Brain. brainstem: isakhiwo kanye umsebenzi lesi sifo

Ingxenye ezithakazelisa kakhulu umzimba womuntu owenziwe kahle kwenhloko yayo, okuyinto sinamandla kangaka futhi Regulator yemvelo - ubuchopho. Isiqu ubuchopho, cerebellum kanye ama- ezimbili cerebral - lawa "izingxenye" ezakha lolu hlobo "ikhompyutha". Yilokho nje, efana nezinye izitho, isiqu ubuchopho uthambekela izifo ezihlukahlukene. Sizobe ukukhuluma kabanzi ngazo.

ulwazi olujwayelekile mayelana ubuchopho

Ubuchopho (stem ubuchopho ingenye yezingxenye eyinhloko isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko Regulator) - Umzimba womuntu main ehlanganisa izinzwa 20-25 bhiliyoni. Kuyinto ba ababandakanyeka kwetinhlavu amaza eziyinkimbinkimbi kagesi ezilawula ukusebenza kwe-wonke umzimba.

Ubuchopho bomuntu has isivikelo futhi iqine efomini Yekhanda. Ukuvikelwa engeziwe isesikhathini kuye neziqhumane ezintathu:

• niqiniswe;
• elithambile;
• arachnoid.

Umlamuleli elise phakathi amagobolondo zokuzivikela futhi emgogodleni, uketshezi lomgogodla, noma cerebrospinal fluid. Lokho oludakayo kubhekwa uhlobo ukushaqeka mfutho, okuyinto zivikela namabhampa yikuphi ukulimala mechanical kuya ingqondo yethu ifa. brainstem (owaziwa nangokuthi ubuchopho stem) ubhekwa njengengxenye ebalulekile base Regulator. Funda okwengeziwe ngale nkinga futhi ngalokho kwezinye izingxenye ubuchopho, ukukhuluma ku.

Yiziphi izakhiwo ubuchopho?

Ubuchopho ubhekwa isakhiwo izindlela yasekuqaleni futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ukusebenza like clockwork. Njengomthetho, liqukethe Mnyango ungeminye yeminyango emihlanu:

• ukuqeda;
• Lesisemkhatsini;
• ezingemuva (sihlobana ibhuloho futhi cerebellum);
• naphakathi;
• oblongata.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchopho bomuntu sehlukaniswe izakhiwo eziyinhloko ezintathu, kuhlanganise:

• cortex cerebral;
• the ganglia basal;
• thalamus;
• cerebellum;
• brainstem.

Konke isakhiwo ngenhla inomsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu, kanye zinendima umsebenzi futhi Ukuvikela ubuchopho.

Uyini stem ubuchopho ngesikhathi umuntu?

Brainstem kubantu ubhekwa omunye izingxenye eyinhloko isilawuli umzimba, ehlanganisa nuclei ubuchopho stem (obizwa nangokuthi cranial ezinzwa nuclei), kanye vasomotor, zokuphefumula, nezinye izikhungo ezisemqoka ekuphileni okuvamile awo wonke umuntu.

Itholakala phakathi emaphethelweni imbobo enkulu esifundeni occipital ikhanda waligingqa ngaphakathi Yekhanda. Mayelana stem ubuchopho Ngezinye izikhathi kuthiwa wayebonakala isikhathi nomgogodla. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izindikimba ezimbili zinikwe inkululeko akukho umngcele ecacile futhi ezivamile.

brainstem (isakhiwo kanye nokwenza imisebenzi yayo uchaze ngezansi) has a ubude ilingana cm 7 kuphela. Iqukethe ngokuyinhloko medium and medulla oblongata futhi Pons. Ngokuvamile empandni ingqondo ngokwengeziwe zihlanganisa futhi ephakathi kuya cerebellum.

Imininingwane eyengeziwe mayelana nesakhiwo nemisebenzi ubuchopho stem izingxenye

Ngamunye imibuso eyakha lo brainstem has izici zayo siqu nemisebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, ubuchopho isilinganiso ubhekwa omunye neminyango main, okuyinto unesibopho ukusebenza enkabeni womuntu ezibukwayo futhi sokuzwa.

Ngokusho izincwadi ku anatomy, okungukuthi ubuchopho obuphakathi kungokwalabo stem ubuchopho, uyakwazi ukulawula ushintsho isikhundla ukuma umfundi (ngosizo kwalo banganwebisa futhi shwabanisa). Futhi-ke, nguye ngqo anakekela kwemisipha ithoni kwamehlo ethu futhi likuvumela kahle Orient nathi isikhala.

Oblong zazisa ubuchopho, kungenxa isakhiwo ekhethekile libizwa impande, unesibopho ikhaliphe ezivikelayo njenge sneezing (nge imikhuhlane noma nomzimba), ukhwehlela ngisho ukuhlanza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo ingxenye yobuchopho esiza ekulawuleni umgudu wokuphefumula futhi unesibopho ukusebenza abushelelezi izinhlelo eziphathelene nenhliziyo wokugaya ukudla.

Pons - kubuye nomthetholawulo ebalulekile umnyango kufakwe isiqu ubuchopho (isakhiwo kanye nemisebenzi kufanele aziwa bonke labo abafisa ukufunda okwengeziwe mayelana komzimba womuntu). Lokhu umzimba uhlobo wezwe ophakathi ikhanda kanye nomgogodla, ngoba unesibopho yokudlulisa ulwazi kusuka kwenye ingxenye yomzimba kwenye.

Cerebellum - zobuchopho, okuyinto obangela nokudidiyela ukunyakaza kwabantu, ukulungiswa kanye nokugcinwa ibhalansi futhi yebo imisipha ithoni. Itholakala kancane ngezansi Pons futhi medulla oblongata (ku iyizingxenye occipital).

Ubuchopho obuphakathi - UMnyango engaphezulu ubuchopho obuphakathi. Yena unesibopho ukusebenza evamile nezindlala endocrine (olawula imisebenzi ebalulekile ye-thyroid nezindlala adrenal).

Lawa izingxenye emangalisayo stem ubuchopho kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo akhona futhi usebenze emizimbeni yethu.

Yiziphi nuclei we izinzwa cranial?

Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, i-nucleus ye izinzwa cranial zenzeka empandni ingqondo. Basuke lisendaweni Lesisemkhatsini phakathi emuva izingxenye side zobuchopho, futhi kancane nomthelela kwebhuloho.

Ngokusho kochwepheshe, idatha core siqukethe imizwa, zazo zikhona okungenani abayishumi nambili. Noma kunjalo, zonke ezithinta isakhiwo stem ubuchopho, njengoSathane, a ingwane enkulu, bacwilisa "ihambe" yayo empandni ubuchopho futhi wadala amagatsha amaningana.

Uhlu imizwa, nje ingxenye nuclei bungabonakala:

• olfactory nokubukwayo;
• nokunikeza nobuso;
• oculomotor futhi uvimbele;
• trigeminal futhi glossopharyngeal;
• trigeminal nosizi;
• sublingual futhi extra.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngamunye cores unesibopho uhlobo ezahlukene innervation (uxhumano kwezicubu kanye nezinhlaka esebenzisa kwalapho kuhlangana khona imizwa), afeze izibopho zawo. Ngokwesibonelo, ezidabukisayo ezihlobene ikhenela-, banesibopho ukunikezelwa isikhundla iso phansi futhi ohlangothini.

Tinhlobo letimbili ikhenela zikuvumela ukulawula imisipha amalaka, ulwanga kanye pharynx. Yingakho bemqhuba izwi lethu, inqubo ukuhlafuna futhi ukuhambisana (yokubiza imisindo yenkulumo ngokuzwakalayo). Thola ulwazi oluthe xaxa kwi-aphoyintimenti ngqo nuclei of izinzwa cranial, ungafunda futhi umsebenzi stem ingqondo.

Yini ubuchopho ekunqandeni?

Brain stem enezinto eziningi imizimba osizayo futhi ingxenye izingxenye, okuyinto zidlala indima ebalulekile empilweni kumuntu ngamunye kithi. Ngakho, sibonga kuye, sinethuba ukuzizwa iphunga izimbali, thatha noma yimuphi umsindo futhi baqonde ngayo inkulumo yomuntu, ekhuluma ezindabeni ezibucayi ekusebenziseni imicabango, bheka emhlabeni futhi uzizwe touch wakhe.

Ingxenye enkulu izici isiqu, ngokusho kongoti, yaqaphela khona nuclei kanye kwalapho kuhlangana khona imizwa kubo. Abaningi babo zilawulwa sokuzwa, ezibukwayo kanye ezokunambitha. Njengoba le umgogodla intambo kanye nobuchopho stem, abanobuhlobo obuseduze nomunye, umgomo oyinhloko ngowokuqala kubhekwa ukuze uthumele yonke imiyalelo isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko kwazo zonke ezinye izinto ezisemkhathini. Okungukuthi, isiqu kobuchopho processor ngocingo oludlula ugesi. Ngoba kubalulekile ukuze ukuqapha ukusebenza kwayo. Kungenjalo, lonke uhlelo izohluleka, futhi amaza kagesi adluliswa ku babeya khona.

