Gentry Polish: umlando okuvela, kukhulunywa okokuqala, abameleli

EPoland lanamuhla, izakhamuzi zalo babe namalungelo alinganayo futhi ngezigaba azikashintshi. Nokho, zonke Pole owazi incazelo yegama elithi "gentry". Lokhu ekilasini nelungelo yayikhona izwe cishe iminyaka eyinkulungwane, kusukela ngekhulu le-11 nelesi-20 leminyaka ngaphambi kwesikhathi, lapho ngo-1921, abangu wayiqeda nyá amalungelo.

Umlando nesenzakalo

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili izinguqulo ukuvela ophakeme izikhulu Polish gentry.

Ngaphansi kuqala, okuyinto kubhekwa obuphathekayo kakhudlwana futhi bamukela ngokusemthethweni, kodwa kukholakala ukuthi izikhulu Polish umsuka ngenxa izinguquko yokuziphendukela kwemvelo zezenhlalo kanye nezomnotho.

Gqwa izizwe Slavic ophilayo ensimini ka-Eastern Europe, kancane kancane bese ujoyina izinyunyana. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke owayemuhle wayebizwa ngokuthi Opole. Ekuqaleni kwaholela Opole emi isigungu samadoda amadala akhethwe abamele zabasebenzi ezinamandla kakhulu futhi ehlonishwa. Esikhathini esizayo, ukuphathwa kwezindawo ngazinye Opole lalihlukene phakathi kwabadala bese baba ngofuzo, nabaphathi bazibize izikhulu.

izimpi njalo futhi izingxabano phakathi izikhulu kwaholela isidingo ukudala amayunithi wezempi. Warriors abangu ukubuthwa phakathi kwabantu ababehlala abakhululekile, ungaboshwa phansi. Kule, isigaba ukhule futhi isigaba esisha nelungelo - izicukuthwane. Lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi izwi German "gentry" kusho "impi".

Kodwa lokho kuwukuhlasela inguqulo ye ukuvela nekilasi lesibili. It kungokwalabo uprofesa wezifundo Krakow University, UFranciszek Xavier Pekosinskomu, owaphila ngekhulu le-19. Ngokusho usosayensi, le gentry Polish akazalwanga ngo ekujuleni abantu yokuziphendukela kwemvelo-Polish. Aqiniseka ukuthi izicukuthwane lokuqala babeyinzalo ka Polabian, alwayo izizwe Slavic ahlasela indawo yakwa-Poland ku 8 ngasekupheleni - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-9. Ukweseka umbono wakhe Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi elingenamikhono izingalo gentry imikhaya endala ukuboniswa Runes Slavic.

Imibhalo yokuqala

Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala Knights Polish, ababe okhokho kwamadoda asebukhosini, wahlala encwadini yezindaba zemihla ngemihla Gallus Anonymus, owashona ngo-1145. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi eloba "The Chronicle nezenzo sezikhulu nababusi Polish" ngezinye izikhathi uhlushwa ezinganembile zomlando izikhala, namanje baba umthombo oyinhloko ulwazi mayelana ukwakheka isimo Polish. Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala izikhulu elihlobene ne amagama Mieszko 1 nendodana yakhe, iNkosi Boleslaw le Abanesibindi 1.

Phakathi nokubusa Boleslav yasungulwa isabelo "Nkosi" isimo isosha ngalinye, ngubani wenzé inkonzo ngokuthi inkosi. Lona umbhalo ogciniwe eyaqala ngonyaka 1025.

Inkosi yakwa-Knights Polish

Boleslaw le Abanesibindi 1 pha isihloko zokuhlonipha Izikhulu kuphela, kodwa futhi nezigqila, nakuba ukubiza kuqala ngokwayo ibe nesimo esibalulekile - "mozhnovlady" kuka uyaziqhenya ngempela. Kuze kube ngasekupheleni kwawo-11 umbusi khulu leminyaka, benza ziyafana - Knights, bona - abasunguli ekilasini gentry, azange abe yabo Holdings umhlaba.

Ekhulwini le-12, lapho Boleslav wry Onomlomo, knightly ikilasi ka tumbleweed waba zomninindawo.

