Amalungelo Environmental nezibopho kwemvelo nezakhamuzi Russian Federation: izici jikelele, ubudlelwane

amalungelo Environmental nezibopho kwemvelo yezakhamuzi - liyisici esibalulekile zonke umuntu ilungelo elingokomthetho, elithengiswa emikhawulweni yonke yakwa-isimo yesimanje. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izici ezifana noma imikhawulo esebenzayo kubantu bokufika nakulabo abantu kokuba izakhamuzi Russia, okungukuthi, izakhamuzi zezwe.

Esiyinhloko kwesokudla: unelungelo lempilo

amalungelo Environmental kanye nemisebenzi yezakhamuzi kuMtsetfosisekelo Russian. Isici esiyinhloko siqashelwe ngokomthetho kwalesi silwane ziyilungelo lomuntu ekuphileni - leli lungiselelo kuqukethwe Isigaba 20 se-Basic Law WaseRussia. Ilungelo lokuphila kusekelwe izenzo eziningi nature kwezomthetho international:

• Charter Human Rights.
• Stockholm Declaration nokunye.

Kukhona global amathuluzi ngamazwe, okuyinto zamukelwa yizinhlangano zikahulumeni, njengoba umthetho, omunye wamalungu noma iminyango UN. Bekanye nabo kukhona ukuba izenzo zesifunda ngokomthetho, okuyinto asebenza insimu ethile futhi yamukelwa neziphathimandla zendawo, ezifana loMkhandlu WaseYurophu.

Omunye umthombo kuleli lungiselelo ngesisekelo okuyinto wonke amalungelo athuthukile kwemvelo kanye nemisebenzi izakhamuzi, iyona Declaration of Human Rights, eyamukelwa ngisho nangaphambi ukwakheka Russian Federation njengoba isimo ngokomthethosisekelo ezimele.

Ukhiye amalungelo kwemvelo kanye nemisebenzi izakhamuzi Awunalo ilungelo lokuphenya khona ukungabi khona zokulawula ilungelo lomuntu livikeleke ekuphileni.

Ilungelo lenemphilo

amalungelo Environmental nezibopho kwezemvelo kuzakhamizi saziso zihlanganisa ilungelo indawo enempilo, okuyinto eziqukethwe isenzo eziyisisekelo zomthetho olawula ngesimo esingokomthetho.

Isigaba 11 ngokuyinhloko sichaza "isimo esivumayo". Kuyinto endaweni enjalo engokwemvelo, lapho elondoloza ukusebenza engokwemvelo izici zemvelo, imvelo, zezilwane, izitshalo kanye nokunye. Imvelo kumelwe futhi akhonze isisekelo eyisisekelo sokuthuthukisa izindawo zemvelo kwemvelo, futhi ukuhambisana nayo yonke imithetho ukuthi zenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha ukuphila nempilo izakhamuzi, yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene. isimo Evumayo imvelo kumele bahlangabezane namazinga ukuthi ukunquma degree yayo ukuvikeleka kwemvelo, nokuhlanzeka, ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo, futhi ingcebo yemvelo bebonke.

kwemvelo namazinga uhlelo

amalungelo Environmental nezibopho kwezemvelo izakhamuzi ziyahlonishwa ngombandela wokuthi wonke amacala amazinga, Yikuphi uhlelo kanje (elisungulwe Isigaba 20 zoMthetho Federal "On the imvelo."):

• amazinga Group, ukulinganisa izinga kwemvelo. Ukuze sebhithi eyisisekelo lapha kuthathwa izici amakhemikhali, isib, lizinga lokuhlushwa izinto radioactive emoyeni. Kanye idatha chemical usebenzisa izibonisi ngokomzimba, ikakhulu ezifana ezingeni radioactivity nokushisa.
• amazinga Iqembu agcwele izinkomba begazi imvelo. Njengomthetho, izinkomba kukalwa ekubalweni ngezitshalo nangezilwane eziphila kuzo, kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezikhona. Iphinde isebenzisa namazinga esiphezulu lokuhlushwa kuvunyelwe eziphilayo imvelo.
• Esesithathu okungu iqembu ethulwa kwezobuciko. 23 soMthetho, futhi elinesimo ukuchayeka kuvunyelwe nemvelo, okungukuthi, ibala izinkomba kwekhabhoni kuvunyelwe izidakamizwa; kumiswa ukusetshenziswa kanye ukukhiqizwa imfucumfucu; namazinga umthelela ngokomzimba emvelweni.
• Izinkomba lomthwalo yabantu emvelweni.
• Okunye imingcele evumelekile futhi okungu ukuthi kungenziwa isethwe yimithetho yase-Russian Federation.

