Ben Bernanke futhi imibono yakhe emnothweni

Ben Shalom Bernanke, athatha izintambo usihlalo we Board of Governors ye-Federal Reserve System 01.02.06, esikhundleni sako ulethe Alana Grinspena. Congress yanquma ngakho ngoba Bernanke wayazi ukuthi umgomo wezimali nomthelela Kuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho, labo abakholwa egameni izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali sokukhomba.

umphathi crisis

Ukuze uvimbele ngaba nokucindezeleka global kusaqalwa yalesibhicongo yasebhange, uye wadala amathuluzi amaningana ezintsha the Fed.

Bernanke kwaholela US Federal Reserve, lapho sekungenzeka ngoba ezoba nendima entsha ukwenza, isibonelo, ukulondolozwa Bear Stearns futhi umshwalense enkulu AIG, ebanikeza $ 150 bhiliyoni usizo. Ukumisa uvalo global, Fed lent ezikhungweni zezimali ka- $ 540 billion.

Ben Bernanke (isithombe esithathwe kamuva esihlokweni) nalo lalifuna ukukhulisa imisebenzi emakethe evulekile, lapho yona ngokwayo sinciphise amazinga isithakazelo Bezingekho ukuba abuqede lenkinga 2008. Waphishekela inqubomgomo kanyekanye ukwehlisa eside inzalo engako, futhi ukwandisa wesikhathi esifishane.

Ben Bernanke ehla yinhloko Fed sika-January 31, 2014 lapho salandelwa obeyiphini inhloko Federal Reserve Dzhenet Yellen, ngubani enozwelo izinqubomgomo zakhe.

Okubalulekile ukuze umnotho US

Usihlalo Federal Reserve Ben Bernanke kwaba elibhekele ukuphathwa US komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali. Ukubaluleka indima Federal Reserve liye landa kakhulu kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, njengoba omkhulu kazwelonke izikweletu izinkinga nokuphathwa inqubomgomo yentela. Njengoba ummeleli we-Federal Reserve Bernanke kwaba uchwepheshe sezomnotho esiyinhloko yezwe, futhi amazwi akhe baba nethonya stock market kanye dollar. Phakathi nesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe ukuba ngibe usihlalo Federal Reserve System kwaba umuntu obaluleke kakhulu e-United States futhi ngenxa yalokho ekukhuleni komnotho wezwe.

Ukulingisa Usihlalo Federal Reserve

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi yencazelo nokuqaliswa kwenqubomgomo kwemali kuye kwaba iKomiti Federal avuliwe imisebenzi emakethe, usihlalo Fed ngokwesiko ubahola phambili. Kusukela wamiswa iminyaka emine, kulindeleke ukuthi izimele esingaphezu olusemthethweni akhethwe obhekele lowo lwabavoti. Lokhu kuvumela uhlelo Fed ukusebenza esikhathini eside, kunokuba basabela izingcindezi zesikhashana zezombangazwe. Amathuluzi we-Fed, ezifana izimali federal isilinganiso, isinyathelo kancane, izinyanga eziyisithupha. Umnotho US lifana umkhumbi omkhulu idinga isiqondiso esiqhubekayo. Umgomo wezimali "stop-hamba" kuholela ukungaqiniseki, owawungumnyaka yezimbangela eziyinhloko we stagflation we-1970.

Crisis of 2008 emzini

Uma Bernanke is ngobuhlakani kakhulu isicelo amathuluzi atholakalayo wakhe. kasihlalo Langaphambilini kuphela wasebenzisa izimali federal izinga - abaluphakamisela ukuyeka izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali noma sehliselwe ukuvimbela ngokuphelele ekuhlaselweni ukuwohloka kwezomnotho. Esikhathini kusuka September 2007 kuya kuDisemba 2008 Bernanke kakhulu kwanciphisa izinga izikhathi 10 kusukela 5.25% kuma-0%.

