Umlando we-thermometer. Izinhlobo zomculo yesimanje for ukulinganisa izinga lokushisa

Abantu abadinga ekulinganiseni izinga lokushisa ka nemizimba yenyama nasoketshezini kusukela ekuqaleni ukuthuthukisa umphakathi ophucuzekile. Umlando izinga lokushisa iqala emakhulwini amaningana eminyaka adlule. Ake sizwe ukuthi yiziphi amadivaysi lokuqala lapho uya khona? Ngubani yakhelwe thermometer esikalini? Lapho yasungulwa thermometer lokuqala?

Thermometer lokuqala

Ngukhokho thermometer yesimanje imele sensimbi esikhundleni bakudala eyaziwa ngokuthi termobaroskop. Umlando kokudaliweyo kulesi sigaba sama-thermometer kusibuyisela ezikude 1597. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi ucwaningo lwakhe okuhloswe ngazo ukuthuthukisa amadivayisi sokulinganisa lokushisa uketshezi, olwenziwe usosayensi odumile uGalileo Galilei.

Umsuka thermometer Kwakungekhona ngaphezu isakhiwo kuboniswe ingilazi mncane tube ne ibhola elincane, phakathi soldered. Phakathi izilinganiso termobaroskopa engxenyeni engezansi yabekwa bafudumale. I tube ke ibekwe emanzini. Ngemva kwemizuzu embalwa e umoya opholile design, kuphumele nokwehlisa ingcindezi kanye displacement we ibhola.

Ngeshwa, ososayensi baye bakwazi ukuphothula yomculo. Akamtholanga ngokoqobo. Kwakungekho thermometer esikalini. Ngakho-ke, ngedivayisi kwakungenakwenzeka ukucacisa imingcele eqondile kwamanani lokushisa Isikhala ezungezile noma uketshezi. Into kuphela ukuthi kwenzakala thermometer efanelekayo - Definition of Ukushisa into ethile.

ukuqhubeka uGalileo termobaroskopa

Umlando izinga lokushisa akuphelanga ku umzamo kuyize beveza ithuluzi esiwusizo kabi uGalileo. Ngo-1657, eminyakeni engu-60 ngemuva kokuphela kwesivivinyo sokuqala futhi iphutha umsunguli, umsebenzi wakhe waqhubeka iqembu lososayensi kusukela Florence. Bakwazi ukuqeda main nemibi termobaroskopa, ngokukhethekile, ukwethula gradations ithuluzi esikalini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ososayensi babe Florentine cleaner endaweni uphawu ingilazi tube, okuyinto iqedwe ukwencika nesilinganiso imiphumela kusukela umfutho womoya.

Kamuva, le divayisi seluphothuliwe. Amanzi ke esikhundleni iwayini ngotshwala. termobaroskop Ngakho-ke waqala ezisebenza isimiso ukunwetshwa uketshezi ngaphansi obuhlukahlukene lokushisa imvelo izinkomba.

izinga lokushisa Santorio

Ngo 1626, usosayensi wase-Italy ogama lakhe Santorio WasePadua, owakhonza njengesithunywa onguprofesa eyunivesithi zendawo, uye wadala inguqulo yakhe siqu izinga lokushisa. Nge kwakunokwenzeka ukukala izinga lokushisa komzimba womuntu. Nokho, ama-apharathasi uye ayitholakalanga ngokoqobo ngoba ubelokhu nzima kakhulu. Idivayisi unamahlangothi umxhwele ukuze nesilinganiso ke kwadingeka akhuthazelele egcekeni.

Iyini i-thermometer Santorio? Idivayisi senziwe ngendlela indilinga, exhunywe kwi-emazombezombe, tube side. Uma uyikha phezulu le, lona wamuva equkethwe nalesikhathi esikalini. Ukuphela khulula tube yagcwala impahla uketshezi olune udayi. Lapho obeka tube e ketshezi evuthayo obudaywe imvelo yangaphakathi ifinyelela yinzuzo kulesi silinganiso.

