Dzhozef Pristli - semvelo, isazi sefilosofi, umthaki wemithi. Biography ukuvulwa

Lalibizwa ngokuthi inkosi yakwa-umuzwa. Dzhozef Pristli wasala emlandweni nombhali okutholakele ayisisekelo chemistry yamagesi futhi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ugesi. Yena wayengumbulali theosophist nompristi, owayebizwa ngokuthi "imbuka ngokwethembeka."

UPriestley - the bokusungula kunabo bonke phakathi nekhulu XVIII yesibili, zashiya izibazi kumafilosofi futhi kolimi, nokuningi - kuba umsunguli soda amanzi irabha ukusula imigqa ipensela ngephepha.

eminyakeni yokuqala

Ngingowokuqala ezinganeni eziyisithupha olandelanayo imikhaya Draper, Dzhozef Pristli wazalwa entwasahlobo ka 1733 edolobhaneni elincane eduze Leeds Filskhed. ezinzima zisencane, ophoqelelwe abazali ukuthumela uJosefa ukuba umndeni ka-anti wakhe, ngubani yanquma ukulungiselela i-career umshana umpristi waseSheshi. Ezazimlindele yokukhuliswa esiqinile futhi imfundo enhle kule humanities kanye nemfundiso yenkolo.

Ekuqaleni ukubonakaliswa ikhono nokukhuthala avunyelwe uPriestley ngempumelelo beqeda isikole Batley, lapho kukhona khona manje ubuhlakani egameni lakhe, futhi Theological Academy Daventry. Uma elapho, wayeya inkambo natural sciences kanye ne-chemistry e-University of Warrington, okuyinto samenta ahlele laboratory ekhaya bese uqalisa i ucwaningo ezimele yezesayensi.

Usosayensi-umpristi

Ngo 1755, Dzhozef Pristli baba umfundisi umsizi, kodwa lalimisa abazinikele e 1762. It wayeyinceku engavamile yesonto. ezifundile, ngokwazi 9 abaphilayo nabafileyo izilimi, naye 1761 wabhala incwadi ethi "Kubaluleka English Grammar." Lokhu okokufundisa kwaba oluhambisanayo phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ezayo.

Ukuba nengqondo ephapheme kohlaziyo, Dzhozef Pristli kwakhiwa izinkolelo zabo ezingokwenkolo, ukubanjwa bajwayelane imisebenzi zefilosofi ehola nezazi. Ngenxa yalokho, yena, waqhubeka ehamba kude naletintfo esamenza emkhayeni lapho sizalwa. Uye kusukela kaCalvin Arian, bese lajulile nakakhulu ukusakaza - Unitarianism.

Naphezu amalimi owavela kuye ngemva kokugula ebuntwaneni, uPriestley wayengusosayensi ayematasa eshumayeza nokufundisa, Isingeniso kuya uBenjamin Franklin - ososayensi esivelele isikhathi - uqinisa umzimba Dzhozefa Pristli isayensi.

Ukuhlolwa emkhakheni kagesi

Ikhaya Ucwaningo for Franklin kwaba physics. Ugesi kuyinto kakhulu. isifiso engangiba U Pristli, futhi iseluleko omunye Ngokuzayo US owasungula obaba ngo-1767 wanyathelisa umsebenzi "Umlando kanye nesimo samanje ugesi." Kuyo kukhona okutholakele eziningana ezibalulekile owanikhipha umbhali idumela esasiwafanele e nemibuthano ososayensi baseBrithani kanye zaseYurophu zaqala obungagutshuzelwe.

conductivity kagesi graphite, Priestley wathola kamuva atholwe ukubaluleka okukhulu esisebenzayo. carbon Pure isibe okuqukethwe kumadivayisi amaningi kagesi. UPriestley echazwe isipiliyoni electrostatics, lapho waphetha ngokuthi amagugu ukufana imiphumela kagesi kanye Newton adonsela phansi amabutho. Sikuveze nokucabanga kwabo umthetho "ephambene square" bese kuveziwe embikweni okhuthaza emthethweni oyisisekelo inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ugesi - umthetho Coulomb sika.

carbon dioxide

Physics, ugesi, conductance, ukushaja nokuxhumana - nje kuphela ngezinto ezithandwa yesayensi uPriestley. Wathola kwezihloko sesifundo somuntu ezindaweni ezingalindelekile neze. Umsebenzi ezaholela ukutholakala kwe-carbon dioxide, wethulwa ngesikhathi observation yakhe ye umkhakha yokuphisa lesi siphuzo.

Ngo-1772, uPriestley yabhekisela izakhiwo gas akha ngesikhathi ukuvutshelwa wort okuyinto. Kwaba -carbon dioxide. UPriestley isungule indlela yokukhiqiza igesi endaweni yokucwaninga, ngathola ukuthi kusinda kunakho emoyeni, kunzima ukuba ashise futhi kakhulu oncibilikayo emanzini, wasinikeza engavamile, ukunambitheka aqabulayo.

photosynthesis

Ukuqhubeka ucwaningo nge-carbon dioxide, uPriestley ukubeka isipiliyoni, okwaqala ngokubekwa umlando kokutholakala siyinhloko nobukhona bokuphila ngokwako kule planethi imihlola - photosynthesis. Ufaka esitsheni ingilazi oluhlaza isitshalo ihlumela, yena ovuthayo ikhandlela futhi ugcwalise isitsha nge-carbon dioxide. Ngemva kwesikhashana, walichitha amagundane ophilayo futhi wazama umlilo. Izilwane waphila, futhi esivuthayo baqhubeka.

