Dzheyms Dzhoul: Biography, okutholwe yisayensi

Mhlawumbe akukho muntu, ungoyedwa ongazazi igama Dzheyms Dzhoul. Ukuvulwa physics zisebenza kuzo zonke izindawo. Ngayiphi indlela kwaba usosayensi othile? Yini okutholakele eyasenza?

Impilo physics esidumile

Disemba 24, 1818 wazalwa Dzheyms Dzhoul. Biography physics esizayo iqala edolobheni English Salford, emndenini umnikazi lapho kudayiswa khona utshwala yimpumelelo. yokufunda Boy kwenzeka ekhaya, ngenkathi zemvelo noma yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali wafundisa Dzhon Dalton. Siyabonga kuye, lo physics isiNgisi, futhi sathandana nesayensi.

Joel azange abe nempilo enhle, eziningi isikhathi ehlezi ekhaya, eqhuba ukuhlolwa ngokomzimba futhi ucwaningo. Kakade eminyakeni engu-15, ngenxa yesifo kayise, kwakufanele bonyana enze uphathe sokuphisa nomfowabo. Umsebenzi ifektri kayise kwenza okholwayo wangakwazi ukuya eyunivesithi, ngakho Dzheyms Dzhoul is ngokuphelele unikezwa laboratory ekhaya.

Kusukela 1838 kuya 1847 i-physics ngenkuthalo ukutadisha ugesi futhi kwenza impumelelo yakhe yokuqala ngokwesayensi. Iphephabhuku Annals of Ugesi, wanyathelisa isihloko mayelana ugesi, futhi 1841 wavula umthetho omusha ngokomzimba ukuthi manje ebizwa ngegama lakhe.

Ngo-1847, uJoel kuphetha ngomshado wokuqala futhi kuphela Ameliey Grayms. Ngokushesha bezalwa Elis Ameliya futhi Bendzhamin Artur. Ngo-1854, umkami nendodana ayafa. Joel yena wafa ngo-1889 eNgilandi, e Salem.

Empilweni yakhe yonke wanyathelisa amaphepha mayelana 97 ku-physics, ezinye zazo ezilotshwe ngokubambisana nezinye ososayensi: .. Lyon, Thomson, njll impumelelo yezesayensi oluvelele bese uvula imithetho yemvelo, yena yanikezelwa izindondo eziningi futhi wathola impesheni sokuphila kusukela uhulumeni waseBrithani in inani mayelana 200 amakhilogremu.

Imisebenzi yokuqala futhi ucwaningo

Ukubuka izinjini umusi ku sokuphisa kayise, Dzheyms Dzhoul wanquma ukuba esikhundleni saso kungene kagesi ukuze umsebenzi uhambe kahle. Ngo-1838 wakhipha umqulu kumagazini sihloko wezesayensi lapho amadlingozi idivayisi basungula motor kagesi. Ngo-1840, i-kudayiswa khona utshwala, izinjini ezintsha kagesi zesayensi uqhubeke ukutadisha kagesi ukukhululwa wamanje nokushisa. Kamuva kwacaca ukuthi ukuthi izinjini umusi babe esebenza kahle kakhulu kangakanani.

Phakathi ucwaningo, Joule kudala thermometer akwazi ukukala ukuthi amazinga okushisa ngaphakathi 1/200 of ngezinga elithile. Lokhu kuvumela naye lokumba ukutadisha umphumela Joule. Ngo-1840, sibonga okwashiwo yesikhathi eside, physics kuthola kazibuthe ukugcwaliswa umphumela. Ngawo lowo nyaka ithumela ephepheni-Royal Society "On the Kumiswa ukushisa esebenzisa kagesi." Lesi sihloko sasikhuluma abasazisi. Ukushicilela nivumelene Manchester kuphela Literary futhi umagazini Philosophical.

Joule-Lenz

Elingabonwa London Scientific Umphakathi sihloko kamuva wazibonakalisa omunye impumelelo eyinhloko usosayensi. Esihlokweni Dzheyms Dzhoul wakhuluma ngobuhlobo wamanje kanye nenani ukushisa isizukulwane. Wagomela ukuthi inani ukushisa ukuthi Kukhululwa umqhubi ngokuqondile wakhona ukumelana umqhubi, isikwele Ngenxa yobukhulu nokusakazeka isikhathi ukudlula zamanje.

Ngalesi sikhathi, i-theory enjalo athuthukile Emiliy Lents. Iqiniso ukuthi conductivity ka umqhubi metallic incike lokushisa, physics Russian wathola emuva lé ngawo-1832. Ukunquma ngokunembile izinga lokushisa usosayensi umqhubi yasungulwa esitsheni akhethekile, okuyinto ugcwele utshwala. Wire nokuyiyona zamanje kuwa ku isitsha. Okulandelayo-ke ubala kanjani utshwala eside nendlu yaqala ukufudumala. Dzheyms Preskott Joule wasebenzisa indlela efanayo, kodwa njengoba uketshezi usebenzisa amanzi.

