Reichstag - iPhalamende isiJalimane, futhi kuba inkumbulo yethu

Ukuthi abantu bakithi iga- ma elithi "Reichstag"? Lokhu esibhakabhakeni intuthu, ukuduma kwayo "Katyusha" nokuduma yokuqhuma kwezibhamu, futhi egijima ku-ezibanzi izitebhisi amasosha ekhipha umlilo obomvu ifulege. Le ndaba emfushane zanyatheliswa abaqondisi bokubeka amafilimu mayelana nempi abaningi izikhathi. Ukuze konke ukukhanya eziningi kubo, lo mbono yesithombe, opharetha esihle kanye nekhono of the abadlali, lezi iziqephu zisekhona wawungaphansi ekhululekile omnyama nomhlophe documentary amavidyo zemihla ngo-1945.

Reichstag ngemva kwempi

Ngemva kwempi, isiphetho isakhiwo ngokubabazekayo Kwakudabukisa. Sekuyisikhathi eside wema agugile, entula umkhatsi, lapho amasosha aseSoviet ukusetha ifulege ngokuwina. Reichstag, mhlawumbe namuhla akekho ozokwazi ukubona, uma hhayi ikhambi okubuyisela, bamukela yiPhalamende German. Kwakudingekile ukuba livotele, kwakunamabandla amathathu. ahlula amanxiwa endala isakhiwo yiminyaka emakhulu asithoba wanquma kuqhunyiswa, nakuba Isiphelo sakhe mpikiswano babe abanolaka. Abasekeli ukubhujiswa lesikhumbuzo ukuze izakhiwo German imperial ikakhulukazi kugcizelelwe yokuthi ihlobenenamanye esidlule amaNazi, lapho abaphikisi babo bemphikisa, omema njengephuzu lokuphikisa ukuthi owaziwa iqiniso elingokomlando lokuthi u-Adolf Hitler akazange akhulume ngaso ngisesiteji ePhalamende. Ngesikhathi esifanayo yonke kwamaphini, ngokucacile noma ngokuphelele, le kuyacasula ifulege Soviet phezu Reichstag, noma kunalokho izinkumbulo ngaye. Ukuhlulwa ezweni lakubo, ngisho noma ngokomlando kulingane futhi okunengqondo, kubuhlungu.

Kwaze kwaba sixties. Umbhali yephrojekthi ukuvuseleleka isimo German waba uphawu lokuhlala uPawulu Baumgarten, futhi baqhubeka kunjalo ka Norman Foster.

Umlando sokudalwa

Germany - isimo abasha, sekuyiminyaka kakhulu esingaphansi ngisho e-United States, ingasaphathwa Russia. Njengoba izwe elilodwa, ke kwaqala 1871. umlando ngokulinganayo iDemo kanye nentando yeningi German: ePhalamende iqala umsebenzi wayo ngo-1884, ngesikhathi kubusa Bismarck. Ngesikhathi kumiswa kuqoqwa izifundazwe ngabanye kanye principalities yezwe kwakukhona umbono Ihlanganisa e zamatshe isizwe esikhulu esizayo. Ngokuthakazelisayo, mncintiswano design iwine umakhi ekuqaleni abavela eRussia, kodwa ekwenzeni lokho okuhleliwe ngeke uye waphila, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kubonelelwa kakhulu ama-amaJalimane ngomsebenzi okhandiweyo, uPawulu Wallot, National. Lokhu kunganeliseki kwavela ngemva ukubambezeleka ngenxa Ukubala nokuquleka Radzinsky, ababengakholelwa ufisa ahlukane ezweni, wathola isipho esivela nkosi. Indodana yakhe futhi akazange ihluke tractability, wayemelela izimiso kababa wakhe ongasekho, kodwa ngo-1882 wakwazi ukuphinde ugculiseke ukuthi Reichstag - ebalulekile kazwelonke, futhi nesayithi libe usadinga ukuthengisa. Itshe lokuqala esabekwa Wilhelm I. Bakha isakhiwo omangalisayo iminyaka eyishumi.

umlilo

Eziningi zalezi zenzakalo zinyakazisa izwe, kodwa neMpi Yezwe, olwaqala ngo-1914, yadlula kubo. Imithelela eJalimane, ke waletha esidabukisayo kakhulu, nemibhikisho izwe zaqala kanjani. Ithonya amaKhomanisi German phezu isimo sezombusazwe eko nokuqala eyishumi ezayo lakhula.

U-Adolf Hitler, wathola okuthunyelwe ka chancellor buthaka ngokuqhubekayo izandla we Hindenburg osemdala, wazizwa elesaba Kwesokunxele. Nokho, ngo-sicasulwa bakudala, savelelwa Reichstag - axazulula inkinga nje. Kwaba khona umlilo, icala okuyiwona udumo bakhi ezine, amaJalimane kwamathathu kanye nowesifazane oyedwa umDashi, amaKhomanisi. Lesi sakhiwo lashisa, izakhiwo zalo umthwalo eziveza zacekeleka phansi. Kucatshangwa amaNazi bafeza bayahlukunyezwa, kodwa ezivikela akekho walalela, lo hulumeni omusha wenza izwe.

sokubuyiselwa Okugcwele we lesikhumbuzo yezakhiwo ukuba Hitler wanquma ukungawasebenzisi. Izinhlelo zakhe akazange zihlanganisa nasekuqiniseni intando yeningi, lapho yenethiwekhi yini ube sikazwelonke, futhi kuyinto incazelo yegama elithi "Reichstag".

Indawo Autographs

yabambana ngezihluthu phakathi Storming Berlin cishe igcwaliswe ukubhujiswa, waqala ngo-1933. On emanxiweni isakhiwo, izindonga, nezinsika amasosha aseSoviet wenza kwakunemibhalo eqoshiwe eziningi esiyisikhumbuzo siphawula elwa ngendlela (ngezinye izikhathi kusukela eMoscow iVolga). Akuwona wonke izinhlamvu Autographs kokuthi ishicilelwe ngenxa okuqukethwe lucebe abanye babo namuhla, kodwa iRed Army emibi wokulinganisa oye abilisiwe ku eshaweni. Ukuze udumo iziphathimandla isiJalimane, iningi izinhlamvu 1945 namanje kwalondolozwa njengemiBhalo isikhumbuzo izinto ezinyantisa umzimba empini. Kwakukhona ngisho isiphakamiso silondoloze izinto njengoba zinjalo, ngokuba ngawokwakha ka kuzuze izizukulwane ezaziyolandela.

I Reichstag waba kabusha kane. Kusukela ngo-1972, ike yasebenza Isikhungo Umlando isiJalimane, ophahleni uyisicaba, sasinjani zoyise ngesimo elincane. Ukuphila okusha kwaqala ngo-1992, ngemva kokuhlanganiswa we ingxenye eseMpumalanga nengxenye eseNtshonalanga yezwe esanda obumbene. Manje Reichstag - yindawo lapho ngezepolitiki isixazululekile, kukhona mpikiswano, imithetho isimo zamukelwa. Khona waphinde ethwele umkhatsi, elifanekisela abantu German. It uye wazakhela wezakhiwo zayo British Norman Foster.

Reichstag futhi yobuciko wesimanje

Izakhamuzi eJalimane yesimanje, abafundisekile isiko yeningi European, abaphakamisi imibuzo ebeka mayelana nokufaneleka Izenzakalo, ezifana emelelwa American Hristo Yavoshevym, ngasizathu simbe, ngo-1995, turning Reichstag polypropylene ifilimu esiliva. ayizigidi ezinhlanu Berlin futhi izivakashi sabuka emehlweni, Ukuzwakalisa imizwelo ethile bamangale kwandziswa kuphela isisindo polymer (60 m) kanye indawo ephindwe (100 ayizinkulungwane. Imitha).

Kodwa namanje kukhona entsha ePhalamende ekwakheni kwesigaba omunye odongeni, okuyinto ucwaningo sibambe ungenzi ngisho abaculi okuqhubekayo abanomqondo ofanayo kakhulu. It kuyabonakala ngaphansi ungqimba ezethembekile yizona imibhalo efanayo amasosha-abawinile. Bona, naphezu ukuphikisa eziningi, waqhubeka Foster, reconstructor zokugcina Reichstag, kumemori lweMpi Enkulu.