KumiswaImfundo yesibili nezikole

Class Awezinyoka: umbono jikelele

izidalwa Very interesting futhi engavamile kakhulu Creepy. izici Jikelele salezi zidalwa ngokuningiliziwe lokho okwenzeka. Yini akumangalisi, ngoba lesi sigaba kwezilwane chordates umhlaba zihlanganisa izinyoka, izibankwa Amphisbaena, klyuvogolovyh, izingwenya nezimfudu. Bonke babe nezici eziningi futhi esigqamile. Konke Yiqiniso, ngeke ukwazi ukuchaza kafushane, kodwa ezithakazelisa kakhulu - kuba.

Umlando omncane

Lapho ezihuquzelayo kusukaphi? izici Jikelele njalo iqala ulwazi mayelana nalo. Kunengqondo, ngoba wonke umuntu kuhle ukwazi ukuthi nezilwane zasezweni fanele kuze lo ekilasini siyinzalo ezikude izibankwakazi wabusa kwenkathi Mesozoic iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-160. Njengoba yaziwa, baba yokuqothulwa engaba iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-66 ezedlule. ezihuquzelayo Modern ingafaniswa kuphela izinsalela iyona amahle, izwe ongaqondakali lasendulo.

Kubalulekile futhi ukwazi ukuthi ezihuquzelayo yasendulo okhokho izinyoni. Baye kwavula leli qembu izilwane, okuyinto ngenkuthalo esichumayo. Sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi esiphethweni sokuthi ngisho kudivayisi, okwabangela ukuvela izinyoni babonakala kusukela kokhokho babo - abamele kwetinhlobo letikhetsekile ezihuquzelayo. Kubo, kwathiwa libhekene esinegazi elifudumele, ubuchopho nomzimba nangokuvikela ikhava (izimpaphe).

ikhava

Manje - umniningwane kancane okwengeziwe ngokucacile yokwakheka izidalwa eyinqaba ezifana ezihuquzelayo. izici Jikelele izimangalo, bona kuyagcinwa njengoba izici kwezilwane eziphila ezweni nezilwane ephakeme ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla. Kuthiwani ikhava yangaphandle? He is ngenxa ukuqina futhi keratinization okwalandela amafomu izihlangu ishq. ikhava okunjalo ezicutshini futhi izitho sesilwane ngokumelene ezenzeka ngaphandle kanye nokulahlekelwa umswakama.

A legless izibankwa nezinyoka izikali kusiza ukuhambisa. Ngenxa amapuleti izilwane bacasulwa kusukela maholoholo phansi bese ukuhambisa kwelinye direction noma kwenye.

Ihlanganisa ezihuquzelayo ezahlukene. Kwezinye izidalwa izikali sisondelene nomunye. Kwezinye, zingabantu uhlobo "Kunokuhlobana". Ezinye ngokuphelele siguqulelwa crests noma spikes, okuyizinto ngenxa ukudalwa evikelwe ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye izilwane.

Kodwa omunye nesembozo ezithakazelisayo kakhulu kungabonakala nasemkhakheni izibankwa uMoloki (lat. UMoloki horridus). Ibizwa ngokuthi "udeveli olunameva." Ukubheka esithombeni ngenhla, ungakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi kungani. Lokhu encane, bahlala isibankwa ehlane Australia ububanzi futhi isicaba umzimba embozwe ezingenakubalwa iDemo lwalugobile uphondo spikes letingemasayizi lahlukene. Ngenhla amehlo futhi phezu neziqu isiguqo-like on entanyeni, akha okuthile izimpondo efana. Lokhu isibankwa onsundu ngokusagolide uyakwazi ukushintsha umbala walo kuncike ukukhanyisa, izinga lokushisa, kanye nesimo sabo bokuphila.

Kodwa kubalulekile ukuba sibuyele endabeni cover. kungaba kuphazamisa ukukhula ezihuquzelayo? Cha, ngoba ngezikhathi elachithwa isikhumba sabo ubudala. Futhi kule nqubo ye molting ukukhula kwabo. A ikhava entsha nezimo futhi ezithambile. On actinic yayo kuthatha isikhathi, futhi ngalesi sikhathi, lezi okufihliwe ngoba basengozini ngaphandle ukuvikelwa.

Isakhiwo skeleton

On kubalulekile ukubalula uma kuziwa kulokho izici yokwakheka kukhona ezihuquzelayo. Sici jikelele ithakazelisa kakhulu, ngoba lonke inani amathambo ongafinyelela abangamakhulu amaningana! Umuntu omdala Anaconda giant (lat. Eunectes murinus), isibonelo, kunezinguqulo ezingaba ngu-435! Yilokho umxhwele. Kodwa uma Sizibeka eceleni nonhloyile, inani eliphelele amathambo nezinye ezihuquzelayo kuhluka 50 kuya ku-80.

Kodwa isakhiwo lwamathambo Axial nhlobo ezifanayo. Futhi by the way, yilelo nalelo libe nesigaba izigaba evelele kakhulu ukwedlula esimweni izilwane zasemhlabeni. Five ezihluke ukwahlukana yezilwane ezinomgogodla: entanyeni, truncal, lumbar, sacral futhi caudal. Esikhathini owokugcina kulaba bagxila inombolo enkulu yamakhasi e amathambo eziyihlazo. Sinenkosi isakhiwo ezithakazelisayo kakhulu: eduze umsila, ezincane yobukhulu bawo. amathambo Kugcine nazo zonke ikhipha afana amathambo amancane ngesimo izinti.

Nokho, amanye amaqembu ezihuquzelayo skeleton has a isakhiwo ezahlukene. Izinyoka, isibonelo, kuyabonakala umzimba kanye nomsila izigaba kuphela. I sternum akuyona. A vertebra ekugcineni kwesiqu izimfudu nazo zonke tho ne igobolondo isihlangu, ngoba lokho ukulahlekelwa ukuhamba kwabo.

skull

Futhi, izici jikelele ezihuquzelayo ongamtshela okuningi mayelana nesakhiwo Yekhanda salezi zidalwa. Ikakhulukazi mayelana inyoka. isakhiwo sayo uye savela ngokuvumelana nezindlela yokuthola ukudla Ukudla.

Amphibians, ezifana esifushane futhi ububanzi ikhanda is side emihlathini ukuthi bakha empumulweni eside kakhulu. Ukwakheka umlomo kuvumela idatha izinhlangano ukuze uthwebule inyamazane encane nge ukuhlasela kwalo.

Kodwa ezihuquzelayo abadlala bamba kuhlobane ngokuqondile nokushushiswa isisulu. Futhi empumulweni side lapha has nezinzuzo ezingokoqobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo uhlobo nemihlathi ikuvumela Dabula ucezu impango enkulu. Ngezinye izingwenya nezimfudu Phela, icubungula LasePalatine ithambo ifomu ulwanga yesibili, ohlukanisa umlomo wabo ezansi futhi engenhla izigaba. Ngoba ukuphefumula kuphela nimkhiphela amanzi ekupheleni inhloko emakhaleni, ngoba choanae (ukuvuleka yangaphakathi acinene) udlulele emuva eduze amalaka.

uhlelo kwemisipha

incazelo yalo sihlanganisa incazelo jikelele ezihuquzelayo. Uhlelo kwemisipha kokudaliweyo umahluko, kubonisa kakhulu ezicutshini segmental. Isici esiphawulekayo lezi zidalwa - imisipha intercostal, igcwalisa umsebenzi ebalulekile ukuqaliswa kwezimila.

Sinesithakazelo ngokukhethekile yilona ezicutshini ongama. Abanye abameleli ke ngakho kakhulu athuthukile evumela ukuba abantu ukushintsha isikhundla esikalini. Lokhu, ngasendleleni, sekushiwo esigabeni ekhaveni.

