KumiswaImfundo yesibili nezikole

Antarctica kwatholakala eviyweni, eliholwa wabahloli Bellingshausen futhi Lazarev. Umlando kwatholakala Antarctica

Ubani phakathi abahambi wathola Antarctica? Impendulo kuwe izofunda lesi sihloko. Obalulekile, lokugcina ukutholakala yayo kwenzeka ngo 1820. Kuyinto indaba Antarctica iqala kulo nyaka. Okokuqala, abantu nje ukuthi nokwami leli zwekazi khona.

Antarctica - nezwekazi eliphakeme Emhlabeni. Bangaphezu kuka-2 ayizinkulungwane. Amamitha ukuphakama isilinganiso ebusweni phezu koLwandle Antarctic. amamitha ayizinkulungwane ezine ngokuvumelana naloko kuzinikezela maphakathi nezwekazi.

Ngaphambi sikhuluma ngokuthi ubani phakathi abahambi wathola Antarctica, uthi amazwana ambalwa mayelana amatilosi abasondelene kakhulu kule ukutholakala enkulu.

I kokuqagela wokuqala mayelana nokuba khona kwamakamu ezwekazini

Abahlanganyeli bomkhankaso eyenziwa Portugal eminyakeni 1501-1502, kokuba Ukuqagela kuqala. Amérigo Vespucci nengxenye lolu hambo. Lesi sivakashi-Florentine, sibonga nje ukuqondana kwezinto yinqaba kakhulu yezimo ezihlukahlukene wangitshela igama kwesihloko amazwekazi amabili elikhulu. Nokho, lo mkhankaso okukhulunywe ngawo ngaphambili ayikwazanga ubuyele ku. INDAWO South, okuyinto ngempela kude Antarctica. Vespucci wafakaza ukuthi ukubanda kakhulu kangangokuthi lapho lezi zihambi ayikwazanga lithwalwa.

Sekuyisikhathi eside ukhangwa abantu e-Antarctica. Abavakashi bazitshela ukuthi kukhona zwekazi elikhulu. Dzheyms Awe-Kuk owafakile ngaphambi abanye emanzini Antarctic. Yena ziyadalulwa inganekwane ukuthi kukhona Terra Australis usayizi omkhulu. Nokho, itilosi waphoqeleka ukuba singaphethi kuphela kungaba nezwekazi eduze pole. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ukuba khona kwakhe kufakazela eziningi iziqhingi zeqhwa, futhi iqhwa elintantayo.

Lazarev futhi Bellingshausen

Antarctica kwatholakala eviyweni, eliholwa bamazwe baseRussia. Njalo amagama ezimbili zalotshwa emlandweni okutholakele womhlaba. Lokhu FF Bellingshausen (iminyaka yokuphila - 1778-1852) futhi MP Lazarev (1788-1851).

Faddey Faddeevich Bellinsgauzen wazalwa ngo 1778. Wazalwa ngo itholakala aseBaltic Sea isiqhingi Saaremaa, Estonia kungokwalabo namuhla. Itilosi wafunda ngo Sea ubusosha Corps.

Bellingshausen ngiphuphe kusukela ebuntwaneni isikhala ulwandle. Wabhala nokuthi wazalwa phakathi kolwandle, kanjalo, njengensimbi inhlanzi emanzini, awukwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kwalo. Faddey Faddeevich eminyakeni 1803-1806 nengxenye uhambo (the circumnavigation lokuqala, amatilosi ephelele Russian) emkhunjini "Ethembeni", okwaholela Ivan Kruzenshtern.

Lazarev emncane ngeminyaka 10. Wenza 3 uhambo emhlabeni wonke ngenxa izimpilo zabo. Navigator nengxenye 1827 empini asolwandle ka Navarino ke ngoba cishe engamashumi amabili, kwaba induna Black Sea Fleet. Phakathi abafundi bakhe kwakufanele enjalo izinduna abavelele asolwandle yeRussia, uVladimir Istomin, uPavel Nakhimov, uVladimir Kornilov.

"Vostok" futhi "Ukuthula"

Lazarev futhi Bellingshausen isiphetho alethwe ngo-1819. Khona-Ministry of Navy wafuna uhambo ekuthunyelweni eNingizimu Nenkabazwe. wasifunda kwadingeka ukuba afeze imikhumbi emibili, ezinakho konke okudingekayo. Umkhuzi sloop "East" waqokwa Bellingshausen. Lazarev wahola "Ukuthula". Ukuze kuhlonishwe wale mikhumbi amashumi eminyaka kamuva ubizwa ngokuthi iziteshi lokuqala Soviet Antarctic.

Ukuvulwa lokuqala

Lolu hambo ngo-1819, July 16, yaqala ukubhukuda. Kanje washayelwa umgomo walo: kokutholakala eduze Antarctic Pole. Mariners wayala ukuba aphenye Sandwich Earth (manje i-South Sandwich Islands, ezazibhekwa wathola Cook), kanye-South Georgia, bese uqhubeke lokucwaninga ukuze zindawo ezikude, okungase kuphela ufinyelelwe.

