Basil Poyarkov - Umhloli wamazwe Russian: Biography, ukuvulwa

Thanda bamazwe abaningi isiRashiya, sibonga ngalo eRussia usezuze ahamba ingxenye enkulu yensimu kuze kube lase-Amur kanye Pacific, izinsuku ukuzalwa nokufa, uVasili Poyarkova engaziwa. Documentary ilandisa it is okukhulunywa kusuka 1610 kuya 1667. Ngokusekelwe lokhu, isikhathi ekuphileni kwakhe ozimele awukulinganisela.

abantu ekilasini Izikhungo yeSiberia

Kuyaziwa ukuthi Vasily Poyarkov kwazalwa edolobheni lasendulo Kashin eSifundazweni Tver. Yena kwakungekaNkulunkulu abantu ukukhonza, okungukuthi, iqembu abantu abaye aphoqelelwe ukuba athwale esivuna uhulumeni noma ukungenela inkonzo yezempi noma zokuphatha. Izikhungo abantu babe amanye amagama - abantu bokulwa lelitimele, izinceku khulula posluzhiltsy (ngokuzithandela babe izigqila) kanye nje amaqhawe.

La magama babe lisetshenziswa kusukela XVI ukuze XVIII leminyaka. Basil Poyarkov ukukhonza eSiberia iye wacela kusukela 1630. Kube wasukuma isikhundla the ikhanda ngokubhala. Kusho ukuthini? Kuyinto olusemthethweni, ilungu labasebenzi umbusi. Isikhathi esiningi lokhu ehhovisi wahlangana eSiberia futhi Astrakhan. On ibhange kwesokudla eMfuleni Yelena sekuthi ngo-1632 sase sibekiwe yekhulu Petrom Beketovym yakut redoubt. Eminyakeni eyishumi ke laba isizinda sokuqondisa esifundazweni Yakutsk futhi ukuqala inqwaba mikhankaso commercial nezezimboni ngasenyakatho, naseningizimu nasempumalanga ye-Asia. Futhi kwakukhona voivod umphathi wokuqala PP Golovin, lapho ikhanda nomsebenzi wakhonza Vasily Poyarkov.

ikhandidethi ofanele

Ngalezo zikhathi Vasily Danilovich kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso abafunde kakhulu, kodwa uhlamvu kwaba kuhle emaweni. Russia, ogxilile phezu Yelena emfuleni, ekubukekeni eduze eningizimu nasempumalanga, futhi kuya Northern Territory. Kwakuvele kwaziwa ukuthi esifundeni Amur amumethe umhlabathi olimekayo, elizalwa eziningi isinkwa, futhi Yakutsk ke amazwe ngaphesheya Urals.
Ngakho-ke, lapho kwanqunywa ukuba uthumele ku kwesimo endaweni endaweni Shilkara (Cupid) lamabutho ka Cossacks, induna kubo wafakwa Basil Poyarkov. Weza ezicini zonke - ke kwakudingekile ukuba nje sithole okwengeziwe izwe kumnandi, kodwa kungenzeka ukuba alobe ngokunembe ngangokunokwenzeka nokwenza wonke amakhadi. akhawunti yakhe bomkhankaso Vasiliy Danilovich Poyarkov ngakho ngokuthi "Fairy Tale".

ngubo

Umbutho esinabantu 133 kwaba ifakwe inganono, a pishchals elikhulu inombolo (amasampula ekuseni izikhali) kanye nezinhlamvu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babe baningi amathuluzi umkhumbi kulandelana futhi ngendwangu ukuze kwakhiwe izikebhe eziningi ezithengiswayo ezahlukene izipho ukuze izakhamuzi zendawo ukuze wabelane nabo - indwangu and ubuhlalu, amabhodwe ithusi kanye nezitsha. Into ebaluleke kunazo - lamabutho unqatshelwe ngokuphelele nganoma iyiphi indlela ukuze bamcasule noma becindezela abantu bendawo. Ngaphambi kokuthumela le Cossacks bajoyinwa mayelana kweshumi nambili "abantu amashushu" (okubizwa ngokuthi nezimboni) kanye umhumushi. Zaba Amalotha Petrov Clean.

