Balamuli okuvuthayo: ngezigaba

Ukubukeka izinqubo ukuvuvukala ekuphenduleni isici sokugembula Usabela ezanele umzimba. Ukuvuvukala - inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi eba kuzinga zendawo noma jikelele ukuthi kwenzeka ekuphenduleni ejenti angaphandle. Umsebenzi oyinhloko ukuthuthukisa impendulo ukuvuvukala iqondiswe ukuqeda ithonya sokugembula kanye nokuvulwa emzimbeni. balamuli okuvuthayo kukhona abaxhumanisi, abahileleke ngokuqondile lezi izinqubo.

Kafushane kumigomo ukusabela ukuvuvukala

Amasosha omzimba - aqaphe empilweni yomuntu. Lapho kunendingeko ukungena uyolwa abulale amagciwane nesikhunta. Nokho, nge nalomsebenzi ethuthukisiwe inqubo nezilwanyana ezincane ekulweni kungabonwa ongaboni noma uzizwe ukubukeka isithombe emtholampilo. Kuyinto ezimweni ezinjalo ukuvuvukala eba njengempendulo okuvikela umzimba.

Inqubo kukhona oyingozi futhi ezingalapheki impendulo sokuvuvukala flow yayo. kuphakama Eyokuqala kusukela okungazelelwe isinyathelo abakucasulayo isici (ukuhlukumezeka, umonakalo, umphumela nomzimba, ukutheleleka). ukuvuvukala okungalapheki isikhathi eside futhi kancane evelele izimpawu emtholampilo.

Endabeni ka impendulo endawo izivikeli mzimba ezonini yokulimala noma kwalimala khona izibonakaliso wokusabela ukuvuvukala ezilandelayo:

• ubuhlungu;
• ukuvuvukala, puffiness;
• ngamanzi kwesikhumba ;
• kokunikezwa kwe-isimo sokusebenza;
• komzimba (lokushisa rise).

isigaba ukuvuvukala yentuthuko

Inqubo ukuvuvukala kusekelwe ukuxhumana ngesikhathi esisodwa isikhumba izici zokuzivikela, igazi ukubulawa amasosha omzimba. Ngokushesha ngemva kokungenwa i-ejenti angaphandle, umzimba usabela ngokubusisa vasodilatation wendawo endaweni yokulimala oqondile. Kukhona kuwukwanda permeability odongeni kanye nokuqinisa microcirculation wendawo. Bekanye egazi ufika Ukuvikelwa lapha humoral.

Ngo nesigaba lesi ukubulawa amasosha omzimba wesibili uqale silwe ezincane, bazithola esikhundleni umonakalo. Inqubo kokuba igama phagocytosis. Amaseli, ama-neutrophil ukushintsha isimo sabo futhi zimunce ejenti sokugembula. Ngokulandelayo, ligqame ejenti ekhethekile okuhloswe ngaso ukubhujiswa lamagciwane.

In parallel izilokazane ezincane ukubhubhisa neutrophil namaseli ubudala ufile, okuyinto zitholakala kule ndawo ukuvuvukala. uyiqala kanjalo ukuthuthukiswa yesithathu esigabeni ukusabela umzimba. Umnqopho we ukuvuvukala njengoba siyayizwa wonke umzimba. Ngezinye izikhathi le ndawo okungase kuthintwe throbbing. Iseli iqala ukukhiqiza balamuli ukuvuvukala kusukela insika amaseli, ukuthi ikuvumela ukuhlanza indawo elimele kusukela ubuthi, imfucuza kanye nezinye izinto.

imiqondo Jikelele balamuli

balamuli okuvuthayo - kuyinto izidakamizwa esebenzayo Lokudabuka yemvelo, okuyinto ahambisana ukukhululwa kwe izigaba eziyinhloko nokuguqulwa. Bazi ukuthi banesibophezelo ukuvela izimpawu ukusabela ukuvuvukala. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhuphuke permeability izindonga, asimboze ngesitsha nokuba lendawo lokushisa ukwanda endaweni traumatization.

I balamuli eyinhloko ukuvuvukala zihlukaniswa hhayi kuphela sokuthuthukiswa inqubo sokugembula. ukuthuthukiswa yabo senzeka ngokuqhubekayo. It ihlose ukulawulwa imisebenzi umzimba ngesikhathi izicubu kanye namazinga yeselula. Kuye isiqondiso isinyathelo, modulators nomphumela:

• okufakiwe (isandiso);
• synergistic (potentiator);
• antagonichesky (kuyadamba).

Lapho ukulimala noma endaweni isinyathelo neurotransmitter microorganism iyunithi elawula ukuxhumana izinqubo ukuvuvukala effector isigaba shift isici inqubo.

Izinhlobo balamuli ukuvuvukala

Zonke modulators ukuvuvukala zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili, kuye ngokuthi umsuka wabo:

1. Humoral: kinins, amagama ahlobene of umphelelisi, izakhi ezijiyisayo.
2. Cell: ama vasoactive, arachidonic acid okunye, cytokines, lymphokines, izici lysosomal, esisheshayo-mpilo metabolites, neuropeptides.

balamuli Humoral ukuvuvukala ezitholakala wenze umzimba womuntu wakwazi ukuthonya isici sokugembula, okusho ukuthi, umzimba has a supply lezi izinto. sebethule yabo kwenzeka kumaseli e ifomu esingasebenzi.

ama Vasoactive futhi neuropeptides lysosomal izici nazo modulators pre-ekhona. I izinto ezisele okuqondene iqembu balamuli yeselula akhiqizwa ngqo phakathi ukuthuthukiswa impendulo ukuvuvukala.

amagama ahlobene of umphelelisi

Ukuze balamuli ukuvuvukala zihlobene kunconywa. Leli qembu izinto eziphila abakhuthele ubhekwa phakathi modulators ezibaluleke kakhulu humoral. K-derivatives zihlanganisa amaprotheni ezahlukene kabani kumiswa kwenzeka nge umphelelisi kusebenze (kumiswa izakhiwo mzimba noma immunoglobulin, ayisiza) 22.

1. Modulators C5a futhi C3a banesibopho acute ukuvuvukala isigaba futhi Liberatore histamine akhiqizwa insika amaseli. Isenzo sabo sibhekiswe ngcono lizinga semithambo cell permeability, okuyinto eyenziwa ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile ngendlela histamine.
2. Modulator C5a des Arg kwandisa permeability we ama-venule endaweni impendulo ukuvuvukala futhi ikhanga amaseli neutrophilic.
3. S3 ikhuthaza phagocytosis.
4. Inxanxathela S5-C9 obangela lysis kwala magciwane kanye amaseli angavamile.

Leli qembu balamuli ikhiqizwa plasma nezicubu uketshezi. Ngenxa faka indawo sokugembula, exudation izinqubo zenzeka. Nge-derivatives umphelelisi ezikhishwe i-interleukin, neurotransmitters, leukotrienes, prostaglandins futhi platelet-isebenze isici.

kinins

Leli qembu izinto kuyinto vasodilators. Basuke kwakheka uketshezi kwezicubu plasma globulin ethize. Laba bameleli be-main leqembu zihlanganisa bradykinin futhi kallidin, okuyinto isenzo umphumela simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

• iqhaza ekunciphiseni imisipha amaqembu bushelelezi;
• ngokunciphisa endothelial semithambo baqinise izinqubo odongeni permeability;
• neqhaza ekwandeni we lwemithambo nokucindezelwa emithambo yegazi;
• ekwandiseni izitsha ezincane;
• kubangele ukubukeka ubuhlungu kanye ukulunywa;
• ukuphuthumisa ukuvuselelwa collagen zamagama.

Isenzo kuhloswe kokutholakala ukufinyelela bradykinin plasma kusayithi ukuvuvukala. Kinins - ubuhlungu balamuli ukuvuvukala. Basuke kuyacasula la mangqamuzana wendawo, okubangela ukungakhululeki, soreness, ukulunywa.

prostaglandins

Cellular balamuli ukuvuvukala kukhona prostaglandins. Leli qembu compounds iphathelene amagama ahlobene of arachidonic acid. Imithombo prostaglandins kukhona ama-macrophage, izinhlayiya zegazi granulocytes futhi monocytes.

