Bezindlu eRussia ngekhulu le-17: incazelo emfushane

Bezindlu eRussia ngekhulu le-17 - kuba iqembu yezenhlalakahle wayenezincwadi kuvikelwe amalungelo akhe kanye nemisebenzi, eyayibonakala eyadluliselwa isuka ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Ngesikhathi impahla ezweni lakithi kwaba, kuphotfulwa kweticelo komphakathi umphakathi ngenxa izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni kanye ukwamukelwa of eziningi izinqumo, ikakhulukazi abadumile Conciliar Ikhodi, okuyinto eqinisweni eqoshiwe a ezimisiwe wokwehlayo yendabuko kwezakhi nomphakathi.

boyars

Estate Russia ekhulwini le-17 evame ukubizwa ngokuthi "isikhundla", kodwa hhayi kakhulu kwakusho okuqondene kusevisi ethile, futhi bayabandakanyeka ethile corporation nomphakathi. Ngalesi sikhathi ezweni lethu ekugcineni akha ama-apharathasi bureaucratic kwamandla, ngokuyinhloko Boyar Duma le Zemsky Sobor futhi oda. Ilungelo ukuba bakhonze kula ezimele ifa ekilasini nelungelo eRussia ngekhulu le-17. Isigaba yokugcina kuhlanganisa kokubili noMbusi wababusi zesikole nangokomoya.

Ichopho we umphakathi kubhekwe yezikhulu. Lalihlanganisa amaqembu amaningana: ngabameli bamagatsha lateral we Rurik lwamakhosi, adlulile ukuze inkonzo eMoscow sovereigns Tatar zidlamlilo sezikhulu izicukuthwane eMoldavia futhi Wallachia, izikhulu ubudala eMoscow, kanye nezikhulu eseduzane, ababusi principalities, okwakukhona ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene enamathiselwe eMoscow. Lesi sigaba nelungelo eRussia ngekhulu le-17 kwadingeka unelungelo lobunikazi fiefdom - a ngabanikazi bomhlaba ngofuzo, wadluliselwa ifa kanye unelungelo lobunikazi serfs. A indawo ekhethekile Duma boyars elalihlala Prince neNkosi. Yibo labo yakhiwa phezulu ukuphathwa ekuphathweni. ukubaluleka abavelele kwakungamadodana yizikhonzi - abantu ababehamba umbusi endleleni, wathatha izithunywa uthi angaphandle, kanye umyalo we ibutho, wakhonza njengephayona umbusi.

Ezicukuthwaneni futhi servitors

Isinyathelo esilandelayo wathatha yezikhulu. Liphinde izigaba. Sajabulela ubungane ekhethekile udumo netikhulu eMoscow: Abangena Indlu Ngendlu, umphathi. Ibe isilandelwa babe elise ezicukuthwaneni amaphoyisa - izikhulu yesifundazwe. Laba bantu, kanye nezicukuthwane wayenalo ilungelo lokwenza mihlaba isabelo futhi serfs, kodwa, ngokungafani lokuqala, iyifa labo ngofuzo kuphela uma indodana baqhubeka bekhonza ngemva kokuba uyise.

isigaba esiyinhloko ekhulwini le-17 waseRussia wathatha ijamo nje kuleli khulu leminyaka, lapho linqoba esikhathini esedlule ngokuhlelwa komphakathi uthole ukwesekwa zomthetho. Esinye isigaba Yayibaluleke abantu lempi. Ayehlukaniswe ngezigaba eziningana: abacibisheli, Gunners abakhandi bensimbi kanye Cossacks. Ayebhe- sabantu nasekuthengeni.

izakhamizi ezisemadolobheni

Leli qembu wayebuye engaphansi kakhulu isimo. Iqiniso lokuthi kwaba umphakeli main kwezintela yomcebo yasebukhosini, ngakho uhulumeni wayenesithakazelo ngokukhethekile indlela unamathisele laba bantu indawo yabo unomphela lokuhlala. Abantu bomuzi kwakufanele akhokhe okuthiwa izintela, inkokhiso, futhi esimweni yokuphunyuka noma ukuhoxiswa umuntu suburban, yabelana yayo wawa kwabanye. Ngakho-ke, amandla labantu nambophela endaweni ehlala njalo lapho uhlala khona. Nokho, abaningi baye bathola ukuthi ziqale ukunyakaza ku nemizana ezimhlophe, okuyinto babengalikhokhi izintela, ebeka zabanikazi kanye Sebawoti, ukulahlekelwa inkululeko yomuntu siqu.

Abalimi

amakilasi Isici ngekhulu le-17 e-Russia lihlanganisa ukuhlaziya isimo ngobuningi sabantu. Sikhuluma abalimi, ababephakathi hhayi bushelelezi. Ayehlukaniswe ku chernososhnyh (eyayinawo ababekubikezela noma ababekubhala mathupha ezamahala), kulendawo, ababesezweni impahla siqu ngaphambi kwabanikazi bamazwe, esigodlweni okwakungokwenkosi asebukhosini. Zasezikusa zonke izinhlobo imisebenzi, ngokuyinhloko serfdom (intuthuko zemvelo) nezintela (ukheshe noma yomusa iminikelo umninindlu). Conciliar Ikhodi wasungula esiphakade Inquisition nombaleki abalimi kuka lwaqinisa khona ka serfdom eRussia.

ukuhweba

Estates kwekhulu le-17 e-Russia, okuyinto itafula okwethulwa kulesi sihloko ubonisa indlela omkhulu ngezinga yokuzihlukanisa kwamangqamuzana ngokwemisebenzi yawo emphakathini Russian ifinyelele. Ngo iqembu elihlukile abathengisi ukhathazekile. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona izivakashi ovelele nezicebi, ngubani matasa izikhundla ezivelele ngokwedlulele ekuphathweni kwezimali kanjalo kwadingeka unelungelo lobunikazi fiefdoms futhi zivimbele intela. Amalungu egumbini lokuphumula futhi namakhulu indwangu kusebenza futhi ingxenye nelungelo abadayisi. Babefanele ilungelo okubusa izindaba zaso yangaphakathi, futhi waba sethubeni amakhanda akhethwe nezinduna. Ezinye izindaba zika-abathengisi ukukhokha imisebenzi isimo.

abefundisi

Ukushayela izigodi Russian phakathi nekhulu le-17 likhombisa indawo eqenjini ngalinye nomphakathi sabaphathi. Abefundisi wawuhlukaniswe waba yizingxenye ezimbili: omnyama nomhlophe. Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa izindela. Izigodlo naye wayenezimvu zwe ukuba abalimi pripisnymi. abapristi Parish kwadingeka umndeni, impahla, imfundo kwakuwumthwalo wabo wemfanelo. Ngakho, ngesisekelo okungenhla, singaphetha ngokuthi eRussia ngekhulu le-17 ekugcineni wathatha ijamo phezulu umphakathi amakhosi asendulo.