imigomo eqondile bomkhankaso

Ngo 1639, iqembu lamabutho ka Cossacks ngezinyawo ngaphansi wamazwe Ivan Yuryevich Moskvitina okwavunyelwana ogwini loLwandle Okhotsk futhi Sakhalin Bay. Vasiliy Danilovich Poyarkov iqembu lakhe ekuqaleni waya Amur, nomgomo ukufinyelela Pacific kwezilwandle phambi lamabutho ayizange. Ngokuyinhloko umsebenzi kwakufanele cwaningo lase-Amur esifundeni. Russian azinza e Yakutsk, wayeseyitholile ehlakazekile idatha phezu kwemifula ezizungezile futhi abantu ahlala ugu abahlala.

Poyarkovo Bekulindeleke ukuthola enemininingwane incazelo kanye yemvelo, ikakhulukazi isiqinisekiso amahemuhemu ezikhona enkulu imikhando ahlukahlukene. Thina ezidingekayo enemininingwane ulwazi umsebenzi wendawo izakhamizi, umgwaqo kanye umzila kuya kakade aziwayo futhi Shilka emifuleni Zia. Umniningwane kwavunyelwana umzila Basil Poyarkova nokukhuluma lonke ulwazi mayelana izindawo ahlangabezana ukuhamba ngezinyawo lamabutho ka Cossacks.

Dauria

Izwe, owawungumnyaka wabantu kuqala endleleni yabo, ngokuthi Daura, futhi kukhona wazivakashela kakade futhi Cossack Maxim Perfil'ev e 1636, futhi Averkiev usozimboni. Bobabili beza babikela izindaba ezinhle mayelana nengcebo kulezi zindawo, futhi Perfil'ev wahosha ibalazwe esasetshenziswa kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XIX. Ngu Dauria iphathwa ingxenye zamanje Trans-iBaikal kanye lase-Amur Region West. Ngakho ukuthi umfundi ngakwazi ukwenza okungenani abanye umqondo wokuthi ukukhuthaza uhambo Vasily Poyarkova, ngezansi sikunikeze ikhadi. Wonke amayunithi zangaphambilini ezothunyelwa ukuhlola, babembalwa - ne Dmitriem Kopylovym waya 509 Cossacks, Ivan Moskvitin - 32. Petr Petrovich Golovin ofakelwe kahle ahlomile emkhankasweni wempi zabantu 133, futhi wayelindele imiphumela efanele.

Qala umkhankaso

I kunazo owaziwa zokuphila kwakhe Vasily Poyarkova - kulokhu umkhankaso yakhe edumile, okuyinto wethulwa 1643-m, wayiqeda ngo 1646. Ngenyanga kaJulayi-lamabutho Poyarkov isigqila, ivela Yakutsk, 6 isihlenga (umfula isitsha self ezinezinjini nge phansi flat futhi emphemeni wezimpahla umthamo amathani 7 200), phansi Yelena kwaze kwaba seqophelweni confluence le Aldan. Khona-ke, Aldan nemifula emibili umcengezi yayo, Uchur futhi Gonam, baya endaweni ye yokupaka kuqala.

Indlela eya yokupaka imikhumbi

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi intuthuko ngokumelene igagasi okungahambanga kahle ngokushesha - kusukela umlomo confluence we Aldan ke squad Uchur wayethola ngenyanga. Indlela inflow kuya esizalweni somfula we Aldan Gonam wathatha omunye izinsuku ezingu-10. Ngokusho Gonam ngomkhumbi imikhumbi ingawagwema kuphela 200 km, wabe eseqala Rapids, okuyothi ngalo isihlenga kwadingeka ukuba zazikhishwa. Ngokusho zalotshwa, imibundu, baba ngamashumi amane - kwabo bonke lobu bunzima kwathatha elinye amasonto 5.
Yangena ikwindla, futhi isihambi Vasily Poyarkov enquma ucezu iyunithi nge umthwalo ikhefu ukuze bahlale khona ubusika ezinkantolo, futhi ukukhanya, ephelezelwa abantu 90, iya ku sleds (isihlibhi eside) ngokusebenzisa sutam inflow Gonam futhi ngokusebenzisa Nuam inflow sutam okwengeziwe ekubeni yokhalo (entabeni yangaphandle wesifunda Khlngan).