Kukhona futhi nezimiso ukuvikela amalungelo kwemvelo kanye nemisebenzi izakhamuzi zaseRussia, hhayi ngokuba nobuhlobo ngqo imvelo. Isikhathi esiningi, leli qembu amazinga ezihlobene ukusebenza kuphunywa emkhakheni izinsiza zemvelo Ukuvikelwa. Futhi, kukhona ukulinganiselwa elihlobene ne-imisebenti yetemnotfo kanye nomthelela kwalo okwalandela omubi kwezemvelo. Hlukanisa amazinga ukulawula zilwane umsebenzi elikhiphe amalayisense lokufeza izinhlobo ezithile zomsebenzi ezihlobene nokuxhumana esebenzayo nge imvelo.

Ilungelo izakhamuzi 'olwazini

amalungelo Environmental nezibopho kwezemvelo izakhamuzi njengoba isici esisemqoka kwelungelo ukuhlinzeka izakhamuzi isimo ulwazi imvelo, kanye esimweni saso. Umthetho eyinhloko Russia Isigaba 24 sithi wonke isakhamuzi sinelungelo lokuthola lezo izinto kukuthinta ngokuqondile amalungelo zabo nenkululeko, noma kungaba isenzo lendawo yayo noma ubunjalo isenzo ukuphoqelelwa, isibonelo, isinqumo senkantolo.

Kubalulekile wazi ukuthi amalungelo kwemvelo efanayo nemisebenzi izakhamuzi inkomba njengabawufanelekele ukuthuthukiswa isimo yesimanje, kusukela emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule, zonke izinkinga zemvelo obabukhona ezweni, sebephila ekusithekeni buqinile. Okwamanje isimo ngokuphelele incazelo okuphambene, njengoba uMthethosisekelo Russian Federation ku izikhulu sinomthwalo wemfanelo zomthetho ukuze esikhoselweni ngamaqiniso nezimo ukuthi ziyingozi empilweni izimpilo zezakhamuzi.

Esinye isici ilungelo ulwazi ukuvikelwa kanye ukufinyelela okugcwele ulwazi, etshela ngemiphumela izingozi kwemvelo; udalula imininingwane mayelana nokuphepha kamasipala abathintekayo nokunye. Imininingwane yalolu hlobo akukwazi isimo "ulwazi akha isimo. Imfihlo ", ngokulandelana, kanye nokufinyelela kuzo akukwazi elinganiselwe. echazwe ngaphambilini ngenhla Imininingwane abangu labizwa ngokuthi "Ukuze Esemthethweni Sebenzisa kuphela." Njengoba lezi zigaba kwemibhalo ayatholakala ukuze ibuyekezwe kuphela izigaba ezithile abasebenzi bakahulumeni, kungenzeka kubhekwe ukuqinisekisa ukufinyelela okugcwele ivulekele lolu lwazi kuzo zonke izakhamuzi.

Izindlela kwezinhlelo ilungelo Imininingwane

amalungelo Environmental nemisebenzi izakhamuzi kafushane ngokomthetho hhayi kuphela nguMthethosisekelo, kodwa futhi ngezinye NPA, kuhlanganise nomthetho "On ulwazi", ehlanganisa ngezindlela ezilandelayo ukusebenzisa ilungelo ulwazi:

1. Lolu cwaningo kolwazi kwemithombo yomphakathi ukufinyelela khulula. Okokuqala, bonke abasebenzisi zokulingana zomthetho mayelana nokusetshenziswa umthombo; Okwesibili, akukho abasebenzisi akudingekile ukubika ngehloso ngesisekelo ulwazi wathola enikeziwe. Okuwukuphela Imininingwane akha imfihlo isimo, futhi njengoba ayeseke oluthathwa.
2. Ngokusebenzisa ukuqaliswa izinhlangano ukulawula umphakathi nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho ezisebusweni par abakwaziyo ukuthola ulwazi. Ithola ulwazi oluthile, inhlangano unelungelo zokusakaza ulwazi mayelana nesimo se-imvelo phakathi kwabo.
3. Ukuqala kokusetshenziswa lokuqwashisa umphakathi mass ingenhlangano umsebenzi we zombuso. amandla kanye nokuzibusa wendawo. Upolnomochennnye aphoqelelwe ukudala imithombo ulwazi lendawo, kanye ukuzivocavoca ukulawula izinhlangano ongaphansi ku ukuqwashisa kwemvelo.
4. Izicelo Eziya Kuziphathimandla izinkantolo ukuze kuvikelwe ilungelo ulwazi.
5. Ngokusebenzisa ukuqaliswa ilungelo lomuntu ukuthi isinxephezelo ngenxa lomonakalo okubangelwa ukwehluleka ukunikeza ulwazi mayelana imvelo noma idatha eyiphutha.

LIungelo enkantolo Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo

Environmental amalungelo kanye nezibopho ze-izakhamuzi Russian Federation kuMtsetfosisekelo wombuso kanye zihlanganisa hhayi okungenani, ilungelo zonke izakhamuzi - unelungelo lokukhalaza enkantolo ukuvikela amalungelo nenkululeko.

Lokhu yegunya elinikezwe bonke:

• Ukuqinisekisa isimiso kusemthethweni, okuyinto uphokophele zonke postulates kuzo zonke izindawo komthetho, ngaleyo ndlela linikeze isiqinisekiso ukugcwaliseka amazinga wamemezela.
• Vikela ngesimo esingokomthetho izakhamuzi ngaphakathi isimo labo elisemthethweni kwemvelo.
• Kwamalungelo lezakhamizi akhokhele umonakalo owabangelwa izenzo ezingekho emthethweni sabagunyazwe obhekene ukuvikelwa angomunye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.
• WokuLawula umsebenzi emizimbeni zokwahlulela kanye neembopho zabo ukuze kuvikeleke amalungelo ezakhamizi.

Ilungelo ukulungiswa

Esinye isici, okuhlanganisa amalungelo kwemvelo kanye nemisebenzi izakhamuzi Russian Federation, ilungile izakhamuzi isinxephezelo, eye yahunyushwa ngo ngomyalo ukwephulwa kwemvelo. Ilungelo leli fixed Art. 42 soMthethosisekelo Russian. Futhi, ngokugcwele ilungelo ukulungiswa enikeziwe e zoMthetho Federal "Ngo imvelo", othi noma yimuphi umuntu uma kwenzeka lomonakalo isimiso semvelo kumelwe nxephezela yomonakalo ngokugcwele. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi ukulimala ungaboniswa njengoba:

• nokungcoliswa imvelo jikelele;
• Ukuwohloka kwemithombo yezebhoduluko;
• umonakalo nokubhujiswa ngezinto zemvelo;
• ukusetshenziswa engasimeme imithombo yemvelo;
• nokucekelwa phansi izimiso zokusebenza kwemvelo, izakhiwo kanye namathafa zemvelo;
• bophezela nezinye izinhlobo amacala, okuyinto anikezwa yimithetho yamazwe, yezwe lendawo ku imvelo imvelo semvelo.

amalungelo Environmental nemisebenzi izakhamuzi zaseRussia bathi umonakalo ngenxa imisebenzi ethile noma kweminye imisebenzi, kufanele ibalwe nemithetho ethile kuphela. Kuye esifundeni kungashiwo libalwe ikhumbi sivunyiwe noma ezinye izindlela kuhlaziywa umonakalo kwezemvelo. Uma bengakuqondi, -ke iyunithi esithathwayo lemali edingekayo ukuze alulame izindleko langempela yokubuyiselwa nemvelo. Kulokhu, ingase futhi kucatshangelwe incurred ukulahlekelwa kanye nokulahlekelwa inzuzo.

Isinxephezelo ingakhokhelwa noma ngokuzithandela noma ngokuhambisana nanoma yisiphi isinqumo boPhezukonke Arbitration Court tesifundvo. Zonke izindaba ezihlobene isinxephezelo umonakalo, kanye namanye amalungelo kwemvelo kanye nemisebenzi izakhamuzi kulawulwa uMthethosisekelo Russian Federation, uMthetho Federal "Ngo imvelo", Criminal Code kanye Administrative Ikhodi, kanye nezinye NPA.