Ukusungulwa kuyinto eyodwa nesilinganiso isikali

Umlando izinga lokushisa kuhlanganisa hhayi kuphela ezama ukuthuthukisa i design ephumelelayo thermometer, kodwa futhi ukusebenza ukudalwa umgomo nesilinganiso esikalini. Omunye ucwaningo yimpumelelo kakhulu kulo mkhakha kuhlulekile physics German Gabriel Fahrenheit. Nguye e 1723 wanquma esikhundleni utshwala ku thermometer isibani mercury sikhathi.

Esikalini usosayensi yayisekelwe khona ezintathu inkomba amaphuzu:

• ifaniswe lokuqala lokushisa lamanzi zero inkomba;
• iphuzu lesibili kulesi silinganiso ihlangabezana degrees 32;
• wesithathu - ilingane abilayo.

Ekugcineni, ngcono ngezinga lokushisa Swedish physics, umbikezeli wezulu nesezinkanyezi Anders Tselsy. Ngo 1742, ngesikhathi kwenziwa ucwaningo, wanquma ukuba kwahlukaniswe izinga ngezikhawu lokushisa 100 alinganayo. Lesi sibalo phezulu sifana lokushisa iqhwa liyancibilika, futhi phansi - the abilayo. Celsius isikali isetshenziswa thermometer kuze kube yilolu suku. Nokho, namuhla, it lihlelwe yokulinganisa zomculo esiphendula esibhekisa phansi. Ngakho, ingxenye engenhla 100 manje sifana ^mayelana abilayo, futhi phansi sithathwa ⁰ °.

Phakathi nekhulu le-19, inguqulo yayo esikalini sokulinganisa ezihlongozwayo physics British Uilyam Tomson, ngubani ngaphezulu eyaziwayo izilaleli njengenhlangano uLord Kelvin. Iphuzu kokuqala for izilinganiso wakhetha lokushisa, okuyinto zazilingana -273 ^C. Le nkomba aqede noma yikuphi ukunyakaza molecule ezithintekako. Nokho, amadivaysi ngokusekelwe ngezinga elingaka isetshenzisiwe kuphela wezesayensi.

Izinhlobo amadivayisi futhi thermometer isampula yesimanje

Indlela elula uhlobo izinga lokushisa kuyinto evamile ingilazi izinga lokushisa, manje elitholakala kuzo zonke ekhaya. Nokho, amadivaysi enjalo kancane kancane liyancipha ku esedlule. Kusukela kudivayisi ukugcwaliswa igabha mercury ewushevu akuyona isixazululo ephephile kakhulu ukusetshenziswa ekhaya.

Okwamanje, njengoba elinye ithuba mercury thermometer kancane kancane uqala ukusebenzisa amadivaysi digital. umkhiqizo nesilinganiso Yamuva lokushisa kuma by ukusebenza kwe-esishunyekiwe inzwa electronic.

Ngokuphathelene ezisunguliwe zakamuva, zingabantu thermometer infrared kanye termopoloski zalutho. Nokho, amadivayisi njenge Angitholanga isicelo ebanzi.

Ekuphetheni

Ngakho sathola owasungula izinga lokushisa, iziphi izinhlobo amadivaysi kulesi sigaba ayatholakala kubasebenzisi namuhla. Ekugcineni Ngithanda wazi ukuthi zedivayisi nesiphetho esithinta ethile ndoda wanamuhla. Thermometer awagcini nje kungenzeka ngokushesha ukunquma izinga lokushisa lomzimba, kodwa futhi kukuvumela wazi kanjani efudumele noma ezibandayo ke ingaphandle. Thermometer aboshelwe kuhhavini, lisiza ekulondolozeni izinga lokushisa elikhulu izitsha ukupheka, futhi ama-apharathasi ezifanayo esiqandisini - Lawula isitoreji izinga ukudla.