Brain (ubuchopho stem): Izinkinga kanye Izifo

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimo siyini jikelele, isitho esithile emzimbeni angehluleka kahle. Ngokuvamile lokhu kungenxa ukhona noma yikuphi ukulimala noma neziqu okungavamile, futhi ngezinye izikhathi is phetho into esiyingozi nakakhulu.

Ngakho, kukhona izifo eziningana ezihlobene ne ukulimala kwamangqamuzana noma izingxenye okuqukethwe stem ingqondo:

• unhlangothi, ubuchopho stem;
• Isimila kumiswa endaweni isiqu;
• chordoma;
• ischemia;
• useshonile;
• epidermoid;
• malformation semithambo;
• meningioma;
• izinhlumba.

Lapho kungenzeka unhlangothi we brainstem?

Ngokuvamile unhlangothi izinkinga nemithambo yegazi. Futhi uma umuntu enempilo (ikakhulukazi esemncane) zingabantu nokunwebeka kanye eqinile, ne eminyakeni ngaphakathi kwezindonga zabo zizace futhi ngokuvamile limbozwa uhlobo uqweqwe.

Umfutho odla imithambo yegazi bangaba abukhali ingcindezi yokwehla kwezinga emzimbeni wakho. Ngenxa yalokho, azikwazi ukumelana umthwalo, avimbekile, futhi kwezinye izimo ngisho ukudabuka. Ngenxa yalokho, le nhlangano evamile igazi, kusuka kube nzima, futhi kukhona Ukunqotshwa kwe-stem ingqondo.

unhlangothi mshini wezenzo kulesi simo senzeka ngendlela elandelayo: okokuqala, esinye occluded izitsha cerebral ke wavele odongeni isitsha, futhi kukhona ukopha, okuholela kwetinhlavu haematomas. Kwakubonakala sengathi ukuphela kwento amvalele semithambo izilonda kusuka kwabanye futhi ayikuvumeli kuye umoya-mpilo. Ngokulandelayo, ishayela yamandla akasinikanga ubuchopho stem, kukhona ukwehluleka, kanye nezinye izitho ayikwazi ukusebenza kahle.

Indlela kuyinto unhlangothi ischemic?

unhlangothi Ischemic kubhekwa uhlobo oluvame kakhulu izifo izitsha ingqondo. Ngokusho odokotela, inkinga iziyaluyalu okukhulu kwegazi futhi umonakalo omkhulu izicubu ingqondo. Ngakho igazi angengene ezindaweni ezithile Regulator, kukhona ukwephula isakhiwo sabo (razmyakanie), okuholela izicubu ukufa egcwele. Lena esheshayo engelapheki.

Ngokuvamile, imiphumela emibi njengoba ischemia, kuholela sikashukela, rheumatism, umfutho wegazi ophakeme noma isifo sokuqina kwemithambo yegazi.

Ngakho-ke, ukuze ugweme imiphumela engemihle, kubalulekile ukuba ngesikhathi esifanele ukuhlonza nokwelapha ubuchopho isiqu, futhi balahle izifo ezihambisana engaholela ischemia.

Yiziphi izinhlobo ubuchopho stem izimila kukhona?

Zonke izimila ebuchosheni stem zingahlukaniswa zibe eziyisishiyagalolunye izinhlobo. Ziyakwazi:

• stem oyinhloko (isiqu avele ezicutshini onesifo);
• exophytic-stem (zenzeka cerebellum noma ventricle ulwelwesi bese asidlulisela umgqomo);
• zamabanga stem;
• cerebellar (eshayeka yabo endaweni cerebellum livela izinyawo bese kancane kancane usabalala isiqu);
• Lozenge (zikhona endaweni indentations okwedayimane);
• parastvolovymi;
• deforming (umphumela ekushintsheni ukuma stem ubuchopho).

Futhi wathola ukuvuvukala ngokukhukhumala kwentamo stem ubuchopho, untreatable futhi ezimweni eziningi siholela ekufeni. Khumbula ukuthi ukuvuvukala kwenzeka uma amasosha omzimba uqale ukwehlukana kahle.

Kuyini glioma?