Ngakho lokhu "Ukuthula" futhi "East". imininingwane Georgia Island South kwachazwa. Abahloli bamazwe bathole ukuthi Sandwich Earth iqoqo leziqhingi. Cook Islands Bellingshausen okuthiwa isiqhingi esikhulu kunazo zonke kuleli qoqo leziqhingi. ukuze Okokuqala yamyala Kwakuseshwa.

Ivula-Antarctica

Emkhathizwe kungabonwa expanses ezineqhwa. Imikhumbi aqhubeka nendlela yawo kanye imiphetho zabo usuke entshonalanga uye empumalanga. Ngo-1820, 27 Januwari, uthi kulolu hambo enqamula ulwandle i-Antarctic Circle. Futhi ngosuku olulandelayo, lichaza isondela kuleli zwekazi lase-Antarctic, iqhwa elikuyo isithiyo. iminyaka engu-100 kamuva, la izindawo wavakashela futhi. Manje kwase kuyindodana nabahloli bamazwe Norwegian-Antarctica. Anikwa igama Princess uMarta Coast.

Bellingshausen ngo-January 28 wabhala encwadini yakhe yezenzakalo zosuku ukuthi, Ngokuqhubeka ukuhambisa eningizimu, lo mkhankaso ezitholakala ice emini ukuthi sidabula iqhwa ethulwa ngesimo amafu amhlophe. Amatilosi, wedlula kuya eningizimu-mpumalanga kukhona angaphezu ezimbili, base bekhona kakade "eqhweni okuqinile." Aye ensimini enkulu oluneziqhingi hillocks welulela emhlabeni. Njengoba i-Antarctica kwatholakala eviyweni, eliholwa wabahloli Bellingshausen futhi Lazarev.

Ngokuya ukubonakala kwaba umkhumbi ngcono kakhulu Lazarev. Ukaputeni womkhumbi wabukela "Ice eziphakeme kakhulu," owawusuka emkhathizwe. Athi uyingxenye yiqhwa elimboze owawuhlanganisa Antarctica. Ngo-January 28 kulo nyaka, wehlela emlandweni njengoba usuku lapho Bellingshausen futhi Lazarev wathola ezwekazini Antarctic. Kabili (ngoFebhuwari 2 17) "Ukuthula" futhi "East" iza eduze ogwini Antarctica. Ngokusho imiyalelo, kufanele ufune "izwe elingaziwa". Nokho, ngisho kunqunywa iningi drafters idokhumenti ababengazange bazicabange isabelo yimpumelelo ezinjalo.

Okuphindaphindayo kohambo Antarctica

Esondela ebusika eNingizimu Nenkabazwe. Ihamba saya enyakatho, sihamba emanzini athokomele futhi elishisayo ePacific Ocean. Ngonyaka wadlula. Khona-ke, "Ukuthula" futhi "East", okuyinto ayalwa Bellingshausen futhi Lazarev salibangisa Antarctica futhi. Bawela kathathu Antarctic Circle.

Peter mina Island

Amehlo lezihambi e 1821, 22 Januwari, uvele isiqhingi engaziwa. Wayelethwa okuthiwa Bellingshausen Isiqhingi sikaPeter Omkhulu. Januwari 28, ncamashi unyaka owodwa kusukela kwatholakala Antarctica, kwi libalele, Licwathile sezulu nabasebenza yabukela coast aphakeme, welula kwamehlo eningizimu.

Umhlaba u-Alexander I

Okokuqala uvele on Ibeka Earth ngu-Alexander ngaleyo I. Akungabazeki wayengasenazo: Antarctica - akusiwona ice nje Massif, izwekazi yangempela. Nokho, Bellingshausen, akukhulunywa lutho kuvulwa ezwekazini. Kwaba neze isizotha zamanga. Navigator wayeqonda ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba bafinyelele iziphetho lokugcina, kodwa ngemva kokuchitha izifundo ezidingekayo ogwini Antarctica. Akekho zomhlangano, noma ngobukhulu kuleli zwekazi, wayengeke akwazi ngisho nokuthola wenze umqondo anolaka. Ngemva kwamashumi amaningi abaye baqhubeka issledavaniya.

Ukuphenywa South Shetland Islands

Ukuphelelisa "olunezinto", abashayeli bemikhumbi uhlole ngokuningiliziwe South Shetland Islands. Ngaphambi zazaziwa nje lokho B. Smith, eyiNgisi, bebuka e 1818. lezi ziqhingi ezingu kumephu futhi kuchazwe. Empini ye 1812 yahanjelwa iziphuphutheki eziningi Lazarev futhi Bellingshausen. Ngakho-ke, abanye kuleso siqhingi kumemori wezimpi zakhe wathola amagama alandelayo: Waterloo, Leipzig, Berezina, Smolensk, Maloyaroslavets, Borodino. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amatilosi British uqambe kabusha kubo, ukuthi akayena ngempela ukujabulisa. Waterloo, phakathi kwezinye izinto (iKing George - igama layo yesimanje), yasungulwa by iziteshi ucwaningo enyakatho iningi eU.SSR ngo-1968 e-Antarctica ngokuthi "Bellingshausen".

