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Le ndawo yase-China. China: labantu, endaweni. I kwabantu labantu eChina

Impucuko Chinese isindala kakhulu. It has eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezine. Kusukela ezinsukwini Marko Polo Celestial kuhilela abacwaningi kanye nabahamba. Kuleli zwe, iningi lezakhamuzi - inezinhlobo okwesihlanu bonke abantu emhlabeni. Uma sicabangela endaweni yaseChina, uMbuso lesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni.

Futhi nakuba izinsuku Mao Zedong, sekudlule kakade, amandla LamaKhomanisi, kanye nethonya layo yonke imikhakha yempilo namanje kakhulu. Ngo-1979, izwe waqala isimiso isimo ngokuthi "2 + 1". Lwakhiwe ngenhloso zokuvimbela inzalo. Ngakho, umndeni esayinwe isivumelwano uhulumeni, abashadayo aphoqelelwe ngaphansi kwazo ukuba ingane esenana intela kanye nezinye izinzuzo eziningi. Ukwephula imithetho esungulwe kuhilelani bokuhlukaniswa amalungelo zezimali futhi imthwese esihle.

Kuze kube nineties kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, amaShayina babengavunyelwe ukusebenzisa izimoto yangasese. Zonke izimoto in the ifa isimo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, abantu basebenzisa amabhayisikili ngaphandle kokukhetha, kanti manje imoto ezimbili ezinamasondo akuyona ngaphansi funa.

I endaweni yaseChina wayeke waxoxa ngaphambili ihlukaniswe amazoni ezinhlanu. uhlelo elinjalo lalikhona kusukela ngo-1912 kuze kube unyaka 1949-th. Okwamanje, sonke izwe lwekuphatfwa ngalokuyimphumelelo ise izoni yesikhathi efanayo. Daylight saving time is hhayi kwenziwe.

isikhundla ezindawo

Celestial Itholakala East nase-Asia Ephakathi. Ibonisa ibalazwe China, leli zwe izungezwe Russia, India, eNepal, eKyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, North Korea nase-Vietnam. Ngokusemthethweni, uMbuso kokubuyekezwa kungokwalabo esiqhingini Taiwan, kodwa eqinisweni akazange ancike ubani.

Le ndawo of China has izici ezilandelayo kwendawo: empumalanga - ethafeni, maphakathi - entabeni kuya entshonalanga - entabeni.

division zokuphatha

Isakhiwo isimo has ezifundeni ezinhlanu kazwelonke ezizimele kanye imizi emine kwakuwukuthi ekhethekile, kanye izifundazwe eChina, uhlu okuhlanganisa amaphuzu amabili nambili.

izici zezulu

endaweni China itholakala esishintshashintshayo ezintathu zezulu. Lena ngokulinganisela, nakwezifudumele futhi ezishisayo. Le ntaba sezulu yezwekazi.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izimo zezulu yezwe ngezinga elikhulu kunqunywa impumuzo yayo, ngoba China kuyinto ezitebhisini giant lehla ukusuka ezintabeni eziphakemeyo Asia Ephakathi maqondana olwandle. Okungukuthi akha uhlobo kwesikrini, ngakolunye uhlangothi kunomthelela nokugcinwa umswakama olunceleka inkathi yezimvula ehlobo kusukela olwandle nasezweni, futhi enye - ingaba nomthelela nkinga umoya abandayo kusukela zone umfutho ophakeme ise ebusika eMongolia, aseNingizimu naseNyakatho eSiberia Western China.

Iningi endaweni yaseChina (e sq. Km sekuyahwalala abayizigidi ezingu 9.6) lilawulwa sezulu yezwekazi. Umehluko phakathi nezinkathi kubalulekile.

Ngokusho ubufakazi imithombo ebhalwe eyaqala nenkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka BC, ngaphambili emaThafeni Omkhulu wayengumbusi ukufudumala. Leli qiniso, kanye nenhlabathi evundile amahlathi kakhulu nomthelela ukuvela ekukhuleni kahle ezolimo kule ndawo, okuyinto yena, yavusa ukuvela impucuko enkulu.

Njengoba sekuzoqala isikhathi sethu, isimo sezulu saba ngaphansi kwezingaqhwa. okushisa Isilinganiso ngokuvamile kuhambisana yesimanje, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi zaqala snap okwandile abandayo elahlasela kulo lonke i-Eurasia yayigcwele nge kwesikhathi.

izakhiwo

Le ndawo ingqikithi China omkhulu - esingangezinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye nengxenye amakhilomitha square. Noma kunjalo, i-nsimu kuzenze zibathinte ubuswa eyodwa isiko yezakhiwo ayikwazi wathi mayelana nanoma yisiphi isiko European. Zonke amasu kwesakhiwo kanye zokuhlobisa eziyisisekelo athuthukile emakhulwini eminyaka adlule esasebenza kuze kube yilolu suku. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kuthinta nokusimama kwamasiko yezwe oye wahlupheka eziningi Ukuhlasela angaphandle. Imfihlo itholakala lokuthi ukuthi zonke ezintsha izakhamuzi zalesi isimo waphasiswa ngokusebenzisa iphrizimu nombono wabo siqu zomhlaba. Yingakho izakhi waboleka azihlukile kakhulu kusukela Chinese bomdabu.

ukwakhiwa njalo emadolobheni senziwa okusekelwe ezimisweni Feng Shui. Ngakho, bonke izakhiwo zazibheka eningizimu. Ezweni kwakukhona lonke uhlelo imithetho yokuhlelwa kwedolobha, owawuthi ekuphathweni kanye ingxenye Imperial komuzi njalo ibekwe maphakathi, sebephila izindonga, ukwakha indawo ayivunyelwe. Izakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezakhiwa emigwaqweni emikhulu ivela esangweni eningizimu ngasenyakatho.

Ukuphakama nendawo izakhiwo babezimisele ngesisekelo imisebenzi yayo kanye nesikhundla umnikazi emphakathini. Futhi ngenkathi kwabantu labantu eChina isivele nekhulu lokuqala kule nkathi yethu ukuthi umxhwele, izakhamuzi ezivamile ayenqatshelwe ukwakha izindlu ephakeme kweyodwa phansi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, laqanjwa ivolumu-Spatial eziyingqayizivele zokuhlala. Olunothile landscape okuholela kakhulu okuthuthukiswa uphahla nombala scheme. Ngakho, ngo-izakhiwo yayitholakala ababethi igolide, emathempelini nasemakhaya izikhulu - ngo-green (ngezinye izikhathi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka). kwemibhoshongo zambozwa enophahla grey-tile.

Isiphuzo edume kakhulu

Echaza China: labantu, endaweni, isimo sezulu, isiko, ubungcweti, umnotho kanye nezinye izindima - akunakwenzeka ingasaphathwa isiphuzo esisodwa emangalisayo. Sekuyisikhathi eside wayengowasebukhosini litshwayo zwe. Lokhu itiye. Kuyinto umkhiqizo, okuholela processing eyinkimbinkimbi starting impahla. efihlekile Asanda futhi eshiya ngokusankondlo ngokuthi itiye Emerald. Kuye imiphi imikhiqizo ukusebenzisa phakathi kwenqubo zabo, kuvela oluhlaza, ophuzi, white, itherkhoyisi, imbali, aphulwe agxishiwe, obomvu, zezinkambi abamnyama.

yokwelapha ehlukile

Abantu bendawo amatasa Tai Chi Chuan. Lokhu kungolunye uhlobo olukhethekile yokuzijwayeza isekelwe ohlelweni lokuvivinya umzimba lasendulo. Yena, kusekelwe uxhumano engenakususwa izingxenye ezintathu - movement ukwazi nokuphefumula kanzima. Emadolobheni amaningi aphethwe amakilasi ongaphandle beqondiswa abafundisi professional. Umsebenzi wabo okhokhela Ministry of Health, okuyinto bakholelwa ukuthi kungcono ukuba ukhokhe eziyishumi, kuka ukwelapha ayinkulungwane.

Isimiso eyinhloko yokwelashwa Chinese ayikona ukuzitholela e impilo ngaphandle, ukuba bavuse amabutho zomzimba zangaphakathi. Futhi umsebenzi kule ndaba imane nje ingenye izinketho eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, e zokungcebeleka of. Hainan kuhlongozwa ukuqeda iloli ngokuthola amaminerali kanye zokugeza enamakha. Spas Local, ubuchwepheshe banamuhla baye kuye kwahlanganiswa ngempumelelo nezindlela ezivamile of ukususa izifo zabo. Odokotela bamaShayina basekela ukwelashwa umqondo imizwelo eziyisikhombisa. Uma nawe akunqobile nge intukuthelo, ukwesaba, ubuhlungu, ukukhathazeka, ukudumala, ukumangala noma ukujabula, kungase siguqula yakhoibrium yomzimba wakhe, okungukuthi, angabangela isifo. Kepha Hainan lamanzi esiphethu, bamane ukususa ukucindezeleka ngokomzwelo ekhona ngenxa okuqukethwe ephakeme esiliva, manganese ne-hydrogen sulfide.

labantu

endaweni China abacishe babe yizigidi ezingu-9,6 sq. km. On kule nsimu yabo enkulukazi uhlalwe bezizwe amahlanu nesithupha. Ngokwe-China-Population Census, izwe abayizigidi ezingu 936,7 IsiShayina (Han) kanti abayizigidi 67,23 abameleli ezincane kazwelonke.

ibalazwe Wugqinsi ka baseChina ibonisa bokungafani abantu ukubeka. Ngakho, abantu abaningi Han abahlala imicengezi ka umfula iYangtze River, Yellow River kanye Pearl, kanye enyakatho-mpumalanga yezwe - ku Sunlyaosskoy plain. Ngokuphathelene ezincane kazwelonke, naphezu ubukhulu elincane, hlala ngu-60% of the state. Zihlala Tibet, e -Inner Mongolia, Ningxia Huenskom, Guangxi Zhuang, Xinjiang, futhi izifundazwe nane.

Endaweni sikwele China. km kuphezulu kakhulu, futhi ukuthuthela kwelinye yangaphakathi ezigidi zabantu badlala indima ebalulekile ekusakazeni labantu. Ngokuvamile, izakhamuzi emadolobheni lihamba ezindaweni ampofu.

Okwamanje kuleli zwe kukhona ushintsho ekuphathweni lokuzalwa impahla nemihlomulo. Isibonelo salokhu isiqubulo esisha inqubomgomo emayelana, othi "izingane ezincane, ngokushesha, ukuceba. ' Ngokwe-National Bureau of Statistics, ingxenye yesithupha Januwari 2005 isibalo sabantu Chinese ifinyelele Abantu abayizigidi eziyinkulungwane kwezigidi ezingu anamakhulu mathathu. Iziphathimandla zendawo ozama ukuba zenze konke ezingakwenza ukuze zemvelo kwenani labantu zero. Kulindeleke ukuthi ngo-2030 isibalo sabantu Chinese uye yayina kakhulu futhi kuyoba bhiliyoni 1.46. Kulindeleke ukuthi isibalo esikhulu sezinto izakhamuzi enamandla iyoba ngo-2020 futhi ngeke neze ukuthi 65% abantu sebebonke (isigidi sabantu 940).

Ochwepheshe ukuthi uma iziphathimandla kungukuthi ukuthambisa umthetho zinciphise isibalo zezinhlamvu izingane, kodwa phakathi kwaleli khulu leminyaka, isimo nesinabantu abaningi kunazo zonke isihloko emhlabeni uzoya India.

Izici

Imephu izifundazwe Chinese kubonisa amabili nambili amayunithi indawo. Ngamunye wabo indima zokuphatha hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi Emasiko. izifundazwe eziningi zanamuhla kufanele imingcele esungulwe ngisho ngesikhathi Ming BakwaHan. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, siguqulwe sina division indawo kuphela engxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga yezwe.

Ngo mpumalanga China kusungulwa kwakuwukuthi eqinile nakho ngeke kusize kuziphathimandla ephakathi ye izifundazwe, kodwa empeleni, uhulumeni wasekhaya benawo amandla sasivumela ezibanzi ekuziphatheni lezomnotho. Abanye abacwaningi kulo mkhakha ibizwa ngokuthi isimiso samanje federalism ezinezici Chinese. Kulokhu, esifanisweni esisenze ndawonye ezinezici Chinese.

Ezifundazweni eziningi ezweni (ngaphandle kwe-North-Eastern) umngcele atholakala phakathi nokubusa le Yuan lwamakhosi, Qing futhi Ming. Kulokhu, lo division ayivamile okusekelwe umehluko ngokolimi, indawo noma usikompilo akhulele kulo. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ukuze kuvinjelwe separatism kanye neziphathimandla zendawo ephakeme. Sami bendawo bathi nomngcele ophakathi izifundazwe okufakwe like amazinyo clenched ezinjeni. Naphezu kwalokhu, okuwuphiko enjalo kusho lukhulu kwamasiko. Izakhamuzi esifundazweni ngasinye bhunga ngezici ezithile ukuthi zihlobana eyeqisayo ekhona.

Phakathi izinguquko zakamuva division indawo weRiphabhulikhi kukhona okulandelayo: ukunikeza Chongqing nesimo sifundazwe Hainan, kanye ukusungulwa izifunda ekhethekile nezokuphatha Macau futhi yafunda eHong Kong. Yini zikhona izifundazwe e China okwamanje? Uhlu umxhwele:

  1. Shanxi.
  2. Shandong.
  3. Guangxi.
  4. Zhejiang.
  5. Macau.
  6. Qinghai.
  7. Jiangsu.
  8. Anhui.
  9. Jiangxi.
  10. Gansu.
  11. Jilin.
  12. Guangdong.
  13. Henan.
  14. Guizhou.
  15. Heilongjiang.
  16. Liaoning.
  17. Hebei.
  18. Sichuan.
  19. Hunan.
  20. Fujian.
  21. Qinghai.
  22. Hubei.