Indima amandla "yokudla" sokuba imisipha salezi zidalwa udlala noqhekeko anaerobic glucose. Ngokuthakazelisayo, iningi imisipha (50-75%) ingasebenza ngisho ngaphandle oksijini ukugcwaliswa. Ngenxa yalokhu, ezihuquzelayo angahamba amafushane ngokushesha izilwane njengoba esinegazi elifudumele. Imisipha ungenwa ngokushesha. Kodwa uma kukhona "overdo" izoqala ukuba ezokwakha-up in the imisipha acidosis acid, ngokweqile okuholela ukukhathala. Ngakho-ke, laba bameleli alesi sigaba, Esenze desertions ezimbalwa, fihla nazo zonke ezinye. Ngo nje kwamahora ambalwa acidosis acid ubola, kanye namandla we-isilwane ukutholwa.

imisipha izinyoka

Mayelana neoy kudingeka ukutshela ngaphandle. izici Jikelele we-oda ezihuquzelayo Awukwazi ukudlulisela yonke ngokucacile yayo. Iqiniso ukuthi izinyoka imisipha zisetshenziswa ukuthutha ukudla udle ke ngaphakathi, hhayi nje ngobe kutawutfutfukisa ukunyakaza.

Kubalulekile futhi ukwazi ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko zokuqonda le ukunyakaza. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke libizwa oyinyoka, ohlangothini noma beya. Libhekene inamagquma ifomu yokuhamba. Okungukuthi, le ndlela ivumela izinyoka ukubhukuda futhi afinyelele ngesivinini. Record umnikazi, ngasendleleni, itholakala e-Afrika esinesihlungu Black Mamba (lat. Dendroaspis polylepis). Isivinini salo silinganiselwa 11 km / h.

Futhi, kukhona ngendlela eqondile ukuhamba ( "isibungu" inqubo). Izinyoka phambili esikhumbeni esiswini, bese ukudonsa lonke ngemuva umzimba. Ngo indlela yesithathu, ukubizwa ngokuthi okufanayo, sengathi isilwane uyayilahla ngokwabo ohlangothini (lateral ukunyakaza umjikelezo). Bona-ke - a rarity. Le ndlela izinyoka ejwayelekile ophilayo esihlabathini okuxekethile ogwadule.

Indlela yesine akuyona ngaphansi ezingavamile. Ibizwa ngokuthi "Concertina. Noma, ngamanye amazwi, inqubo "bunching". Isetshenziselwa ezihambayo inyoka esihlahleni. Kubukeka engavamile ngoba umzimba owayebonakala emkhulu uya yakha iluphu ovundlile ke ikhanda odlula phambili, ngenxa lapho "inkositini" kuyalungiswa.

Konke lokhu kuyinto engavamile kakhulu, kodwa ichaza Sakhiwo sangaphandle amathambo ezihuquzelayo. izici Jikelele Yiqiniso, kusiza ukuqonda mayelana nokuthi iyiphi "ngaphakathi", kodwa ngemva kokubuka le ukunyakaza ezichazwe ngenhla, usengakwazi uhambise ongaboni.

isimiso sezinzwa

On kubalulekile ukubalula, ukhuluma ngani isigaba ezihuquzelayo. izici Jikelele isimiso sezinzwa ezinemininingwane. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba sixoxe ke, kuyafaneleka ukuthi isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko sokudalwa emelelwa emgogodleni ikhanda, ehlanganisa izigaba ezinhlanu.

Eyokuqala - ngaphambili. Kungaleso ama- wakhe usuke Lobe olfactory.

Esesibili - phakathi. Ngokwengxenye yayo aphansi iyona pituitary futhi phezulu - epiphysis. Kwaba eceleni kwakhe, ngasendleleni, empambanweni tuatara (kuphela yesimanje klyuvogolovyh omele lamabutho) nezibankwa eba ayibhangqiwe umzimba photosensitive, ngokuthi iso parietal. Futhi izingwenya, ngasendleleni, akukho pituitary noma indlala pineal.