UPriestley waba umuntu wokuqala ukuba bagcine-photosynthesis. Chaza ukubukeka igesi esitsheni avaliwe uyakwazi nokugcina okumelwe uphefumule futhi ukhulume omlilo kungaba izitshalo kuphela ikhono lokwamukela carbon dioxide futhi udedele ngaphezulu, amandla ophilisayo. Imiphumela zokuhlola aba isisekelo kokuzalwa eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma global ezingokwenyama zesikhathi esizayo, kuhlanganise nomthetho wamandla ukongiwa amandla. Kodwa okutholakele lokuqala usosayensi bekuhambisana ke isayensi.

Dzhozef Pristli wachaza photosynthesis ngokuya kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela phlogiston. Umbhali wayo - Georg Ernst Stahl - Kusolwa khona izinto ezingase zibambe umlilo ecacisiwe izidakamizwa - uketshezi isisindo - phlogistic, futhi inqubo amandla omlilo kuyinto nokwahlukana ejenti ku izingxenye zalo ephambili futhi ukumuncwa emoyeni phlogistic. UPriestley wayengusosayensi umsekeli lo mbono ngisho nangemva wenza lokhu ayekutholile ezibaluleke kakhulu - labelwe i-oksijini.

A ukutholakala enkulu

ucwaningo Abaningi Dzhozefa Pristli iholele emiphumeleni ezaziyazi kahle wachaza ngamanye ososayensi. He sungula idivayisi lapho amagesi akhiqizwa abahlukene emoyeni hhayi ngamanzi kanye nezinye uketshezi nesisindo esikhudlwana - mercury. Ngenxa yalokho, wakwazi ukuba uqokomise volatiles, elalikade ziyoncibilika emanzini.

Le gesi entsha yokuqala eyatholakala uPriestley wayengusosayensi i-nitrous oxide. Wathola okunomthelela ezingajwayelekile abantu bayo, kungani kwaba engavamile igama - esithi igesi ehlekisayo. Kamuva lalisetshenziswa njengesibhedlela izinzwa lapho kuhlinzwa.

Ngo-1774, into kamuva esabizwa ngokuthi mercury oxide, ososayensi zaphumelela ukufaka ngesinyelela ukuzihlalela igesi lapho ikhandlela yaqala ukuvutha Akumangalisi elikhanyayo. Wayibiza ngokuthi dephlogisticated emoyeni. UPriestley zigcinwe inkolelo yokuthi uhlobo amandla omlilo, ngisho nalapho Antuan Lavuaze wafakazela ukuthi kokuvula Dzhozefa Pristli - into kokuba ebaluleke kakhulu jikelele izakhiwo inqubo ukuphila. igesi entsha okuthiwa umoya-mpilo.

Chemistry Nokuphila

Carbon dioxide, i-nitrous oxide, umoya - ukuphenywa kokuphulwa lezi amagesi enikeziwe uPriestley e izindaba kwamakhemikhali. Icacisa indlela yokwakheka amagesi abahilelekile photosynthesis - umnikelo usosayensi endaweni biology. Ukuhlolwa nge amacala kagesi, izindlela ammonia noqhekeko usebenzisa ugesi, usosayensi yokukhanya komsebenzi kholeka among zesayensi.

Ukutholakala, eyenziwe uPriestley Apreli 15, 1770, akanayo value eliyisisekelo ezinjalo. Kuye kwaba lula izimpilo ezizukulwane eziningi zesikole nezisebenzi ehhovisi. indaba ukuvulwa waqala neqiniso lokuthi Priestley wathola indlela ucezu iraba kusukela kahle baseNdiya kususa iphepha ipensela imigqa. Ngakho kwaba khona injoloba - lokho esiye ngokuthi irabha.

izinkolelo zefilosofi nezenkolo kwahluka ukuzimela uPriestley oye wathola kuye idumela wayecabangisisa edlubulundayo. UPriestley incwadi "History of Christianity inkohlakalo" (1782) futhi wathi uyabasekela kwabo ukulwelwa eFrance Melika ziye zabangela intukuthelo phakathi ardent waseBritish Ababesadla ngoludala.

Lapho kugujwa ngo-1791 nge iminyaka engu-abanazo we Storming we Bastille, owabangelwa abashumayeli isixuku sacekela phansi endlini kaPriestley eBirmingham. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu waphoqwa yathuthela US, lapho 1804 yaphela izinsuku zakhe.

amateur enkulu

umsebenzi Isakhiwo, kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe uPriestley - iqhaza elikhulu ekukhuleni ngokwengqondo eYurophu, eMelika kanye nezwe. Izinto ezibonakalayo futhi Umphikisi okuqina dlova, ngenkuthalo babexhumana izingqondo ezimele bangaleso sikhathi.

Le ndoda abantu abaningi abakubheka njengomklamo a dilettante, ososayensi abayibiza ngokuthi, engakutholi ejwayelekile futhi ephelele imfundo isayensi, uPriestley bikho yokuthi akakwazanga abaqapheli ngokugcwele ukubaluleka zatholwa kuye.

Kodwa kweminye iminyaka engu Dzhozef Pristli. Umlando wakhe - ikhasi elikhanyayo emlandweni wonke. Lona impilo isazi esivelele, umshumayeli uyaqiniseka imibono kakhulu lesichubekako, ilungu zokuhlonipha kuzo zonke izinhlangano zezifundiswa ehamba phambili yesayensi WaseYurophu futhi yenza izwe - ososayensi abaye negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni isayensi yemvelo eziyisisekelo mbono.