zokungcebeleka

Izigidi zezivakashi China njalo ngonyaka. Le ndawo yezwe, okuyinto ilingana abayizigidi ezingu 9.6 amakhilomitha square, kufaka inombolo enkulu esikhumbuzo yezakhiwo, futhi lokhu edonsela abahambi abavela emhlabeni jikelele. Uhulumeni udlala ngokucophelela ukunakekela ekulondolozweni ifa mlando esiyingqayizivele. Ngisho emadolobheni wonke (abangu-24) zamemezela alondoloza zemvelo futhi ivikelwe kahle, ingasaphathwa ezikhumbuzo umuntu.

isampula edumile inqaba izakhiwo emhlabeni - Yebo, i-Great Wall of China. Ubude bayo amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezine. isakhiwo abahlukile ivikela emngceleni osenyakatho yezwe. Waqala ukwakha ngolwesibili ekhulwini lesine lwesithathu BC, ngesikhathi lapho abanye uhulumeni waseChina wahlanganyela ukudalwa izakhiwo ukuzivikela ukuze bazivikele kuphangwa zezizwe abayimizulane elivela e-Asiya-Central. Ngokwezazi-mlando, ngesikhathi kwakhiwa we iGreat Wall yaseChina izinkulungwane ezine wathatha ingxenye. Ngemva kumiswa ezinye izingxenye zalo waqoqa isimo eyodwa. Ngakho, isakhiwo esisodwa ukuzivikela kwamiswa. Umsebenzi wokwakha zaba lesithathu AD leminyaka. Wall kwaba udonga ukuzivikela, okuyinto safinyelela kwamamitha ayishumi. A phezulu ububanzi Yayintininiza amabutho kanye nezinqola. Njalo amamitha angamakhulu amabili kude kumi umbhoshongo ukuzivikela.

Beijing liyaziwa kwekulu isimo Museum China sika ngokuthi National Palace. Esikhathini esidlule, kwaba esigodlweni yasebukhosini. Ukwakhiwa lesikhumbuzo yezakhiwo esiyingqayizivele waqala engxenyeni yokuqala ka ngekhulu nanhlanu. Kamuva esigodlweni lavuselelwa anda ubukhulu. Indawo egcina amagugu esizwe Modern e-Beijing kuyinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinkulu, lapho isakhiwo kukhona engaphezu kwekhulu izakhiwo. Azungezwe lizungezwe isiteshi ububanzi futhi lizungezwe okusezingeni eliphezulu udonga lwamatshe. Inani endaweni lwesigodlo - 720.000 amakhilomitha square, futhi nenombolo ziphephile - 800 ayizinkulungwane. Lesi sakamuva ivezwa zakudala, kuhlanganise esigodlweni isiko izinto, izibuko zethusi lasendulo, jade kanye zobumba, izincwadi eliyingqayizivele futhi emilandwini esigodlweni, futhi kubo baba yizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili kanye labizwa ngokuthi amagugu kazwelonke amagugu. Nsuku zonke, umnyuziyamu kuthatha izivakashi izinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu.

China Uphule ezihlukahlukene engadini kanye epaki izakhiwo. Ngokuyinhloko, asezindaweni yangaphambilini izigodlo yasebukhosini kanye amapaki eyimfihlo izinhlobo ezahlukene landscape. Sinesithakazelo ngokukhethekile kukhona izintaba zakhona ezinhle kakhulu ezenziwe umuntu, amachibi arbours, amabhuloho futhi izinqwaba bezitolo zamatshe.

Isibonelo zakudala eenkhulwini landscape art - He Yuan, ukupaka eziphumulele ukuhlala. Itholakala kwi endaweni Summer Palace ngo-Beijing.

Inhlokodolobha Chinese kuyinto epaki ngokuthi Hay Bey, ngokwezwi nezwi elisho ukuthi "North Sea". Inesibonakude ichibi lokwenziwa ogwini okuyinto asethwe ezithakazelisayo gazebos, emadokodweni namathempeli.

Suzhou ubizwa kufanele ngokuthi idolobha eluhlaza. Okwamanje kukhona abantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu engadini izakhiwo. Bonke zenzelwe ukujabulisa iso futhi unike umthunzi e ukushisa kwehlobo.

isiphetho

Bamhlonipha yisici umxhwele yezwe hhayi kuphela. China - ezweni wanika jikelele iphepha, Umsizi, khampasi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indima ngokuphawulekayo esikweni lesizwe. Kuthinta iningi izindawo ezimpilweni zabantu kanye ekuthuthukiseni izwe futhi uyaqhubeka enza kanjalo kuze kube manje.

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