Kodwa kwakunganele ukubuyisela zezimali amabhange, bashaywa uvalo emva ezizenzakalelayo abatshelekayo subprime. Lokhu kubolekisa ngemali ziye kabusha futhi ithengiswa njengoba izibambiso mortgage-wasekela kuyinkimbinkimbi kangangokuthi akekho ngempela ayikwazanga ukuthola eyayinecilongo izikweletu.

Ngenxa yalokho, amabhange sebeyekile uwukuboleka yesikhashana, okuyinto ngokuvamile lisetshenziswa njengendlela nezimfuneko esiqiwini i-Fed sika. Ngo Bernanke asabela ngayo ekhululekile zabo, kwehlisa amazinga enzalo, futhi ekugcineni, uyiphile loan ngefasitela isaphulelo.

Lapho lokho kwakunganele, ngo-December 2007, edala Isikhwama TAF okuyothi ngalo Fed lent amabhange zezigidi zamaRandi, ukuthatha njengoba izikweletu eseduze ezimbi. TAF bekumele kube sinqumo sesikhashana kuze kube yisikhungo sezinhlangano eziphambili zezezimali ungabhali izikweletu ezimbi, futhi futhi baqala njengokukwethembisa kwakhe, utsheleke nomunye. Lapho lokhu bekungenzeki, le TAF wayethola ezinkulu, lafinyelela inani eliphakeme labamemezeli $ 1 isigidintathu ngo-June 2008.

Ukusindiswa uhlelo lwezimali emhlabeni

Bernanke usebenzisana amabhange amakhulu emhlabeni wonke ukubuyisela impahla ibe yimali, lapho izimakethe credit eba yiqhwa. Wandisa overnights futhi short-term credit eguqulayo imigqa zenzelwe silondoloze isitokwe US lwemali lapho ngidayisa nge kwamanye amazwe ukuze bhiliyoni 180 zamaRandi. Lokhu kwakudingekile ngoba amabhange waqala ukwethuka Stocking imali. Babesaba njengokukwethembisa kwakhe, utsheleke nomunye ngoba babengafuni ukuhlala nge ethathwe abatshelekayo subprime.

Ngo-April 2008, i-Federal Reserve Usihlalo Ben Bernanke labetibambile session zayo zokuqala engavamile zokugcina ezingu-30 eminyakeni ukuqinisekisa Bear Stearns ukubolekisa ukuze JP Morgan engathenga kubo. Kungenzeka ukuba ugweme ezenzakalelayo ku inani 10 izindodla zezimali, okuyinto is owned by Bear Stearns, kanye namabhange baye bakwazi izinyanga eziningana bebubula impumuzo. Phakathi II sq. Ngo-2008 emnothweni wakhula, abaningi bacabanga ukuthi i-nhlekelele angazibulali.

Kodwa ngo-September 2008, inkampani emhlabeni enkulu umshwalense AIG yamemezela ucabanga kungenzeka. AIG Emhlabeni wonke oVikelwe mortgage nemalimboleko izigidigidi zama-dollar. Uma inkampani kuhlulekile, ngabe ubuhlungu ngamunye ibhange, uthango Isikhwama futhi sempesheni njengempahla kwadingeka izibambiso mortgage-wasekela. Bernanke wathi AIG ukwesekwa kwamthukuthelisa ngaphezu kwanoma yini enye phakathi komnotho. AIG zazifaka engozini ngemikhiqizo-non-ezilungisiwe, ezifana Swaps-credit default, usebenzisa imali yamalungu labantu.

ukugxekwa

izishaya abaningi kanye zezomnotho ziye wagxeka "helicopter Ben," ngoba umjovo ku umnotho izigidigidi eziningi zamadola, okuyinto engase idale wenzuzo ukwanda izikweletu. Abanye sola kuyo neqiniso lokuthi wayeseholela nje akazange kulibona ekuhlaselweni ukuwohloka kwezomnotho. Ubhekene necala esikhoselweni ulwazi mayelana amabhange anezithunywa kufika ku- $ 2 isigidintathu loans TAF. Rep Ron Pol nabanye wabiza Fed kwamabhuku khombisa єtih amagama finansovіh kwezikhungo. Ben Bernanke, ukubuyekezwa zazo izishayamthetho abaningi babengenasithakazelo ezithophayo kakhulu, engcupheni awutholi ukuqashwa kabusha ngo-January 2010. Kodwa Obama wakwenza kalula.

Life ngemuva kokuthatha umhlalaphansi

Ngemva nje ukwesula kwafika book of memories mayelana nenhlekelele kanye nemiphumela yayo, umlobi okwakunzima Ben Bernanke. "Isibindi Act" lichaza inkathi nokubusa kwakhe ngasekhanda we Fed, futhi iqukethe ukuvuma ukuthi akuseyona Republican ngoba usekhathele "kungenzeka amalungu lokhu inhlangano zokungazi kwesokudla ngokwedlulele." Ngokusho kwakhe, namuhla kuba ukucabanga nokulinganisela ezimele ahlale ngakho esikhathini esizayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto nombhali wezincwadi eziningana eziphathelene nale umnotho, kuhlanganise:

• "Imiphumela engahlangene malini ngenkinga yezimali ngo-wokusakazeka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho"
• "Macroeconomics Okukhulu Kwezomnotho"
• "Ukwehla kwamandla emali lokukhomba: Izifundo Abanokuhlangenwe Nakho Bathi International"
• incwadi "Macroeconomics" (Ben Bernanke, Endryu Abela).

Ngo-February 2014 waba ilungu zokuhlonipha egcwele Brookings yezefundo. Leluleke Hutchins Centre ku yokwazisa umphakathi mayelana nenqubomgomo yentela futhi monitarnoy futhi ikhuthaza ekulenzeni libe namandla.

Ben Bernanke: Biography

Bernanke wazalwa ngo 13/12/53 e Augusta (GA), futhi ngakhulela Dillon (South Carolina). uyise kaBheni kwakungu usokhemisi, nonina - uthisha.

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-12, wathola isimo isipelingi Umncintiswano ulwazi. Wafundisa yena calculus umehluko futhi ebalulekile, ngoba le ndaba ubengekho esikoleni sakhe. Ben ayefeze altsaksofone.

Wathweswa iziqu Faculty of Economics eHarvard University (1975) futhi wathola Ph.D. yakhe eMIT (1979).

Ben Bernanke nomkakhe Anna babeshadile Meyi 29, 1978 Wawunezingane ezimbili.

Wafundisa ezomnotho at Stanford University, lapho ayesebenza 1979-1985, ngokulandelana. Uprofesa Okugcwele, waba ngo-1985, lapho ethutha ukuze Princeton University, futhi wasebenza njengoba uprofesa ngokuvakashela e-New York University futhi MIT. Uye eshicilelwe kabanzi ku ezinkingeni ezehlukene zomnotho, Umq. H. On the izihloko Macroeconomics, umgomo wezimali, uKuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho kanye umjikelezo ibhizinisi.

Wathola umyalezo Guggenheim Fellowship kanye Sloan Foundation, futhi ngo-2001 waba umhleli we- "American Economic Buyekeza". Ngonyaka owalandela wabhala incwadi waqokwa ilungu leBhodi Fed sika of Governors, futhi waziwa ngocwaningo lwakhe olunzulu nasezizathwini zezombusazwe lapho kunemibono ehlukene phakathi kwababusi. lepolitiki Bernanke kwabonakala ngokuthuthuka ekuseni 2005 lapho wamiswa Usihlalo uMongameli IBhodi ezomnotho.

Ngo-2009, "Isikhathi" umagazini okuthiwa kuye Man of the Year.

nefilosofi

Ben Bernanke kade lingaphansi nekhono lokukhuluma kuka Greenspan, ohlale ekhuluma ngezihloko akuhlobene komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali, kuhlanganise amazwana kwesabelo sezimali kanye intela ukusikeka. Ube engumlobi njalo umsekeli asebenzayo we esobala ngaphezulu Federal Reserve System, ngokucacile iyahlule "fedyaza" Greenspan, ungubani esetshenziswa ezimakethe hhayi sasithatha ngamawala ukuze amazwi akhe.