Knights Maphakathi nekhulu le-Yurophu ziyazi ukuthi iSonto amasosha ekhipha ukholo lobuKristu kwabezizwe. Knights Polish akazange aqale njengoba amasosha esontweni, kodwa njengoba abavikeli wezikhulu namakhosi. Boleslaw le Abanesibindi 1, benze lesi sifundo, futhi kwaba Duke wokuqala Poland, khona-ke inkosi self-wamemezela. Wabusa iminyaka engu-30 futhi wahlala emlandweni kwezombangazwe lihlakaniphile, zobuqili ngokugqamile nesosha. Lapho uMbuso Poland ke ikhuphuke kakhulu ngenxa ukubusa kulezi zindawo Czech. Boleslav yethulwa kuleli ingxenye isiPolish Omkhulu eMoravia. Ngenxa yakhe emzini Krakow, inhloko-dolobha Poland Lesser, wangena eMbusweni Poland phakade. Kwaphela isikhathi eside yayiyinhloko-dolobha yombuso. Kuyinto kube yilolu suku - ingenye yamadolobha ngobukhulu kuleli zwe, isikhungo ezibaluleke kakhulu zamasiko, zomnotho kanye yesayensi ke.

metacarpel

Piast lwamakhosi ukuze elalingelamaFilisti Korol Boleslav, leliya lizwe ngoba eminyakeni engamakhulu amane. Kwaba ngaphansi Piast Poland wabhekana nenkathi kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha kuyo yonke imikhakha. Izisekelo Modern Isiko Poland babekwa ke. Hhayi indima okungenani kule kudlalwa yobuKristu yezwe. yezandla Bachuma Lezokulima kwamiswa izixhumanisi ukuhweba eqinile ngalo namazwe angomakhelwane. ekilasini Noble bahlanganyele inqubo, okwaba nomthelela ekwakhekeni kanye nokuphakamisa Poland.

Ukwehlukanisa izikhulu kanye Chivalry

Ngekhulu le-14 le gentry Polish kwaba ekilasini kahle esikhulu futhi onethonya kakhulu. Manje qala it like nje ukuthi, ngokuba feat knight kwakungenakwenzeka. imithetho indigénat, adoptsii futhi ennoblement waba ingane yokutholwa. Ezicukuthwaneni ukuze Nqamula ngokwabo kusuka kwamanye amakilasi, ifaka ingcindezi inkosi. Bona ayenamandla okukwenza, ngoba emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka baba abanikazi bamazwe ngobukhulu kuleli zwe. Futhi ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka iNkosi uLouis isiHungary izuzwe yinganekwane amalungelo.

Kosice Ilungelo

Louis abete, namadodakazi akhe yayingenalo ilungelo lokuthola okwakufanele abe inkosi. Ukuze uthole lesi ilungelo ngabo, wathembisa nabakhulu, gentry ukuqedwa cishe yonke imisebenzi maqondana le nkosi. Ngakho, ngo-1374 kwafika Ilungelo abadumile Kosice. Manje, zonke izikhundla kuhulumeni ebalulekile elalihlala gentry Polish.

Ngaphansi kwesivumelwano esisha, izikhulu kukhawula kakhulu emandleni asebukhosini yobupristi obuphakeme kakhulu. Ezicukuthwaneni babengalikhokhi zonke izintela, ngaphandle ezweni, kodwa wayesesendaweni dabukisa - ne inkambu ngonyaka lizokhokhiswa penny 2 kuphela. Kulokhu, nabakhulu ukuthola amaholo uma yalwa. Azizange liyadingeka ukwakha nokulungisa izingidi, amabhuloho, amabhilidi edolobheni. Lapho enza ukuhambela umuntu wasebukhosini endaweni Poland ezicukuthwaneni ayisekho ephelezelwa wakhe sibe ngumqaphi udumo escorts nabo naso sisusiwe duty ukunikeza inkosi ukudla nendawo yokukhosela.

Rzeczpospolita

Ngo-1569, uMbuso Poland munye Grand Duchy of Lithuania kwisimo esisodwa, Rzeczpospolita. Isimiso sezombangazwe e isimo omusha obizwa ngokuthi gentry intando yeningi. Eqinisweni, kwakungeyona akukho intando yeningi efanayo. Ehola Commonwealth wakhethwa ukuphila kwenkosi. isihloko Wayengakhathalele sitholwa njengefa. Kanye ukulawula nkosi yezwe esibonise Ukudla.