Gliomas ezibhekwa izimila ebulalayo. Ngamanye amazwi, lapho Kutholwe odokotela ngokuvamile kutholakala ukuthi uphethwe yini "umdlavuza CNS" (isimiso sezinzwa). Lemibiko izimila ezingajwayelekile kakhulu izingane zasenkulisa of yobudala.

Noma kunjalo, zibizwa ngokuthi izinhlobo ezinodlame kakhulu lomdlavuza okuholela ekwandiseni umonakalo nokubhujiswa inyama ephilile. Kulesi isimila esithile amaseli uhlukanise ngokushesha futhi basakaza phezu amabanga amade uma liya usendaweni imfundo yabo eyinhloko.

Ingozi ezimpawu enjalo into engekho ngokwemvelo ngalolo isimila kuqala ukukhula ngqo empandni ubuchopho, ivimbela ukugeleza kwegazi ne-oxygen ukuze nezinye izitho. Ngemva kwalokho, isimila se-stem ingqondo ezinganeni kanye intsha abasesikoleni noma abadala kungaholela umbono kahle, ukuzwa, ukukhuluma noma ukukhubazeka.

Uyini ngokukhukhumala kwentamo isimila kumiswa?

izimila Benign nesibulalayo babe izinga ezahlukene ukukhula. Ngakho, endabeni yokuqala, izimila angakhula eminyakeni futhi musa iyobalimaza zabanikazi. Eyesibili, ngokuphambene ezikhulayo ngokushesha.

Futhi-ke, kuye izinhlobo kanye isimila uphethwe, isimila kungenzeka operably noma cha (lungekho ngaphansi kokungenela kuhlinzwa). Kuyinto yokukhathazeka okunjalo nokuvuvukala ngokukhukhumala kwentamo stem ingqondo. It libhekene ukungabi oluphelele ngodonga phakathi lesion kanye medulla. Futhi ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa kangaka zithandelana kudala kwebhuloho, ukuthi nje ngeke sisuswe ngokuphepha, ngaphandle kokulimaza ingqondo.

Ngasiphi yobudala ukuthini izimila ebuchosheni stem kungavuka izingane?

Ngokusho kweminyaka eminingi ochwepheshe ucwaningo, izimila kungavuka kokubili ngabantwana nangabantu abadala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingozi yezifo eziyingozi ukuze uthole yokugcina kwenzeka esikhathini esiphakathi kwezinyanga ezintathu futhi eminyakeni eyisishiyagalolunye. Kuyinto ngalesi akhawunti ubudala cishe 7-11% we izimo zezifo zezingane.

Kuye ngokuthi yiziphi izitho zomzimba isimila kuphakama ingane, angase ukuthuthukisa asymmetry ebusweni kanye strabismus, isiyezi kanye nezinye izimpawu, okuyinto thina maduze ukutshela. Ngakho yiziphi izimpawu ebonwe iziguli ngamathumba futhi ukuphazamiseka stem ingqondo, futhi kungani zenzeka?

Izimbangela isifo ubuchopho stem

Esinye sezizathu esiyinhloko okuyinto angavela izimpawu ezithile izifo stem ubuchopho, yilezi ezilandelayo:

• izifo ezihlukahlukene semithambo;
• ukuhlukumezeka umnyango cranial;
• umonakalo futhi vasospasm (kuholele ukuphazamiseka ukugeleza kwegazi);
• ukubhema nokuphuza utshwala;
• iloli sezinzwa futhi ukucindezeleka;
• ucwaningo kanye uhlobo kakhulu zokuphila;
• ukudla okungenamsoco futhi yokuphila;
• ukusetshenziswa njalo yamanzi kungangcoli.

Futhi-ke, esinye isizathu sokuthuthukisa izifo (omunye wabo - glioma ubuchopho stem) kubhekwa ukuba anomaly azalwa nako. Nakuba ukhona, futhi ungakwazi ungalokothi ukwazi. Njengomthetho, kungaba kuphela ukuqaphela ngosizo imitholampilo ucwaningo ezikhethekile.

Yebo, futhi kungase Ungazihluphi wena nhlobo. Kodwa uma uthola Bump olimele noma kancane ekhanda, njengoba kuzoba khona ekuqaleni ukusabela chain, ekugcineni phambili ekuthuthukiseni isifo esiyingozi.

Kubonakala kanjani isimila kumiswa?

