IPanama Canal (unyaka wokuvulwa - 1914 th): i mfula yokufakelwa yokuxhuma zasePacific naseNyakatho-Atlantic Oceans

Yiqiniso geography siyazi ukuthi iPanama Canal ingenye ezinkulu imizila yamanzi zokuthutha interconnecting zasePacific naseNyakatho izilwandle Atlantic. Wanqamula mdweshu kwegama elifanayo ngokwengxenye yalo ephansi impela kakhulu. Ngenxa titanic ukusebenza liye kakhulu mfushane indlela yasolwandle phakathi emathekwini amaningi, isibonelo, kusukela e-San Francisco eNew York besuka e-24 300 km kuya 10 700 km. IPanama Canal (ngonyaka imizuzu 1914 kokuvula) has a ubude 81 km, kanye nesikhathi ndima salo cishe amahora ayisishiyagalombili.

Lesi siteshi, kanye Kiel ne Suez, ine isimo omhlaba kanye ingasetshenziswa kuphela ngokuhambisana ngokuqinile emthethweni wamazwe omhlaba izimiso ngokuvamile abantu bayabona futhi umthetho kazwelonke yezwe kungokukaNkulunkulu. Wayengumuntu kakade iminyaka engu-95 ubudala. Futhi unina amkhulelwe iPanama Canal (1914 ukuvula, nakuba esohlwini lokuqala) ekuqaleni ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha.

Esikhathini kusuka 1534 kuya 1823 umqondo wokwakha lithathe izingqondo uhulumeni waseSpain. Kuye kwenziwa ngokuphindaphindiwe nocwaningo olunzulu endaweni, ezakhiwe isiteshi ethwele / izinhlelo ukwakhiwa, ebaluleke kakhulu kubona bonke inguqulelo ukunqamula kulesi siqephu sezwe. Ngo 1814 abantu baseSpain ngisho noma ekude isimemezelo okuhambisanayo. Kodwa ngo-1823, balahlekelwa zonke amakoloni yayo eNingizimu Melika naseMelika Ephakathi, futhi zisilahlile izinhlelo zabo. Ngakusasa-50 edlule, abacwaningi namaphrojekthi yathatha British, Americans, isiFulentshi futhi Dutch. Esikhathini sokuphela ilungelo elehlukile yokwakha kanye yokunivumela iminyaka 99, wathola inkampani French. Kwathi ngo-1876, futhi ngemva kweminyaka emithathu le nkampani usuthathwe usomaqhinga uFerdinand de Lesseps, unjiniyela we Umakhi we Suez Canal, wavula i-bit Maritime ngaphambili - Novemba 17, 1869.

Lesseps inkampani kamuva waya yimali, waqokwa receivership, ngo-1904 inkampani wathengiswa uhulumeni wase-US i-isamba $ 40 million. BaseMelika wavumelana iPanama Canal phezu okuphakade ukuqasha indawo, kanye nokwakhiwa into iPanama Canal. ngonyaka Ukuvula, 1914 th, kwaphawula ukuphela umzamo engu-11 futhi okhandlayo futhi wabonisa ukuthi ibiza malini isimo ukusebenzisa imibono. Isamba waqanjwa igama elithi eside - kwezigidi ezingu-220 zamaRandi.

Umphumela six-speed lomasango nokuwela Isthmus of Panama lisuka e-Atlantic ne-port yanoma Cristobal ukuze Balboa itheku elisogwini oluseningizimu Pacific, e isiqondiso esivela enyakatho-ntshonalanga kuya eningizimu-mpumalanga. ubude siteshi, njengoba kushiwo, 80 km, zazo 42 - Isiteshi yokufakelwa ne sivala. I ubude bamakamelo lock 305 metres, ububanzi - 33 nengxenye. Lezi Ubukhulu enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba kudlule 85% ezisebenza okwamanje imikhumbi yezohwebo emhlabeni wonke.

Omkhulu womkhumbi wokuqala badabula Isthmus mhlaka-15 Agasti 1914, kodwa wokuvulwa iPanama Canal senzeka ngo-June 12, 1920, ngemva kwalokho ayethunywe enamandla egcwele.

Manje inkantolo asinda ekutheni zungeza eCape Horn futhi Strait of Magellan, ngakho ebaluleke kakhulu imizila yemikhumbi ashintshiwe. Unyaka kuvulwa iPanama Canal kwakuyisiqalo enkathini entsha yokuhamba esifundeni. Ngezinye izikhathi 2-3 ukuze unciphise ibanga phakathi emikhawulweni empumalanga nasentshonalanga eCanada nase-United States, phakathi Ekude-United States, phakathi kwamazwe Latin America uqobo.

Emuva ku 20s kwekhulu elidlule, Panama umzamo ukuhumusha isiteshi ngaphasi kwegunya layo. Le nqubo senzeka ngezigaba, kwaphela iminyaka eminingi, futhi laqedwa ngo-December 31, 1999 kuphela, lapho iPanama Canal (ngonyaka kuvulwa 1914-th, t. E. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-85) yazuza ukuzimela okugcwele ngempumelelo.