Didactics ekufundiseni - Iyini?

Didactics (kusukela lesiGreki "didaktikos." - "yokufundisa") kuyinto igatsha ulwazi Pedagogical ukuthi etadisha izinkinga wokuqeqesha nokufundisa (didactics eziyisisekelo isigaba) e pedagogy. Didactics, eyala pedagogy, Psychology zihlobene, ukuboleka apharathasi nomunye lomqondo, izindlela zocwaningo, izimiso eziyisisekelo, njll Ubuye imininingwane yayo didactics Izisekelo lemfundo ekhethekile, okuhloswe ngaso inqubo ukuqeqeshwa nokufundiswa kwezingane nge kwezinso zentuthuko.

kwamangqamuzana kwelwati

Omunye osemqoka didactics umqondo ukuqeqeshwa kanye nezakhi zalo - imfundiso kaZiqu nokufundisa, kanye nomqondo imfundo. Umbandela esiyinhloko kwamangqamuzana (njengoba ichaza didactics ekufundiseni) kuyinto isilinganiso imigomo futhi izindlela. Ngakho, ukwakheka kuyinto imfundo ilitshe futhi indlela yokufinyelela kule.

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ukuqeqeshwa kuhlanganisa izingxenye ezifana yokufundisa nokufundisa. Ukufundisa ehlelekile imisebenzi ukuqeqeshwa Umhlahlandlela uthisha abafundi - kwencazelo i-scope ne okuqukethwe umsebenzi. Inqubo mfundiso ukugaya abafundi wokuqukethwe kwezemfundo. Kuhlanganisa kokubili imisebenzi uthisha (coaching, kweso) kanye imisebenzi kubafundi belandisa. Kule nqubo yokufunda kungathatha indawo kokubili ngesimo ngaphansi kwesandla sayo ngokuqondile nguthishela (eklasini), futhi izinhlobo zokuzibusa imfundo.

imisebenzi esemqoka

Ngo didactics yesimanje isinqumo ukwaba imisebenzi elandelayo:

• humanization yenqubo yokufunda,
• kwamangqamuzana futhi individualization yenqubo yokufunda,
• ukwakha uxhumano intersubject phakathi izifundo wafunda,
• kumiswa engqondweni yethu abafundi umsebenzi
• ukuthuthukiswa intelligence,
• kumiswa izimfanelo zokuziphatha nasekufakeni volitional zobuntu.

Ngakho, inkinga didactics ekufundiseni zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili main. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lo msebenzi ngamakhasimende incazelo bese echaza yokuqeqeshwa kanye nemibandela inqubo yayo ukuqaliswa; ngakolunye - ukuthuthukisa inhlangano kahle inqubo, izinhlelo zokuqeqesha ezintsha kanye nobuchwepheshe.

Izimiso didactics

Lapho efundisa, izimiso imfundiso aim ukucacisa okuqukethwe, amafomu enhlangano nezinhlaka izindlela zokutadisha ngokuhambisana nezinhloso amaphethini imfundo inqubo ukuqeqeshwa.

Ngesisekelo lezi zimiso imibono esetshenziswa K. D. Ushinskogo, Ya. A. Komenskogo nabanye. Kulokhu sikhuluma ngokukhethekile mayelana imibono yesayensi ezisekelwe asisekelo didactics ekufundiseni. Ngokwesibonelo, Ya. A. Komenskim ukuthi owasungulwa okuthiwa segolide umthetho didactics, owawuthi inqubo yokufunda kumele ifake hlangana zonke izinhlaka imizwa umfundi. Ngemva kwalokho, lo mbono isibe omunye ukhiye, okwakwenzelwa kulo didactics ekufundiseni. izimiso eziyisisekelo:

• ezesayensi,
• amandla
• ukufinyeleleka (ukuyikhokhela)
• ukuqaphela kanye umsebenzi,
• ubudlelwano phakathi theory kanye umkhuba,
• ehlelekile futhi ukulandelana
• ukucaciseleka.