Buyela Kronstadt

Ngo 1821, ekupheleni kuka-January, Faddey Faddeevich wathumela imikhumbi kuyo inyakatho, navigation kabi ishaye ngo ice kanye neziphepho. 751 ngosuku yalolu hambo lwathatha imikhumbi yaseRussia. uhambo obuphelele waba kungathi izinkulungwane 100 kilometers (okungukuthi, inqobo nje uma uthola uma ababili zungeza Umhlaba enkabazwe kanye izikhathi ikota). iziqhingi entsha 29 ziye kumephu. Waqala kanjalo-ke ukuthuthukiswa nokutadisha Antarctica.

Ukulandela Russian

Ngakho, i-Antarctica kwatholakala eviyweni, eliholwa bamazwe baseRussia. Ngemva kwamasonto amabili ukuthi, e 1820, 16 Januwari, uhambo Russian eholwa Bellingshausen futhi Lazarev, waya e-Antarctica, Edward Brantsfild, owathuthela kusukela eNingizimu Shetland Islands eningizimu, wabona eneqhwa yasebhange okusezingeni eliphezulu. Wayelethwa uqambe le Itilosi Umhlaba zintathu (ie zintathu). Antarctica Abacwaningi futhi wabona iziqongo ezimbili entabeni. Kwakuwusuku iNhlonhlo ye-Antarctica, enyakatho udebe sinwebiswe 1,200 km bebheke eNingizimu Melika. Emhlabeni, akakho omunye inhlonhlo eside kaJesu ezinjalo.

Antarctica okokuqala ngemva amatilosi Russian zibona iviyo "Enderby", izinkantolo ezimbili sealers of England, owenza ngaphansi John Biscoe ukuhamba emhlabeni wonke. Ngo-1831, ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari, kuze kube selizweni sezintaba aqoqene waya enkantolo. It lwemukelwa ngazo kulesi siqhingi. Ngemva kwalokho, leli zwe kwachazwa njengoba protrusion BaseMpumalanga Antarctica. Uvele igama ibalazwe Biscoe entabeni (intaba ephakeme kunazo zonke kuwo) kanye Enderby Land. Njengoba i-Antarctica wavula wamazwe Dzhon Bisko.

Isihambi ngonyaka ozayo kwenza omunye ukutholakala. Ahlangana ukuze zero Meridian eziningana iziqhingi usayizi encane, okungafanele kukhona ezintabeni zakwa-Graham Land (njengoba wawubizwa ngokuthi leli zwe), leyachubeka Umhlaba u-Alexander I ngasempumalanga. igama Ofanele lokhu wamazwe owayemuhle wayebizwa ngokuthi uchungechunge leziqhingi ezincane, nakuba wathola izwe futhi kubhekwa isikhathi eside ngemva iziqhingi.

Phakathi neminyaka eyishumi eyalandela, kaseyili Southern Ocean Kwatholakala "ogwini" ezimbili noma ezintathu. Nokho, abantu noma yisiphi sazo akaphenduli.

Emlandweni ekutadisheni Antarctica linendawo ekhethekile bomkhankaso we isiFulentshi, okwakubekelwa eliholwa JS Dumont d'Urville. Ngo-1838, ngo-January, amabili umkhumbi wakhe ( "Seele" futhi "Astrolabe") wafika ePacific isuka Atlantic, skirting eningizimu Melika. Umcwaningi gone beyofuna amanzi, ice-free, kude ngaseningizimu, esondela iNhlonhlo ye-Antarctica, ithiphu yayo enyakatho, ethiwa le Itilosi Umhlaba Louis-Philippe. Dumont d'Urville, ephuma ePacific Ocean, lezitsha zalo ethunyelwe amanzi emvula. Nokho, kusukela Tasmania wabe esephendukela eningizimu futhi wahlangana endaweni ekuyi-latitude ye-Arctic Circle-ice coast, okuthiwa Adelie Land egameni umkakhe. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1840, January 20. The French ngosuku olufanayo lawela phezu isiqhingi. Singasho ukuthi abantu okokuqala ngalolusuku ukuza emhlabeni-Antarctica, nakuba kwaba azinakho kwezwe isiqhingi nje eduze kwayo.

Ngemva kokufunda lesi sihloko, usufundile ukuthi ngonyaka wathola Antarctica. Kuphela ngo-1956, 5 Januwari, ogwini ezwekazini ukuthatha wabahloli wokuqala Russian. Kwenzeka kanjalo ngokusebenzisa iminyaka 136 ngemva Antarctica kwatholakala eviyweni, eliholwa wabahloli Bellingshausen futhi Lazarev.

Similar articles

 

 

 

 

Trending Now

 

 

 

 

Newest

Copyright © 2018 zu.unansea.com. Theme powered by WordPress.