Ukuze sithole khona isimila ukwakheka kungaba izimpawu ezinhlobonhlobo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkinga brainstem kungenzeka uma noma iyiphi isiyezi ezingalindelekile futhi okukhulu ubuhlungu syndromes.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziguli kwabanye bavame ukuba nezinkinga nge emehlweni futhi ngefanelo nangokuvumelana, ukuzwa. Baphinde babe kwemizwelo kungenzeka, disorientation emkhathini futhi ukubukeka eliqhaqhazelayo lezandla lekhanda.

Indlela ngokushesha ukukhomba isimila?

Indlela elula kusenesikhathi umdlavuza --magnetic resonance imaging zobuchopho. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, lena indlela ephumelela kakhulu, hhayi ethwele kungekho-brainer, ngisho izingane okwaxoxwa. Indlela uhlobo bahlolwa ubuchopho emshinini ekhethekile. Into esemqoka ukuthi unika, - ikhono lokuzwa ngisho isimila elincane kakhulu.

Indlela yesibili ukuqhuba zokuxilonga ikhompyutha tomography. Iphinde libonisa yi esikrinini bese unika isithombe esicacile sokuthi abamele isimo sezokwelapha isiguli.

Indlela esiphatha ngayo ubuchopho stem isimila?

Phezu ukuthola isimila odokotela linqume ukwelashwa okufanele. Ikakhulukazi, neoplasms kungavamile ukuba ingozi, kokuba emgodleni ehlukile futhi septum kungenziwa kalula isuswe ngu ukuhlinzwa. Ezimweni ezinjalo, isiguli kuqeda isimila, futhi uyaqhubeka uphila. Nokho, lezi izimila zenzeka cishe 19-25% eziguli. Ezimweni eziningi, bathola izimila abulalayo ukuthi akukwazi nommese kadokotela.

Njengoba indlela ehlukile yokwelashwa isiguli banganikeza ukwelashwa ngemisebe. Inikeza kakhulu nomthelela isimila X-ray. Ngokusho kwezazi, lo-ke ikuvumela ukuthi lihambe kancane ukukhula izimila, balahle uyahluleka uma elwa nokuphuza yansukuzonke, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukulungiselela isiguli ukuhlinzwa.

Olunye uhlobo ukwelashwa - yokwelapha stereotactic. Lena ngenye yezindlela ezintsha, ezihilela ukusetshenziswa izinhlobo eziningana isimila ngemisebe. Ikakhulukazi, sebenzisa "Gamma Knife" futhi "I-Cyber-ummese." Esimweni sokuqala, isiguli ogqoka isigqoko ekhethekile ekhanda lakhe is phansi emisebeni radiology. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo ngokwalo singagxila ngqo yiyo eshayeka kanzima ngenxa izimila. Esimeni sesibili, imishini yerobhothi imisebe. Le yunithi inquma umthamo kanye ukuchayeka isikhathi.

Lapho usebenzisa i-therapy stereotactic, iziguli ngokuvamile cishe musa ubuhlungu. Nokho, ngaphambi enifeza babelwe iziguli tomography futhi kazibuthe yokwelapha resonance.

Enye indlela yokubhekana izivakashi engadingeki emzimbeni wakho, kukhona ngamakhemikhali. Luhilela ukusetshenziswa ejenti ethize cytotoxic okuyinto ukukhuthaza ukuboshwa ukukhula nokususwa izimila.

Ukuze sifinyelele nomphumela omkhulu phezu ukuthola of Oncology ochwepheshe ungasebenzisa uhlelo okuxubile yokwelashwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhlelo lesiguli yokutakula kungafaka izinhlobo eziningana zokwelapha kanye zokwelapha, kuhlanganise nokuhlinzwa.

Uyini umthetho olandelwayo UKUSHAYA-HGG 2007?

Ukwelashwa kwezingane ngokuvamile ilawulwa imithetho ethile. Ikakhulukazi, odokotela ingasebenzisa okuthiwa HIT-HGG 2007 ukuhlinzeka umsebenzi kanyekanye futhi izinhlobo ezimbili sokuvivinya ingane (chemistry emisebeni) protocol. Nakuba ngaleso sikhathi, isibonelo, ukudlula ingane noma imiphumela emibi yokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali ingane ithatha akukho kuka 5-6 amasonto.

Injongo eyinhloko yawo sokuyelapha wehlise izimila yokuqala. A ukwelashwa ngemisebe kulokhu udlala indima ukulawula shot futhi aqede amaphutha kungenzeka zokwelapha ezimbili eyedlule.