Prostaglandins - mediators ukuvuvukala, liveza umsebenzi elandelayo:

• ukukhuthazwa zobuhlungu;
• vasodilation;
• ukwandisa izinqubo exudative;
• eqinisa of komzimba kule lesion;
• kuyashesha ukunyakaza leukocyte kule ndawo sokugembula;
• anda ukuvuvukala.

leukotrienes

izinto eziphila abakhuthele okuqondene balamuli elalisanda kumiswa. Lokho, isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni esikhathini lonke inani alanele ngokushesha impendulo ecasulayo.

Leukotrienes avuse inzuzo permeability semithambo kanye leukocyte ukunikeza ukufinyelela zone zokugula. Ibalulekile nesisekelo ubuhlungu ukuvuvukala. Izinto kungenziwa kuhlelwe umqondo kuzo zonke egazi ngaphandle erythrocyte, futhi adventitia ka wamaphaphu amaseli, imithambo yegazi kanye amaseli fat.

Endabeni ukuvuvukala ekuphenduleni amagciwane noma izici iguliswa leukotrienes kubangele spasm bronchial, okubangela ukuthuthukiswa edema. Umthelela efana isenzo histamine, kodwa isikhathi eside. Target isitho ngoba izinto asebenzayo - inhliziyo. Umelani ngaphandle in a inqwaba, benza phezu senhliziyo esilimele, kancane ukugeleza yenhliziyo futhi ukwandisa ezingeni ukusabela ukuvuvukala.

thromboxanes

Leli qembu modulators asebenzayo kwakheka izicubu ubende, amangqamuzana obuchopho, iphaphu amaseli bese izinhlayiya zegazi. Nomphumela spastic ku imithambo yegazi, ukuthuthukisa izinqubo thrombosis e ischemia inhliziyo, nesandla inqubo ukulinganiswa kanye platelet adhesion.

ama biogenic

Okuxhunyanwa ukuvuvukala balamuli - histamine kanye le-serotonin. Izinto kukhona provocateurs kokuqala microcirculatory iziyaluyalu ezonini egunjini lokuhlolwa kwezifo. Serotonin - a neurotransmitter olukhiqizwa amaseli fat, izinhlayiya zegazi kanye enterochromaffin.

Isenzo serotonin iyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi ezingeni layo emzimbeni. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, uma imali UnguMlamuleli bokuphila, it kwandisa semithambo zibe futhi kwandisa ithoni yabo. With ukuthuthukiswa ukusabela sokuvuvukala inombolo kwandisa kakhulu. Serotonin iba vasodilator, okwandisa permeability semithambo ekwandiseni izitsha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyathelo zalo ingenye kayikhulu iyashelela yesibili biogenic Amine neurotransmitter.

Histamine - umlamuleli ukuvuvukala nemphumela enezici ku imithambo yegazi kanye amaseli. Owenza neqembu elilodwa gistaminchuvstvitelnyh receptor izidakamizwa dilates imithambo futhi kuvimbela leukocyte ukunyakaza. Lapho wadalula enye - ke unciphise vein vnutrikapellyarnogo kubangela ukwenyuka ingcindezi ngakolunye uhlangothi, zishukumisa leukocyte ukunyakaza.

Owenza neutrophil receptor, histamine kukhawula ukusebenza kwabo ku monocyte receptor - kuvusa esidlule. Ngakho, neurotransmitter kungase kube nomthelela ukuvuvukala eqeda ukuvuvukala ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Vasodilator umphumela histamine luphakanyiswa ngaphansi kwethonya a eziyinkimbinkimbi nge acetylcholine, bradykinin, futhi le-serotonin.

lysosomal enzyme

Immune ukuvuvukala balamuli akhiqizwa monocytes futhi granulocytes endaweni yenqubo sokugembula ngesikhathi ukushukuma, ukufuduka, phagocytosis, ukulimala kwamangqamuzana futhi ukufa. Proteases okuyizinto esiyinhloko lysosomal enzyme babe elwa namagciwane Ukuvikelwa umphumela lysing alien wabhubhisa nezilwanyana ezincane sokugembula.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto asebenzayo neqhaza permeability okwandisiwe izindonga imithambo yegazi, modulate leukocyte kokuziphatha. Kuye inani enzyme elingalodwa, zingaqinisa noma zenze buthakathaka yokufuduka leukocyte amaseli.