I Ukudla lalinabashumayeli emakamelweni amabili - iSigele kanye Ambassadors we eqhugwaneni. I Ukudla lalinabashumayeli izikhulu eziphezulu zikahulumeni futhi abefundisi Ephakeme, futhi eqhugwaneni amanxusa - ababamele we ekilasini gentry. Eqinisweni, umlando Commonwealth - indaba kanjani izikhulu zomthetho futhi ngokungenangqondo uphathe isimo sabo siqu.

Amandla ukuhlonipheka Poland

EsinoBukhosi ababuthakathaka ezicukuthwaneni Polish wenzé nethonya elikhulu iziphathimandla zomthetho neyokuphatha. Izazi-mlando gentry self-ahlolwa njengencenye imfuneko ukuze nezinxushunxushu.

Lo mbiko lusekelwe nethonya angenamkhawulo we gentry e izinqubo zezombangazwe nezomnotho kuleli zwe. Gentry kwadingeka ilungelo ilungelo likasihlalo lokunqabela, uma inkosi okuhloswe ukuba abize abezempi, ukuthatha yimuphi umthetho noma ukusungula intela entsha, izwi wokugcina, kungaba noma cha, iye njalo umele gentry. Futhi lokhu naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isigaba gentry kakhulu ukuthi bavikelwe ngumthetho on siqu kanye nempahla njengoba yayinjalo.

Ubudlelwane kanye abalimi we gentry

Ngemva ngokujoyina ekhulwini 14-15. Poland ukuba ezigqagqene Red Rus abalimi basePoland baqala ukuya ezindaweni ezintsha. Nge ukuthuthukiswa yohwebo kwemikhiqizo yezolimo, inyatheliswe la mazwe, yaqala ukusebenzisa phesheya e ukufuneka kakhulu.

Ngo 1423 nenkululeko abalimi imiphakathi dengwane ubeke umkhawulo omunye umthetho laqanjwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi evela ekilasini gentry. Ngaphansi kwalo mthetho, abalimi yaphendulwa serfs ziye zaphoqeleka ukuba enze panschinu futhi singavunyelwe ukuba ahambe kulelo zwe futhi iyikhaya.

Ubudlelwano kanye abavamile gentry

Umlando we-Commonwealth, futhi ukhumbula indlela gentry lophetse kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni. Ngo 1496 umthetho owaphasiswa owenqabela amaFilisti ukuthenga umhlaba. Isizathu ukuthi njengoba angeke zifezeke njengephuzu lokuphikisa esivuna ukwamukelwa leli zwi lesinqumo kwaba kuphela ke ukuthi izakhamuzi bathambekele anqikaze imisebenzi yezempi, futhi izwe agodliwe abalimi - ukubuthela ezingaba khona. Futhi ekhaya-umuzi wabo Burgers kuzovimbela ucingo abantu bakhe empini.

Ngokomthetho efanayo umsebenzi izikhungo yezimboni futhi commercial kulawulwa izinduna nababusi ngabaphansi phakathi gentry.

ukuba nombono ongafani ngeke Noble

Kancane kancane izikhulu Polish ekuqaleni ukuzibona ophakeme kanye best of izigodi Polish. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isisindo ingqikithi abakhulu kwakungafanele tycoons, futhi kwadingeka nezimpahla kunalokho nesizotha futhi akudingeki ezingeni lelisetulu imfundo, babe eliphezulu kakhulu ukuzethemba, ngoba umnumzana - kuyinto isifiso sokuvelela wokuqala nomkhulu kunabo bonke. EPoland, igama elithi "isifiso sokuvelela" namanje ayinakho engavumelani nemiBhalo.

On lokho umbono obungajwayelekile yayisekelwe? Okokuqala lokuthi zonke wohlanga olukhulu, ngubani wakhethwa kuHulumeni, wayenelungelo lokwenqaba ukuba Veto. Isiko-ke gentry kwakusho ngisho sengqondo uzwela enkosini, ngubani likhethwa ngokubona kwayo. Rokosz (yokungalaleli ilungelo iNkosi) usethe le nkosi belingana izakhamuzi isigaba gentry. Gentleman - indoda ngokulinganayo bedelela konke amakilasi, ngaphandle kwakhe, futhi ngokuqinisekile uma iNkosi uqobo lwakhe umnumzana - hhayi igunya futhi ngokuqinisekile babengafuni ukuba zikaNkulunkulu ezigcotshiwe, bese lokho ofuna ukukusho mayelana abalimi kanye abasesigabeni esiphakathi? Izicukuthwane zabo ngokuthi niyizigqila.

Ngakho lokho ukwenza isikhathi le ngxenye kokungenzi lutho sabantu e-Commonwealth? Izintandokazi nezicukuthwane umsebenzi bezidla, ukuzingela nokudansa. Isimilo izikhulu Polish elimibalabala ezichazwe amanoveli zomlando ka Genrika Senkevicha "kusho uColonel Wolodyjowski", "Umlilo Sword" futhi "kuZamcolo."

Kepha konke kuvela ku-ngesinye isikhathi sokuphela. Futhi yaphela unya yezikhulu.

Poland ngaphakathi Empire Russian

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, ingxenye izindawo e-Commonwealth baba ingxenye yoMbuso Russian. Lapha-ke waqala ezigxeka okuthiwa gentry. Le nkulumo ibhekisela iqoqo imisebenzi eyenziwa uhulumeni waseRussia. Bakhandwa okuhloswe ngaso okulinganisela ngiyinake futhi kungafanele, ngo kohlaka lukazwelonke lwezentuthuko, uhulumeni yezikhulu Polish. By endleleni, kuyilapho iphesenti labantu etusekayo Poland zaba 7-8%, futhi uMbuso isiRashiya kwakuwulimi ngokulambisa 1.5%.

isimo Impahla ye gentry akazange ukufinyelela wamukela eRussia. Isinqumo inkosi Septhemba 25, 1800 ku izikhulu kungabandakanya nezakhamuzi Privislinskih izifundazwe (okubizwa ngokuthi emazweni Polish ngaphakathi Russian Federation), abazokwazi iminyaka emibili ukuze unikeze isiqinisekiso documentary isimo sabo, eyaqala gentry Ukubuyekeza uhlu e 1795. Zonke ezinye izokwabiwa kwamanye amakilasi - abalimi, ngobala-wobunxiwankulu futhi volnohleborobskomu. Phakathi uhulumeni gentry ekilasini Commonwealth gentry ngenkuthalo agcwaliswa namalungu amasha. Ngesikhathi kokujoyina Empire Russian phakathi kwezicukuthwane abahlala wakwazi ukuthola isimo zamaphini Noble Assembly, kodwa zazingenawo isiqinisekiso Heraldry iSigele. Lesi sigaba ibekelwe ohlwini kubhekwe ukuthi kufakwe phakathi kwamadoda asebukhosini.

Ngemva kwavukelwa isiPolish 1830-1831 wamukelwa isinqumo iSigele ukulawulwa nabasePoland iziveze ne gentry, futhi division of nabo ngezigaba ezintathu, kulandele sokubala ukuze ukuthinta izicukuthwane kuphela.

Isigaba sokuqala kuthiwa wenziwa nabasePoland oluphethe izigodi nge abalimi oluphethe noma izihloko, kodwa akudingeki ezweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zavunyelwa nguMkhandlu we Noble noma cha.

Isigaba sesibili kuthiwa wenziwa nabasePoland abangenayo umhlaba nezikhonzi, kodwa ivume Noble LoMhlangano.

Isigaba sesithathu kuthiwa wenziwa nabasePoland bazibheke ezicukuthwaneni, kodwa abanayo indawo nezikhonzi, hhayi evunywe Noble LoMhlangano.

Njengoba engena amandla lokhu Regulation Noble LoMhlangano sinqatshiwe ukunikeza nabasePoland isitifiketi kwamadoda asebukhosini, uma ebizwa isimo engakaze eqinisekisiwe e Heraldry.

Polish-gentry, uzokwethula iphepha ekuhlinzekweni kwamadoda asebukhosini, zabhalwa izakhamuzi noma freeholders. Zonke ezinye zalotshwa abalimi isimo.

Ezicukuthwaneni, akakuvumeli izikhulu isiRashiya, babengavunyelwe ukuthenga kusukela kubantukazana umhlaba. Ekugcineni bahlanganiswe isigaba sonxiwankulu-wobunxiwankulu futhi abantukazana.

Ukuphela isigaba gentry

Inkathi gentry Polish yokufuna Poland (ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20) ngaphansi koMbuso Russian. Umthethosisekelo omusha we 1921-1926 biennium. Angizange okukhulunywa igama elithi "gentry" noma "izikhulu". Manje naphakade e-Republic of Poland novoprovozglashonnoy zonke izakhamuzi babe namalungelo alinganayo futhi imisebenzi.