isimiso yezesayensi

It ihlose ukuthuthukisa ulwazi abafundi 'yesayensi eyinkimbinkimbi. Isimiso ukusebenza ukuhlaziywa impahla ezemfundo, imibono yawo esemqoka, okuyinto inike didactics. Lapho efundisa, kuba impahla ukuqeqeshwa ukuthi uhlangabezana nenqubo yesayensi, - ukwethembela amaqiniso ayisisekelo, ukuba khona izibonelo ukhonkolo kanye apharathasi lomqondo ecacile (imigomo yesayensi).

amandla isimiso

Lesi simiso ichaza didactics ekufundiseni. Kuyini lokhu? Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isimiso amandla ngenxa izimpokophelo isikhungo, ngakolunye - imithetho yenqubo yokufunda uqobo. Ukuze uthole ukusekelwa okuthe phezu usezuze ulwazi, amakhono kanye namakhono (Zun) kuzo zonke izigaba okwalandela ukuqeqeshwa, kanye lokusebenza kwabo okuwusizo kuyadingeka ukusula abatholako yabo kanye nokugcinwa isikhathi eside kumemori.

Isimiso kokufinyelela (ukuyikhokhela)

Ligcizelela amathuba yangempela abafundi ukuze ugweme ukunqwabelana ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Ukwahluleka okuthobela nanoma lesi simiso inqubo yokufunda, njengoba umthetho, nokuncipha ugqozi umfundi. Futhi unesifo ukusebenza, okuholela ukukhathala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi - yokuncishiswa ngokweqile impahla wafunda, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi ungakuvumeli ukuba lokufunda ngempumelelo. Ngasohlangothini lwalo didactics njengoba igatsha pedagogy ichaza isimiso ukutholakala njengendlela indlela kusuka elula eyinkimbinkimbi, kusukela zaziwe ezingaziwa, kusukela ngokukhethekile jikelele, njll

izindlela zokufundisa, ngokuvumelana theory classical L. S. Vygotskogo, kufanele sigxile endaweni "ukuthuthukiswa proximal", ukuthuthukisa amandla namakhono ingane. Ngamanye amazwi, imfundo okumele ahole ekukhuleni kwengane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi simiso angase abe izici zayo siqu e izindlela ezithile Pedagogical. Ngokwesibonelo, kwezinye izinhlelo ezihlongozwayo ukufunda kokuqala impahla akuyona abaseduze, futhi ngokuyinhloko, hhayi izakhi ngabanye, kanye nezakhiwo zazo, njll

ukuqaphela kanye umsebenzi isimiso

Izimiso didactics ekufundiseni okuhloswe ngqo hhayi kuphela inqubo yokufunda ngokwayo, kodwa futhi kwi ukwakheka umfundi ukuziphatha ezifanele. Ngakho, isimiso ukwazi nomsebenzi kuhilela okunenjongo bezibona asebenzayo abafundi imihlola wafunda, kanye nokuqonda kwazo, kabusha zokudala futhi ngokoqobo. Kuyinto ngokuyinhloko mayelana nomsebenzi ku inqubo ukutholakala ukuzazi kunokuba kwisitoreji sabo esivamile sokuphila. Ukuze lesi simiso enqubeni yokufunda kabanzi izindlela ezisetshenziswa ezihlukahlukene inkanuko umsebenzi engqondweni yethu abafundi. Didactics, pedagogy, Psychology kumele ngokulinganayo ukugxila izinsiza siqu isihloko cwaningo, kuhlanganise amakhono ayo zokudala futhi heuristic.

Ngokwe umqondo L. N. Zankova, juqu inqubo yokufunda, ngakolunye uhlangothi, incazelo yaleli abafundi ulwazi ku ezingeni lomqondo, futhi ngakolunye - kuvisisa ukubaluleka osetshenziswayo ulwazi egciniwe. Kuyadingeka ukuba balukhulume inqubo ethile yokufunda ukuthi, kudinga ezingeni lelisetulu ukwazi umsebenzi abafundi.