ukuziphatha ngamabomu futhi ngokomsebenzi engiwenzayo

Ukunqoba ngale ndlela amasonto amabili, vd Poyarkov engena Amur esifundeni, futhi ngemva esilinganayo phezu inflow Mulmage eya omkhulu emfuleni Bheka futhi empeleni lingena Dauria. Eminye imithombo yolwazi mayelana nenqubekela bomkhankaso zihlukile. Ngo ukugcizelela abanye phezu intukuthelo Poyarkova, okwakuwuphawu indlela oluthandayo ukudoba of kwaboMdabu esihle eminye iminikelo yokucela futhi baphoqwa ukuba abambisane. Ngamanye amazwe, ukuthi "ngokubhala ikhanda", ngisho noma kwakuyinyanga cool, kodwa wakhumbula igunya - ungabacasuli bendawo.
Futhi imbangela okwengeziwe kwenqatshwa Cossacks abomdabu bakholwe Petrova. Kusolakala ukuthi wathumela ekuqaleni kwazo kwehlwaywe-indoda 40 kuya Amur, ngima endaweni enkulu. Daur wathumela izipho ezinkulu, kodwa Petrov ku ngokusuka kuyo siqu ehlaselwa emzaneni futhi uhamba Cossacks unit yakhe kwaphulwa ihhashi Daur. Bese yonkana Amur abahambi Russian babengavunyelwe ugu wababulala, uma kungenzeka.

ubusika esabekayo Okokuqala

Nokho, inguqulo evame kakhulu ithi mathupha UVasyl Poyarkov, umhloli wamazwe futhi itilosi, owathola emazweni amasha, ngaphambilini ukuyokudla abathunjwa (kalowo) abamele izikhulu Dahurian futhi uwagcine eyakhelwe ejele enezivikelo eziqinile ukuze ukuphoqa pay okubafaneleyo hhayi Manchus, futhi Russian Tsar. Redoubt kwaqinisa kahle, kanye Cossacks ukuthi kuningi engikwaziyo empini, futhi yonke imizamo kokuhlasela bendawo abangu kwawona. Kodwa kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-January 1644 futhi kuze kube redoubt entwasahlobo kwaba ngaphansi ukuvinjelwa. Yaqala ukulamba abanolaka, zalotshwa njengoba Basil yena Poyarkov, biography okuyinto beziyoba ngagcina lapha, kanye Cossacks 'badla izidumbu. " Russian izenzo njengabafokazi bangeniswa iringi, sickens zinikwa daurov. Izindaba leli qiniso okuyihlazo yacabanga phambili bomkhankaso.

Yehla kanye lase-Amur

Entwasahlobo, lapho, nganoma isiphi isizathu, inhlasi amaRoma awuthatha waphela, vd Poyarkov wathumela ebusika phezu ogwini Gonam, asele ngaphansi kokulawula eshiwo ngenhla Petrova waqhubeka kwehlwaywe Amur. Petrov wabuya squad yabhidlika eshayiwe, kuphumele inani eliphelele azowalekelela efika Cossacks iphansi kwesandla sika-V Poyarkova kwaba abantu 70. Bakha izikebhe entsha saqhubeka ngesikebhe Zee kuya Amur. Kuyo Russian wahlangana kwenqatshwa nokuzabalazela futhi baphoqwa ukuba ohambeni phansi umlomo lokhu emfuleni omkhulu.

izizwe okusha engaziwa

Ulandela ngemva abantu daurov kuthiwa ihlangabezane Cossacks e sifinyelela phakathi River Amur, babe tillers duchers. Izindaba of the "amazimu" embi lifika ezindlebeni zabo. Militia duchers kwesimo endaweni lamabutho ka Cossacks, ehlanganisa abantu 20 labhujiswa. It is ithunyelwa kuqothulwe ukuhlola wabahloli kwenzeke komlomo inflow elikhulu lase-Amur - Songhua River. elilandelayo Lezi zizwe ezimbili squad ihlangabezane vd Poyarkova kwakungekhona balimi noma abazingeli - bona ezingelwa izinhlanzi. Yena fed nezinhlanzi esikhulu sigqoke izikhumba ezinemibala. Ize kulandele isizwe sokuqala ngokuthi Gold, kanti owesibili, owahlala e-emlonyeni Amur, Gilyaks.