Lesi sigaba lwesithathu ibizwa ngokuthi asho. Wethula iyizingxenye ezibukwayo. Kulesi sici, futhi, ikilasi avelele ezihuquzelayo. izici Jikelele kusenza siqonde ukuthi ingxenye yabo phakathi futhi cortex ezibukwayo atfutfuke kakhulu ukwedlula e izilwane zasemhlabeni. Uphiko wokugcina zobuchopho - the cerebellum kuyinto. Futhi umnyango oblong ngaphezulu.

Nokho, lokhu akukhona konke kuwufanele azi mayelana ekilasini ezihuquzelayo. izici Jikelele, ngamafuphi, kwenza kube sobala ukuthi abamele kulesi sigaba sama-isilwane unephutha kakhulu athuthukile isakhiwo bokuphila yokwakheka. Kodwa okubaluleke nakakhulu ukwazi ukuthi intambo zabo umgogodla kuyinto division ngokucacile kakhulu esikufezile phakathi ndaba grey nomhlophe, njengoba kuqhathaniswa izilwane zasemhlabeni efanayo. Kodwa nokho babe evelele parasympathetic nozwela autonomic nesimiso sezinzwa. It imelelwa uchungechunge abhanqiwe ezinzwa amaqoqo (ganglion).

Ekukhunjulwa kanye nephunga

Cishe lena yiyona sihloko ezithakazelisayo kakhulu. Futhi izici jikelele ezihuquzelayo (noma ezihuquzelayo) luyobe lungaphelele ngaphandle ngako.

Ngakho, lezi zidalwa babe yimizwa eyisithupha. Okokuqala - lo mbono. Ngokuthakazelisayo, izibankwa abaningi kahle ukuhlukanisa imibala. Shades - indlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokukhuluma noNkulunkulu. izinambuzane ezinobuthi bayaqaphela ke ngombala. Futhi izimfudu giant bayakwazi ukubona imibala. Ukuze obomvu, abaningi babo baphendule kahle. Kukhona ngisho umbono wokuthi izimfudu bayakwazi ukubona ukukhanya infrared.

Izinyoka nezingwenya musa ukuhlukanisa imibala. Kodwa emehlweni ezihuquzelayo ngokohlaka efanayo kubantu. Nokho abanye abameleli babo kuze kube phakade. Ngaphezu kwalokho, aphansi mobile ezingaphezu kuka-phezulu. Abafundi, ngendlela, bengafani ezihuquzelayo. Abameleli ehola ubusuku twilight ekuphileni, lowo muntu mpo. Futhi geckos abafundi ayisesemikhulu futhi kuyabonakala nhlobo izimbobo pin, okuyinto ukugxila retina isithombe ezimele. Lesi sici ikhulisa nokucija isibonisi ngenxa ngokoqobo isibankwa.

Kuthiwani lokuhogela. ngokucacile ayo akwazi futhi ukutshela izici jikelele ezihuquzelayo. Kafushane, indima esemqoka kule lokuhogela salezi zidalwa ukudlala chemoreceptors. Ngenxa kubo, lezi zilwane azibonayo kahle iphunga. Bayakwazi ukuthola ukudla, yokungcwaba a-8 amasentimitha ukujula. Viper izinyoka, izibankwa ngenxa lokuhogela singakwazi ukubona uhlobo isilwane esondela eside ngaphambi ukubukeka kwayo emkhakheni umbono. Futhi izingwenya, izibankwa nezimfudu nabo bonke babe nezindlala ekhethekile, imfihlo esiklanyelwe "kubhekisela" athatha izwe labakwa-. Odorants lezi zidalwa uphawu iziza zabo.

indlela yokuphila

On futhi Ungamtshela izici jikelele ezihuquzelayo. Ibanga 7 - cishe ngalesi sigaba esikoleni esiphakeme wafunda isihloko.

Ngakho, iningi izilwane okuqondene nalesi sigaba, kukhona ezidla. Awezinyoka zidla khona ikakhulu ingcuba futhi izinambuzane. Kodwa manje predation bathambekele kuphela ezinye izibankwa, izingwenya nezinyoka. Iguanas futhi agama ungadla yini - kusuka izithelo nemifino, ziphethe inyama yezilwane. Nokho, kukhona kuphela izidalwa herbivorous. Lezi zihlanganisa umhlaba nezimfudu.