Umthombo kolwazi, okuvumela ukuba uthole umqondo ngefilosofi siqu, zikhuthazwe Ben Bernanke - izincwadi futhi Economist amazwana.

izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali sokukhomba

Ben Bernanke, le Fed kwashintsha ngesikhathi Greenspan wasungula target ethize kwamanani for kwamandla emali. Nakuba amabhange amaningi aseYurophu, kuhlanganise Bank of England kanye European Central Bank, samisa ethize, United States akazange ashade, futhi Greenspan kwakungelona umsekeli indlela enjalo yokuhlaziya isimo.

Ezinsukwini zokuqala of Bernanke mehluko oyisisekelo zefilosofi nesitayela nge Greenspan enyakaza emakethe. The kungenzeka ukuthuthela inqubomgomo okuqondiswe ayinandaba abanye abahlaziyi, njengoba Greenspan akukaze wazama ukugcina ukubheja okuqinile. Lokhu engakhululekile kanjani ukuthi iqedwe lapho Bernanke wayeka lizwakalise izibalo eziqondile.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi uye waqhubeka inqubomgomo sokukhululeka enkulu Fed, ikakhulukazi uma ekupheleni 2007 lande ukuvama izibikezelo. Federal Reserve waqala ukusakaza izibikezelo wekota sokukhula komnotho kanye namanani, kuqhathaniswa yangaphambilini semi yonyaka. Futhi lamboza esiyiminyaka emithathu, uma kuqhathaniswa eminyakeni emibili ngaphambili.

deflation

Lolu cwaningo Benom Bernanke Yokuwohloka Okukhulu bagxilisa kuye isithakazelo impilo yonke e imithelela deflation kanye nomthelela wakhona ezimpilweni zabantu. Wabuye wazuza enyanya eqinile ukuze deflation futhi sizogxila kakhulu zokuvimbela yayo.

Indlela azizwa ngayo ngale usule lapho ngo-November 2002 wanikeza inkulumo enesihloko esithi "Deflation:. kanjani ukuqinisekisa ukungezwakali kwawo" Wabhekisela umqondo sezomnotho u-Milton Friedman mayelana bephonsa imali ebhokisini umnotho ukuze ibhanoyi. Ukwandisa zezimali emakethe ngokwandisa ukutholakala imali ababoleka futhi aphansi zenzalo ngoba zokweboleka ukukhula kusiza sikhuthaze umnotho futhi anqande ingcindezi deflationary. Nokho, umongo umhlangano, kwaba nalezi ukuze acacise ukuthi uchungechunge Fed amathuluzi ukuthi unakho ekuchithweni kwayo, ngisho ngaphansi kwezimo ka-zero izinga.

izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali

Nakuba silwisana ingcindezi deflationary ngokwandisa supply imali ungaba yi ngokucacile kwamandla emali, akusho ukuthi Bernanke phansi kwamandla emali. Wasekela wakhe zokukhomba ukuze alondoloze amazinga iphansana oqine ukukhuthaza ukukhula komnotho okusimeme.

Ben Bernanke (ikhadi virtual): Izibuyekezo

Igama Economist abavelele owakhuphula kohlelo lwezezimali emhlabeni wonke crisis, wakwazi ukusizakala nabakhwabanisi. "Ubude" I-ruble 444, azithembisayo ukukhokha ayizinkulungwane 2-59. Ruble. Iziqondiso ahambisana ividiyo, okhuluma Ben Bernanke. amabalazwe Virtual, ukubuyekezwa zazo zingatholakala ku-inthanethi - isimiso ukuhoxa zokukhwabanisa kusuka izakhamuzi kalula. Futhi akukho lutho ngaphezulu.

Ben Bernanke - Economist - kahle imiphumela Okukhulu Kwezomnotho, omunye enkulu US inhlekelele yezimali, futhi kwasungulwa isitayela sakhe iminyaka umsebenzi Federal Reserve System. Ukhetho lwakhe baqhubeka inkambo esabekwa eyandulela wakhe, futhi kahle etholwe ezimakethe zezimali, kusukela phambili usihlalo Fed kuyisihluthulelo ukuba azinze.