Ukusabela okuvuthayo ithuthukisa futhi kuthathe isikhathi eside ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi enzyme lysosomal kusebenze uhlelo umphelelisi, ukukhululwa cytokines futhi limokiny kusebenze coagulation futhi fibrinolysis.

amaprotheni cationic

Ngu ukuvuvukala balamuli ngamaphrotheni eziqukethwe neutrophil elimbudumbudu nokuba microbicidal okusezingeni eliphezulu. Lezi izinto isinyathelo ngqo amaseli angaphandle, zikhala ulwelwesi yayo kwesakhiwo. Lokhu kubangela ukufa ejenti sokugembula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo ekubhujisweni cleavage ngu lysosomal proteases.

amaprotheni Cationic ukukhuthaza neurotransmitter ukukhululwa histamine, ukwandisa semithambo permeability, ukusheshisa adhesion leukocyte nokuthuthela kwamanye amazwe amaseli.

cytokines

Lokhu yeselula balamuli ukuvuvukala ezivezwa amaseli kokulandelayo:

• monocytes;
• ama-macrophage;
• neutrophil;
• lymphocyte;
• amaseli endothelial.

Owenza neutrophil nama amazinga cytokine ukwandisa permeability semithambo. Futhi ukushukumisa leukocyte amaseli lokubulala, akhombise futhi wabhubhisa nezilwanyana ezincane angaphandle ixazululwe, ukuthuthukisa inqubo phagocytosis.

Ngemva kokubulala ejenti sokugembula cytokines zishukumisa yokutakula futhi ayanda amangqamuzana amasha. Zihlanganise nabantu izinto kusukela iqembu balamuli, prostaglandins, neuropeptides.

metabolites okusebenzayo kwe-mpilo

Iqembu radicals khulula, okuyizinto ngenxa yokuba khona e-electron yabo ayibhangqiwe, uyakwazi engena ubuhlobo nabanye amangqamuzana, ukuthatha ingxenye ngokuqondile ukuthuthukiswa ukuvuvukala. Ngu-mpilo metabolites, okuyizinto ingxenye balamuli, imi kanje:

• radical hydroxyl;
• hydroperoxide olukhulu;
• superoxide anion olukhulu.

Umthombo lezi izinto ephilayo olwelwesini arachidonic acid phagocytic ukushukuma wavele nabo, kanye namachibi zishintshe encane.

Oxygen Metabolites ithuthukisa ikhono amaseli phagocytic ukubhubhisa ejenti angaphandle imbangela namachibi kwamafutha, umonakalo amino acid, acid nucleic, ama-carbohydrate, okwandisa permeability semithambo. Njengoba modulators ka metabolites kungandisa yisihlungu noma awe umphumela anti-inflammatory. Ziyakwazi kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwe-nezifo ezingamahlala khona.

neuropeptides

Leli qembu lihlanganisa calcitonin, neurokinin A, kanye nezidakamizwa P. Lona modulators eyaziwa kakhulu neuropeptides. Izinto isinyathelo umphumela kusekelwe izinqubo ezilandelayo:

• ekhangayo neutrophil e ukuvuvukala;
• anda permeability semithambo;
• Siza namanye amaqembu obuchaywe la mangqamuzana nokuzwela neurotransmitters;
• ukuzwela nekusita neutrophil ukuze endothelium emithambo yegazi;
• iqhaza kumiswa ubuhlungu ngesikhathi impendulo ukuvuvukala.

Ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu okungenhla, kuya balamuli asebenzayo futhi zihlanganisa acetylcholine, i-adrenalin kanye noradrenaline. Acetylcholine ehilelekile kumiswa hyperemia lwemithambo, dilates imithambo yegazi ku pathologies kwemizi.

Norepinephrine futhi epinephrine isenzo njengoba modulators ukuvuvukala, ezivimbela ukukhula ezingeni permeability semithambo.

Ukuthuthukiswa impendulo ukuvuvukala akuyona ukuhlukumeza ngu umzimba. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lokhu kuwuphawu lokuthi isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ukuze ubhekane ngokuphumelelayo nalesi imisebenzi.