Ngokuthakazelisayo kukhona ukukhiqizwa kabusha. On kubalulekile ukusho, ukhuluma ngani ekilasini Awezinyoka (noma Awezinyoka). izici Jikelele uchaza kafushane ukuthi izinto zihamba kanjani.

Ngakho, fertilization yangaphakathi. Umbungu ku amaqanda, okuyinto imbozwe igobolondo calcareous noma obunesikhumba. Futhi wathola ovoviviparity. Kakhulu akuvamile, amawundlu zizalwa, njengezilwane viviparous. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukunakekelwa salezi zidalwa inzalo eyinqaba. izingwenya Abesifazane, isibonelo, idluliselwe ngokucophelela singene ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo ngokubeka izingane zabo amadamu.

A mnandi ukwazi ukuthi iningi ezihuquzelayo akudingeki izitho vocal. Lutho kodwa amakhwela futhi nento encimfelwayo, bangase ukushicilela. Ngakho ukuthi awukho umshado angeke ukuzwa ukukhala - lezi zidalwa siholwa nephunga. eublepharinae izibankwa kuphela bayakwazi Squeak.

abameleli ezithakazelisayo

Nokho, ngaphezu babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli izici jikelele kanye izici Sakhiwo sangaphandle le ezihuquzelayo. Ekugcineni, ungakwazi ukukhuluma ezinye abameleli ezingavamile.

Ngaleyo ndlela kwakhiwe amancane lesi sigaba zesigcilikisha Squeaky, abahlala ogwadule futhi ephuma kabili ezingwadule. Kungatholakala kubhalwe ezindaweni lapho iVolga ageleza. Lena indalo emangalisayo, embozwe izikali luyimbudumbudu. yayo obuphelele umzimba mm 41 kuphela! Mayelana efanayo kusuka kuye nomsila, okungase kalula kulahliwe.

Okunye okuphawulekayo yilokho enesihlungu, okuyinto ilungu elikhulu uhlobo lwe yezinyoka giant. Lokhu - ngokudala ushevu enesisindo 3 amakhilogremu, zazo ubude 2 amamitha.

Kodwa nenyoka bobukhosi, yebo, lenyoka ngeke kuqhathaniswe. Phela, nguye inyoka ngobukhulu esinesihlungu. Abanye abantu ukufinyelela ubude 5.6 m. Ukutshala, ngasendleleni, ekufundeni impilo yonke. Futhi aphila iminyaka engaba ngu-30.

ekhangayo, inyoka ezinjalo, njengoba Taipan McCoy. Nazi nje isidalwa enhle ngokuziphatha nginesikali segolide-black kuyingozi kakhulu. Kuyinto - the esinesihlungu kakhulu ezweni inyoka emhlabeni. Ubuthi eyodwa ndlovu (44 mg) kwanele ukubulala yesine yesigidi amagundane noma abantu 100.

Yiqiniso, akuzona zonke izidalwa ezimangalisayo, okuyinto ayinala kuleli ekilasini ezihuquzelayo (noma Awezinyoka). izici Jikelele kusenza siqonde indlela omkhulu ngayo ezihlukahlukene zabo. Kodwa namanje kuyafaneleka ukunakwa skink Far. Lokhu isibankwa, okuyinto ingatholakala Japan noma Kuriles. Yena, njengabo bonke kwezinhlobo ngaphambili efakwe ohlwini kufakwe Red Book of Russia. Kodwa gqamisa yayo - emangalisayo umbala, okungase kulinganiselwa ngokubheka isithombe ngenhla.

Nokho, ngale ndaba, usengakwazi ukukhuluma isikhathi eside. Phela, umhlaba Kuyaziwa 9400 zinhlobo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo, ngamunye wabo uhlukile. Kodwa kungatholakala ngamunye. Konke kushiwo ngenhla, kungase kuvuse kahle isithakazelo.

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