Isimiso yokuxhumana theory kanye umkhuba

Sekuyisikhathi eside namafilosofi ezahlukene umkhuba wakhuthaza umbandela lweqiniso yolwazi kanye umthombo umsebenzi engqondweni yethu tesifundvo. Kuleli kwamasabatha isimiso kanye didactics. Lapho efundisa, kuba elithile ukuphumelela ulwazi aluthola abafundi. Lapho lolu lwazi kubonakala practice, okukhulu kunakuqala wabonakaliswa abalazi abafundi ohlelweni lokufunda, aba maningi babenesithakazelo inqubo.

Isimiso ehlelekile futhi ukungaguquguquki

Didactics ekufundiseni - it is ngokuyinhloko ligxile njalo ulwazi oluthile ngocansi. Ngaphansi amalungiselelo yesayensi eziyisisekelo, isihloko angabhekwa umnikazi we-kahle, ulwazi lwangempela kuphela uma ekhona umqondo isithombe esicacile ezungezile emhlabeni zangaphandle ngesimo uhlelo imiqondo sixhumene.

Ukwakhiwa kwalesi simiso ulwazi lwesayensi kumele kwentiwe ukulandelana ethile, inikezwe logic of impahla zemfundo, kanye amakhono lolwazi abafundi. yokufunda inqubo speed ehlile kakhulu Ukwehluleka ukulandela lesi simiso.

Isimiso nekucaciseleka

Ya. A. Komensky wabhala ukuthi inqubo yokufunda kufanele esekelwe ayezibonele abafundi nokucacisa zabo zenyama ezingafanele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo njengoba didactic pedagogy kwesigaba ikhomba imisebenzi eminingana ngeso iyashiyana imininingwane isigaba esithile cwaningo: isithombe zingakhiqiza into cwaningo, njengozime ukuxhumana okunenjongo phakathi izakhiwo into ngabanye (imidwebo, imidwebo), njll

Ngakho, ngokuhambisana nezinga ekubeni nekhono lokuhlaziya abafundi lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo ngeso (Ukwahlukanisa T. I. Ilinoy):

• ukuzwakala yemvelo (igxile izikhonzi ngokoqobo inhloso);
• ukubonakala kokulinganisa (yaqaphela ucwaningo futhi ucwaningo);
• ivolumu ngeso (ukusetshenziswa tinkhulumo, izakhiwo, ezihlukile, njll);
• ukuzwakala olungokomfanekiso (eyenziwa esebenzisa imidwebo, imidwebo kanye nezithombe);
• uzwakale-olungokomfanekiso ukucaciseleka (ngokusebenzisa ngefilimu ne-TV izingcezu);
• ngeso ukufanekisa ngezimpawu kanye namanye sokuqhafaza (usebenzisa amafomula, amabalazwe, amashadi namagrafu);
• ukubonakala yangaphakathi (ukudalwa amaphethini inkulumo).

imiqondo Basic didactic

Ukuqonda isimo inqubo yokufunda iphuzu eliyisisekelo, okuyinto iqondiswa didactic. Lapho efundisa lokhu kuqonda ubhekwa ngokuyinhloko ngokombono izinhloso zokufunda evelele. Kunezinhlobo eziningana imiqondo ezinkulu ezincwadini zokufunda:

• Didactic encyclopedic (Ya. A. Komensky, J. Milton, IV Basedov.) Njengoba umgomo evelele ukufunda ukudluliswa esivuna esiphezulu ngokuya isipiliyoni yolwazi yomfundi. Kudingekile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, nezindlela olunzulu zemfundo lebaniketwe nguthishela, ngakolunye - khona umsebenzi asebenzayo esizimele kubafundi belandisa.
• iwukugcina Didactic (I. Pestalozzi, A. Disterverg, Nemeyer A., Schmidt, A. B. Dobrovolsky): okugcizelelwe kusukela ngobungako lwazi aluthola idluliswe ekuthuthukiseni amakhono kanye nezithakazelo abafundi. I mqondo eziyisisekelo iba Isisho esidala ka Heraclitus: "Mnogoznanie ingqondo alifundisi." Ngakho, kuba okokuqala kudingekile yazo zonke esebumba amakhono umfundi ukucabanga ngendlela efanele.
• pragmatism Didactic noma utilitarianism (J. Dewey, G. Georg Kerschensteiner.) - ukuqeqeshwa njengoba kuvuselelwa nakho abafundi '. Ngokusho kwale ndlela, emakhono nesipiliyoni social okufanele kwenzeke ngokuthuthukisa zonke izinhlobo umsebenzi womphakathi. Lolu cwaningo zezikhonzi ngabanye esikhundleni umzimba esisebenzayo okuhloswe ngaso ekwetayeta umfundi ukuba imisebenzi ehlukene. ngaleyo ndlela abafundi babe nenkululeko ephelele enkulu ekukhethweni kuka izifundo. I ethile eyinhloko le ndlela - kokunikezwa kwe-Ubuhlobo dialectical yomsebenzi esiwusizo futhi yobuchopho.
• izinto ezibonakalayo Functional (B. amafasitela): kubhekwe uxhumano ebalulekile kanye nemisebenzi yolwazi. Izihloko kufanele ugxile imibono ukhiye we zefilosofi ukubaluleka (isigaba umzabalazo emlandweni kwemvelo kwezinto eziphilayo, ukwencika obusebenzayo izibalo, njll). Ingqinamba eyinhloko umqondo: ngenkathi okulinganisela impahla zokufundisa kuphela mayelana nezwe ehola imibono yenqubo yokuthola ulwazi Ufika encishisiwe uhlamvu.
• indlela Paradigmatic (G. Sheyerl): ukwenqaba ngokulandelana kwazo ngokomlando futhi okunengqondo enqubeni yokufunda. Material eceliwe ukunikeza Focus, isb ukugxila amaqiniso athile ezivamile. Ngakho, lapho kungukuphula isimiso izinhlelo.
• indlela Cybernetic (EI Mashbits, S. I. Arhangelsky) ukhonza njengelungu inqubo ukuqeqeshwa information processing kanye ne-transmission, ebheka ngqo didactic. Lokhu kukuvumela ongafundisa imfundiso yokuziphendukela zezokwazisa.
• Indlelanchubo yekusebentisa associative (J. Locke.): Isisekelo yokufunda kubhekwa ulwazi okuqonda. A indima ehlukile ebukwayo, sandla imisebenzi efana nangokwengqondo abafundi, njengoba nje okungaqondile. Izivivinyo zisetshenziswa njengendlela eyinhloko ukuqeqeshwa indlela. Akukona acabangele indima lokusungula futhi yokuzihlola inqubo Kutfola lwati abafundi.
• Umqondo ukwakheka kancane kancane izenzo engqondo (P. Ya. Galperin, NF Talyzina). Ezemfundo kumele zidlule, izigaba ezithile oxhumene: yayibhekisela inqubo isinyathelo kanye nemibandela abulawe yayo, ukwakheka ngokwayo izinyathelo ukuthunyelwa ezazenziwa efanayo; inqubo ukwakha izinyathelo enkulumweni kwangaphakathi, izenzo inqubo ukuguqulwa iphuma imisebenzi yengqondo. Lo mbono siyasebenza ikakhulukazi lapho ukuqeqeshwa iqala nge into okuqonda (isib, abagijimi, abashayeli, abaculi). Kwezinye izimo, imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukwakheka esiteji yezenzo engqondo kungase kungagcini.
• Indlela Yokuphatha (V. Yakunin): inqubo yokufunda kubhekwa ukulawula isikhundla nokuphathwa izinyathelo eziyisisekelo. Lena inhloso, ulwazi kumila cwaningo, ukubikezela, leso sinqumo, ukukhishwa lesi sinqumo, esigabeni zokuxhumana, kucaphela kanye nekuhlola, ukulungiswa.

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, didactics - engxenyeni pedagogy, ukufunda izinkinga ekufundeni. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, umqondo oyisisekelo yokufundisa kubhekwa inqubo yokufunda ngokwezinhloso evelele zemfundo, kanye ngokuhambisana uhlelo oluthile ubudlelwane phakathi kothisha nabafundi.