Ilungelo ukuhlela

Ikakhulu amalungelo kwemvelo kanye nemisebenzi izakhamuzi Russian Federation ngokufingqiwe kumthethosisekelo. Lo mbhalo normative, kanye nezinye izici, futhi njengoba omunye amalungelo wamemezela izakhamuzi ilungelo lokusebenzisa izindlela ukusungula izinhlangano, foundation kanye nezinye izinhlangano okungezona zokuhweba, agunyaziwe ukuze bafeze imisebenzi phezu emvelweni Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo.

Injongo ukudalwa nezinhlangano ezifana - ukuvikeleka kwebhoduluko kusukela nokungena emthethweni kwi ingxenye yezinye izinhlangano kanye nabantu abangaphandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinhlangano uhlobo control umphakathi we ukugcinwa nomthetho wezemvelo. Lezi zinhlangano banelungelo isikhalazo enkantolo ukuze kuvinjelwe amacala kanye nezibopho elinesithunzi ku nokuqedwa nokulimaza impahla yabanye.

Imisebenzi izakhamuzi Russian Federation emkhakheni umthetho kwemvelo

Ngesimo esingokomthetho naleso sakhamuzi yezwe kuhlanganisa amalungelo nje kuphela kodwa futhi imisebenzi ethile. amalungelo Environmental nemisebenzi izakhamuzi kanye nezinhlangano zabo ngendlela efanayo ilungelo lenemphilo zihlanganisa isibopho ukuwulondoloza.

Imisebenzi ebekwa isimo futhi ahlobene imithetho ethile yokuziphatha. Ukunqunywa kwendlela yokuziphatha ezihlobene izidingo zingaveli umphakathi kanye nesidingo isiqondiso eqondile nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana. izici Jikelele amalungelo kwemvelo kanye netibopho tetakhamuti kuhlanganisa isibopho ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo ngokusimama kwezinsiza zemvelo, isibopho ukubuyisela emvelweni aphazamiseke izilwane nezitshalo, nokuvimbela ukwephulwa kwemvelo nokunye. Uhlu eziyisisekelo imisebenzi izakhamuzi zaseRussia simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

• isidingo ukukhokha izintela nezimali, okuyinto fixed Tax Code of the Russian Federation futhi zibalulekile ngezimali ngempumelelo izinyathelo ukuvikela nokulondoloza imvelo;
• ngaphambili ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo emisebenzini ku-Environmental Protection Agency, i-ifake isandla ekubuyiselweni kwalo;
• ukuhambisana namazinga izinga kwemvelo, nezimfuneko zomthetho, imithetho yenhlanzeko-epidemiological, ukunikeza ukuphepha ngesikhathi uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi, imisebenzi kwezomnotho ezihlobene isimiso semvelo soMhlaba;
• nande ukuvikela ezemvelo umcebo;
• ukubamba iqhaza emfundweni kwemvelo asemasha, ukukhulisa ukuqaphela emvelweni tesive
• ukuhambisana nemithetho kwemvelo;
• ukuvikela namathafa zemvelo;
• enze imithetho kwemvelo athobele imikhawulo kwemvelo;
• ukusebenzisa ingcebo futhi umthetho kwemvelo, ungagqokile umonakalo imvelo.

Buciko imisebenzi ayabelwe olunikezwa unswinyo, nayo esibekwe umbuso. Endabeni ka kokunikezwa kwe-umthetho njengoba imvume by inhlawulo isetshenziswa isakhamuzi, kanye bemangalelwa ngamacala obugebengu. Noma yimuphi elithile umthwalo ebekwa isinqumo noma isigwebo enkantolo.

Ubudlelwano amalungelo kwemvelo nezibopho

Ubudlelwano amalungelo kwemvelo kanye netibopho tetakhamuti ngokuyinhloko kubonakala eqinisweni lokuthi, ndawonye, lezi zinto yakha ngesimo esingokomthetho naleso sakhamuzi emkhakheni kwemvelo. Lo mqondo, futhi okwesibili, iyingxenye ye isimo jikelele wezomthetho isakhamuzi Russia kanye izakhamuzi zakwamanye amazwe, abantu lizwe ababhekwa njengezakhamuzi zalo ngamunye, nokunye.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi iyiphi kwesokudla isakhamuzi kungumsebenzi isimo, okungezona ukuhambisana okuyinto luhambisana nomthwalo isilinganiso of icala lomthetho osebenzayo izikhulu. Nse njengoba non-ukugcwaliseka imisebenzi esiphathiswe isakhamuzi Unikeza uhulumeni ilungelo lokusebenzisa unswinyo ezithile ezingokomthetho.