izenzo akunasidingo

Ngokusho zemihla ngemihla walondoloza, abantu futhi yokuqala noma yesibili vd Poyarkova kwakungekho ukushayisana futhi ngokushesha Gilyaks ngokuzithandela bazithoba kuya Tsar isiRashiya, ngisho wasenika umthelo lokuqala - inkokhiso. Lapha, ewathatha emlonyeni lase-Amur Cossacks waqala ebusika yayo yesibili. Nalapha babengaba namathuba ukuzwa indlala abanolaka and badle ingcuba. Mhlawumbe kunjalo, mhlawumbe, ngoba dlova (nakuba sinjalo namuhla, ngenhlanhla sesiyazi, sazi intando hhayi azi) Basil Poyarkov esiqale ngaso lesi ebusika Amur esizalweni somfula futhi lwesiTatar Strait futhi wafunda "onoboya abantu" eziphilayo Sakhalin Island, phambi ukubeka off uhambo olude ehlaselwa Gilyaks elinokuthula. Ngenxa yalokho sale mpi ihlukane ka Cossacks aba nguhhafu.

ukubuya

ICES avuleka, Vasily Poyarkov wangena Amur esizalweni somfula. Esikhathini esizayo, zingakapheli izinyanga ezintathu, wavuswa ngasogwini ningizimu-ntshonalanga yoLwandle Okhotsk (wonke amadokhumenti ukuqinisekisile). Sailor babesuke soMfula Amur kuya confluence Okhotsk (Lamsky) Sea zezinyosi River. Lapha, ngemva kwesiphepho, eyashayisa iqembu mpilo, Cossacks iqale ngo ebusika yabo yesithathu. Kodwa la mazwe e 1639 esiwavakashele kakade Ivan Yurevich Moskvitin, kwathi nabomdabu bakule ndawo ngincome Russian Tsar. Ngemva ubusika squad (ngokusho ukuba ezihlukahlukene imithombo, e yayo Ukwakheka kwaba kusuka 20 kuya 50 abantu) emfuleni Mae waqala yayo ukubuya Yakutsk, lapho afika khona ngo-phakathi no-June 1646.

I kokufaneleka nokushiyeka bomkhankaso

Inhloso esemqoka umkhankaso kwaba kokutholakala V Poyarkova ezifakwa lomthofu, nethusi esiliva netshe, kodwa sasingawohloki izuzwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mhloli wamazwe waphulile uhlelo yasekuqaleni bomkhankaso, kwababhubhisa abantu abaningi izinqumo eziyiphutha. Namanje Vasily Poyarkov (labavulekela lo muntu, wena manje wazi) wanika Russia umzila omusha ePacific Ocean nezindawo enkulu la mazwe amasha ocebile, futhi waqale wangena Amur nomcengezi wangena umlando waleli zwe njengephayona omkhulu ngokuthi igama emizaneni, nemifula, uphinde yamalahle. Ngo-2001, Bank of Russia 50 ruble uhlamvu lwemali "Expedition V Poyarkova" kwakhululwa. Kuyingxenye uchungechunge "Development nocwaningo yeSiberia."

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi unya V Poyarkova ebhaliwe eningi - kanye yokuhlupha iziboshwa, akazange alale lapho ukumbukela phansi futhi ezivandeni zikakolo ngomlilo ngokweqile naso ekuqaleni isinkwa ukuthengisa povygodnee. Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, lokho okuye kwafezwa ekuziphatheni okunjalo V Poyarkov - kuyinto kwenqatshwa abukhali lalolo hlanga labahlanganyeli uhambo Russian esilandelayo, isibonelo E. P. Habarova. Kodwa ngaleso Poyarkovo esifanayo sikwazi ukuqedela umkhankaso nayo ukuletha ulwazi olusemthethweni mayelana la mazwe amasha. Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila Vasily Poyarkova eqhutshwe eMoscow, e ukuthula nokuchuma. ESiberia, wakhonza endaweni efanayo kuze 1648.