Imiphumela kweminyaka yocwaningo Lenz ezishicilelwe kuphela ngo-1843, kodwa umsebenzi wakhe kwaba izifundo esinembile yesayensi ngaphandle Joule, umsebenzi ngalo ekuqaleni akazange ngisho ofuna ukuphrinta. Banikezwe igunya of Joule izibalo ezinembile Emiliya Lentsa, kwanqunywa ukuba igama umthetho behlonipha kokubili. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, Joule-Lenz okuqalwe wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto.

magnetostriction

In parallel izakhiwo kagesi lamanje Dzheyms Dzhoul ukutadisha imihlola kazibuthe. Ngo-1842, uthi, leyo nsimbi kuyahlukahluka ngobukhulu ngaphansi kwethonya amagagasi kazibuthe. Uma izinduku zensimbi afakwe kazibuthe, ubude bayo kuyoba kancane ngaphezulu.

Umphakathi yesayensi wakungabaza ukuba khona lapha i ukuvulwa. Ukushintsha usayizi izinduku wayemncane ngakho ukuthi akukhona ziqondakala Iso lomuntu ke. Kodwa-physics isungule isu elikhethekile ngawo wathola ubufakazi obucacile.

Kamuva sekuvela ukuthi lo umphumela ube nezinye izinsimbi, futhi lo mkhuba ngokuthi magnetostriction. Manje ukuvula Joule wathola izinto eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, impahla waveguide ukukala ezingeni yamanzi amathangi kukhona izinsimbi magnetostrictive. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa isetshenziswa womshini amalebula izinhlelo antikrazhevyh.

Ukuhlolwa nge gas

Esikhathini 40s Dzheyms Dzhoul ngenkuthalo ukuhlola izakhiwo igesi, okungukuthi izenzakalo ezihlobene ne nokwanda kwalo nokuncipha. Wayeqhuba ucwaningo nge ukwelulwa igesi liphele, okuwubufakazi bokuthi yayo amandla yangaphakathi akuxhomekile ivolumu. Okubalulekile iyona lokushisa elinegesi.

Ngo-1848, noJoweli okokuqala emlandweni physics ukukala isivinini yezinhlayiya igesi. Lesi senzakalo saba umsebenzi ekuqaleni imfundiso kinetic amagesi, ekunikeleni iragelo elilodwa ukuze kuqhutshekwe nocwaningo kule ndawo. umsebenzi Joule kamuva wahlala Scot Dzheyms Maksvell.

Ukuze iminikelo yakhe enkulu yesayensi yokudumisa physics ngesiNgisi okuthiwa iyunithi lomsebenzi, kanye nenani ukushisa amandla - Joule.

Joule and Thomson

A umthelela omkhulu imisebenzi ye Joule nokubonwa yayo emhlabeni yesayensi kwadingeka Uilyam Tomson. Ososayensi wahlangana ngo-1847 lapho uJoel omelelwa British Association of Ososayensi umbiko nesilinganiso okulingana mechanical ukushisa.

Ngaphambi Thomson Joule ingathathwa sina emibuthanweni ngokwesayensi. Kwazi bani, mhlawumbe besingeke eyaziwa wathola imithetho yemvelo, uma kungekhona Uilyam Tomas oye wamchaza kubo ukubaluleka "snobs" omphakathi British.

Ndawonye physics izakhiwo wafunda ukuvulwa igesi, ukuthi igesi opholile ovela nobunzima adiabatic. Okungukuthi, izinga lokushisa kwe-gas (noma uketshezi) kuyehla ngesikhathi nokuwela kwawo orifice (valve ngci). Phenomenon libizwa Joule-Thomson umphumela. Manje lesi simo isetshenziselwa ukuthola okushisa aphansi.

Ososayensi baye benza isikali thermodynamic, yaqanjwa isihloko uLord Kelvin, elalingelamaFilisti uWilliam Thomson.

Ukuhlonishwa James Joule

Udumo ukuqashelwa okwamanje sebedlula le-physics British. Ngo-50-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu XIX, yaba ilungu yi-Royal Society futhi waklonyeliswa Royal wasebusika. Ngo-1866 wathola Copley wasebusika, bese Albert wasebusika.

Izikhathi eziningana Joule baba ongumongameli we-British Science Association. Yena yanikezelwa ngezinga academic Doctor Yomthetho e College Dublin, Edinburgh Oxford amanyuvesi.

Ukuze kuhlonishwe wakhe isithombe ehholo edolobheni e Manchester futhi yisikhumbuzo e Westminster Abbey. Ngemuva emgodini inyanga ukhona James Joule.

isiphetho

I usosayensi odumile, owawubizwa ngegama lakhe ngokuthi imithetho yesayensi kanye amayunithi ayikwazanga athole ukwamukelwa. Ngenxa ukuphikelela yakhe nokuzikhandla kwakhe, akazange angabaze yokuhluleka eziningi. Ekugcineni waba kwesokudla endaweni yayo ngaphansi kwelanga, noma okungenani emgodini enqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga.