahlupheka esibucayi ngokomoya.

Peter Chaadaev wayeyazi imiBhalo futhi kahle ke. Noma kunjalo, umbuzo main ukuthi wayefuna ukuthola impendulo kwaba "imfihlakalo kwesikhathi" futhi baqonde okushiwo emlandweni wesintu. Zonke izimpendulo ayekufuna ebuKristwini.

"Vele iso zesihe yasnovidyasche - yilokho ifilosofi ubuKristu" - wabhala uPyotr Chaadaev. Izilinganiso ukumsiza ukuthola ukuthi ungubani kakhulu, kwesinye sazo kubukeka sengathi umprofethi, ngoba ubhala ukuthi socialism uyosibonisa, ngokombono wakhe, hhayi ngoba ilungile, kodwa ngoba izitha zakhe azilungile.

esontweni lase-United

Wayekholelwa ukuthi umcondvo lomcoka endzabeni kanye ngenhloso yokwenza ngesintu kufanele kube ukusungulwa umbuso kaNkulunkulu emhlabeni ngokusebenzisa ukuthuthukiswa zakhe zokuziphatha, futhi ushayela le nqubo komlando laphezulu. Ngaphandle sobuKristu, akazange amelela khona zomlando incarnation umbuso kaNkulunkulu ngaphandle esontweni. Futhi lapha kumelwe agcizelele ukuthi lapha Chaadayev wakhuluma eyodwa esontweni, hhayi ihlukaniswe emahlelweni ahlukene. Kungenxa ukuthi wabona okushiwo lemfundiso kaZiqu-ukholo lweqiniso ibe isonto elilodwa - ngedivayisi umyalelo okuphelele emhlabeni, ukubizwa ngokuthi umbuso kaNkulunkulu. Kufanele ngokushesha awukhumbule ukuthi okholweni Orthodox, uMbuso kaNkulunkulu - umqondo ezingaqondakali olufika ngemuva kokuba ukuphila kwangempela emhlabeni (ngemva Apocalypse).

Chaadaev wacabanga ukuthi ukholo Muslim kuwufanele kakhulu eqinisweni. United Christian Church, okuyinto ahlukaniselwe amahlelo - ukuthi nguye incarnation kaNkulunkulu weqiniso. Bazo zonke izinkolo yahlatshwa ekhetha esontweni main lamaKatolika, okuyinto okuthiwa kakhulu eyenziwa icebo likaNkulunkulu. I-agumenti main wabiza ukuthuthukiswa okusezingeni eliphezulu impucuko yaseNtshonalanga. Ngokusho kwakhe, Russia anginike lutho namasiko emhlabeni "walahlekelwa ngendlela yayo phezu komhlaba." Athi zenziwa abantu Russian futhi ubona isizathu ukuthi iRussia bamukela-Orthodox kusukela waseByzantium.

isiphetho

Kodwa ke ngokucophelela kuyafaneleka ukuthi imicabango yakhe yonke lezi abangazazi theory ngokwemvelo, ngoba kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe azi- Orthodox, ngisho thukuthele ngokujulile lapho kwakukhona amahemuhemu mayelana ushintsho wakhe enkolweni yobuKatolika.

Bit isibilile e yezakhi yakhe zefilosofi ngemva nokunqatshelwa Providence e isiphetho eRussia, ngo-1837, yahlatshwa wabhala iphepha onesihloko esithi "Ukuxolisa we Madman", osuvele ukhuluma ngesiphetho olukhulu eRussia, indima yayo ekhethekile enikezwe iNkosi.